Chaptcr No!-5 10ddI 0n Bhdqcs.

Buoyancy hcssurc
is ConsIdereornly when h e Soil
Ohc Buoyoncy torce
sato i6 pcrmcable
the Compicete
6tbmersible Type of Bnahc tor
for thec indhe
Consioeraion

force is taken
byoyoncy 2picrs.
Abutments
30pcrstrcore , submergcd undc
wbich ae. partls into
stroctoe 5
is aa
t en i
kte to
force
fdrce
3 fh e that buoyocy
than only
watcr
whicb diSpoces
heLoater
Consideration disploces
silt2
C o n s l d e r a t i o n

due
membcr undcr Redochion
Reduction
eiqbt
in ueiqht
the
h et e adwlition to wotcr
workead outos
follouos.
Sand in mermber is
&
weight of ilt
orthat
to buoyoncy sobmerged
alue to
plcssue
1OPuarol to tounobhon
watct surace
Sona trom
pcssurc
byoostahc
2 foll
omember

corre
2 Centritvgal forces on a

is st+ sitvatcd cal Consialereal

2 Railud qy i5
torce is
Consiale

Roaal wou toqal

whco to c
ce n tqal
er n
due
EFfect
the
io bhdgr odesigo
For bigbuoy Bnalges
Cf Wy o1-2 m aboe tbe
2-9SR level o
Canaqt0 ay.
 whce) loads
in EN due to poist
C Cctnvqal force oismbutcd teree -loaol
ofUnitfomly
kN/m in oase
W= ivc load in EN
n um
vechicle kmph
V vclodit of in
aorvature
R-Radiusot

2Railuwoy Bnclge
1830m
CF= Wv Broad Gaqe
1295R (o
Metcr Guaqe
145 m
CF ENJm abovc Rai lcvel
w l i c loa E/m
V Speeol Empb
in m
Radios fcoivatvte
R

Deac Deac Load t e loao of strocorc

itself.
indicatcs
D Dead load 6ucb a s Uelbal
vahous actors
depenas upon s t c s s ttc
t ,lcnoth of opan
0oring
to be Coricd assumea y ReeIcnce
loaal ot shichu is
The dead or
by CompatsoD to
of suitablc Empinical tdroulas
similar Existing s t h o c t e

is diDalize.d,
Achal uwcight iscalculatsl
cha
Afcr desgn dittrchce
bewecen the
s applcciable
Ftee
-thc dcsign is Rivesed
assumcal dcaos loacs,
and
according
Unoin's oroola!
W PL
2cf-Lr
= wt of one span in tonDeS Excdodinq wt of Cro6s

girdet& Aoorng
load to be
carrica out in tonnes
P
L Sparn in
m

to deph
Rati o of span
1200 to J400 tur plate
constont Var es om
C H00 19oo Dr Trosses
girder and

in tonncS
f workiq stress

RCc Archcs

W 6 4CL|

dcad load io a/mwitb wt of

W
W avcroge crown
wcanicq sur Jace w t ofGU above
LSpanio m

Ratrde
Rise to span
CC
19.4
10 40
5
9 9 O0
 3R.CC slab bhdqcs upto 6m

W 425+ 148L
jocloding oa d
load oof wcariog
wcahnq
Dead load in ka/m-
W 2
surface of 39s kalo
L S p a nin nM

Bnclge(spanof 6m to 16m)
R cRcc slab 2T- beam
W = 425 82 L

WXL arc a s above

SDeformdhion stcsscs
in stee) member
olue to vertica
acvelopcol
is tctmes a s Rigidit
sthrcss
thoy Joints
deRcction or Rigidity of
stcs seS sbouldbe
ondertoken io
undertaken ino
shcsscs
Deformation
he
stecl socturc onlu
nat be lcss
lcs5
shesses sbould
e dcformation strcsSes
loao2 Deod loa
than 16 /?of ve stre65
peshrc65
stocsses5 are iqnored in
Dcjormation

Bndges
 Do

Eorth- Prcssure!
be Consiolced attho poins
1Eath- pES5urc shovld jo
Earth mass is Ketainco Especaly
where the
Casc a Abutment , uirquwall.
i c load on Earb Cabscs Pressore
2Theposition of
callcd as ive load surchargec
modlitication inthe
some
IRC 50ggcst
3)The
Coulombtheony Jor Eortbprcssbe
above bottom
above bottom
prcssure
of ceste o
The hight as
0:42.H
(Hofwall).

is to be token
jnstcaol of Ha Strochoe
hata bndqe
also be scen
prcssU
u rC
e
s Tt shouJ mioimum
h
boon
ñcto
onntal
l

Tus a Floid
loid
s dcsigned One
Excrted
Excrted by a
to t h e
Equivalent
4800 N/m is
wcigring bnalges
Abutmem
o Railoay
sTnc desiqn
of pioaplc
on
Ronine
basca
P-18h4-sing
22
pessur-
N
P-TDta Egrth
m
of Backfi)
h-bt
ofsoi) in Nm3
Y ot onit
- togle Reposc.
 Tmpoct load vechicle
aloe totast moving
The shresscs developead in oRoad Bnalges or
casc
ovct Unten 5urtaces Eien
Eicn Rails in
of ca
c ose
e

. over un
Un
moving to
albe to traio s t c s s due
as
knouon
ae
Railway Bndges
kailway
impact
of bridge t i
p r o r i s i o n m a e in
olesign load üve
2 The os
traction of
Exprcssecol es Impoct
impoct is tcmcol
froction is
Strcss svch as
coefticicnt
of Impact
Tactor or
Accoraling tee=IRC
closs B l0ading)
Bnclgcs(class A or

For Road or Eqval to

4Sm

3m and qrcator
of Bnolgc
fspan
n e n Impact Factor
For stee Bndges
For RCc Bndgc5

I 45 1
135+L
6+ L

i s less ot Equa to 3 J= 0-5 2RCC

whcn span JBhdge
or Equa) to 45 m I O-o88

grcator
I = 0 545 2 stee)
5 lcSS or tqval to 3 Briagc
whcn span tD ASM I = O:15
qregtor or Eqva)
 54 30
|>50/
stec) Bridges
Impactu
octior RCC IS4o
20

Bridge +
880
5 20 25 30 3S 40D
o 3mg
metcr
Span l io

fr JRC class AA loa n.

Impoct actors oheeled echicle
Deschpton Tacked vechile

than 9
haripg span qicatur
a)Maingitader
0-25 f r span bpto
spanX
uptD 40m
O'40 2 Vay tom
Rcc Bnclge 88 pto
& above Q
Ju
o-088
0 0 0-25 td
S p a n betweco 32m
HSM span
2 45 2o-088
o r spob 4Sm

2 Stcc) Bnalqe 40Tr all Span5 625 tus span uptd

23 m varyjoq Tro
0-25 to o154 fur
Span bcwec) 23m

Ho 4 5 X 0154 fu
Spon gicatur thao
4STO
maiogardck hapg 5paD gieske ep lcssthongm
o-25 r a o optbsm
R.cc Bn ohe incgrly cducing d
0 2S
stee) Brage
0 10 fU span opto gm
 8livcload on hc
lood i l l dcpend
max livc
Eidcot thot
tis mcmbc
ondcr

onder
Co
C oo
ossi
idde
etta
ath
ioon
n

Sittuation of swcturol ate

aic
tomcd
tomcd fur
fiur
loadig
the standarol
prachce
Convcnience io design o Bnoc
Recommendoton s h
hee
Rerisco IRC
As pct catcqoncs
2 aliviaded ioto follouing
are
loaligs
closs AA loading
class A loadinq
2
class B loading
class F0R 10aaling
closs AA loading
vecbiclc
Itis
based on Heary militoy
oitbin MuPGpal
limits

tar the Bridqes

2Adopted aicas.
industmol
io Certain Naiona
tus Roads uke hihuo
3USOally practiced
statc higbuoay avechiclcs
vechiclcs c s
ac 5peateol
peate
loadig boohypes
For class AA
racteod vechicle
wheelcol vechicle
load
load of o t)
totD
echicle
consist of packed
Tracl
Each Bidle
C3st)on axie
20t
load a f 20t
load at
ConsIst sigle
vechicle
wheeled
Ioad a 40t
and double axie
 4) The Nose to tol spoing betuecn hoo Succe ssie
vecbicle should bat be lcss han (9o) m

2class A-loealing!
1His bascd o Hcan Commetcia that is ikely tod
Run on Jndian Road
of Engine oith hoo bogics
2Jt consist nod
Roads that ae
pcrmanent
3All important AA loading along oitb
Colvert
class
undcr talceD in
arc covcttd io
dass A Joadig.
Juccessie sains sbal) be
olistonce behocco
4The
38-4 m)
closs B-looina!
aetails o
ethod of application L other
be closs A Jbaali9
arc some J r a s
class B loading stochoes
of temporan
2tis Acdoptcel tor dcsign
Such a s icmbcr Bnakge Etc

Acloss Fo-R, loading

loadinq wbicb i5
s0metime speatm
Tdis is additional
AA Joaaling
or Usc
in place o class iti
Rtiscd classihicahion &
Rinicots
Letter
the Vanous ather hypothetica
baseo ooe o
vecbicle
 vechice and wheesed
loaling Consist ofTrocted
e
vecbicle vcchicde 15
15
3uccssive vechice
betoccD
4 Minimuro spodng
30 vcchicle
vechiCle ith
uoith
is4-ax]c
vcchicle
5 )5 he wheeled
oad ot 1od tonoeS
loooding
looling
Inaddition Components doce to boqgle
Consialered.
1s alsd
HotooDeS

Longrtudinal Forces
wblch anscs dve to sd den
Torces
hesc atethe r due to a c e l c t a t o n of
stoppinqof
the vechicle
vechiclc homberof
torces arc givc acoraing to
longitodina
laneS

Lane anol too lane Bridge'-

ForSingle
lane
Xdoubit lane Bndac the longitodia)
For single percentaqe of i c
looel
bten as
oce are

ive load is taken, if nceesin

Uavally 20 of
all
Requircol fbon addinonal 0/. is
thaio is
Considered

2 Moltilonoe Bnadqe!
is Sarne a s
too lanes
Provisio0 taten Tus Hast
obove toith hoD
And to weny acddition df Ope lane

lancs S is adoed
 Io Scismic load
when a Bndqe is srhvated in a locality wbich is üke
to be affcctcd by Eatbquakes, ssar allow ance is
DCce
cismic lbad
to be made in-the dcsigo ot Bhge tor
token as Hohtontol
torce Equas to
scismic load is
The of stmcvie.
certaip pctcentage of wcight

S WN
Eatthbquake.
S- Latcra) force due to
the RegjoD
scismic coc-fRcicot forCoDsToeration
a
W wcigbt of masS underto buoyancy
aluc
igponng teoluchion
Jcismic coefha ent
For the Purpose of detcrmininq zones Czone I, I,D,v\
is dinded ioto hvc
the Couth obich are not
liablc toy EaHtqugte
arcas
ZoncI
Consist of
tatbqugke.
subjcctd to
sevete
damageconsist of aas
ZoneI

Important paiots Hontontal

direchon
diredhiop
l0ad is Coosider
to actio
Scismic as a wbolc &itis
ne of stmctore
though the
certrc o qtavntlinded amonq
membcts o
and Convepicntly
Surtobly structue tor purpose of dcsigo
SubscUe
& sypcr 5cismic load with otber
warst
combination of
Thc Effcct ol consiaced
be
d isto Horizontal scisojc
scismic cocttiierpt=
Toc vertical coefhciept
supersrucUre
scismic orce alue to live load in
the scis
2For pcrpenaljicula
t o t h e traffic is
oply considcr
scismic o
lircchion
to iveloa
p i e S h e sismic jorce dye
DIcSbc
of r a l c t o the troffic as well as in perpenadictor
To COs¢ O
I n Cosc
in alircction
aiection is Co0sidercd
 y watcr pcssue
of Bndge ohich is submetgcd
in
Running
h e potion
horizorstal forces
Uotc i5 dcsigncd for to dlirection of flowD
are parallel
For tbe picrs obich
as
wattr prc55utt is given
P k?.y2
P- 29
eurrent in Nm
P-Tntensity of ple5sue ducto water
- unit weigbt of
water io N/ms
current
V= Velocit of
the deptb
V dcpends upoo to the2
z e n at max
cour leptb Vmax
VVanes uocarly fom watct
surfocc of
Squorc o vejoci at fce
max
= V2 max mean
Max velou at surtace vclotj of Curieni/
t i c sbape of
k dcpenads on
pic
> 15D
square Endeol pic
uoitb 0'66
Circular S c m ior
picr curtulat t n d >
2
Cut
Tainqular
3 Picrs oith < 3 0 > °'S0

with inclsded angc to 0-70

30 to 6D>05D
60 tog0>030 to0-90

oater
witb Cut Ease 0-4S
3 picrs Equivalctcra archcs oF
of #E circlcs

arches of theCut o:SD

picis
wrth
Loatcrs
intcrsccting at 90
East
105
Testle type of piers
 Xwhenthe picrs ote not provided at an ongle Poralld to
flouo of curtcnt than cuttentis es0ved ibto too

Componeots Jone parolle) to be picr

Normal to the picr
of picr
tacc arca i5 workcd dut by
hc Pcs5ule on

Considc Dg parallcl comp ofF vclod

vclod

sidc o picr is LDrkcd out by

prcssuc on arco

ConSidchng Normo) Comp of cloa:

PICr Jne prcssutes arecomputtod

values ofK
Flooof
Currcot
5]0g syrtablc
N
hale is takeu a 20

Loiod load
The uoiod loadl is direcHy prop to the squate of velou
and it 15 Exprcsscodl ot as-
P-y N/m2
V velout of wind In kmpb
metot mctcoroloqicad
k= Constont depeD ding on
COndrtion of'ngtore yanc5 om O OS to 0'09S
For Roac Bnclges
ur the Vahous Componcot5
ojod prcs 5ure is Considced main girdcr
such a5 CrDsS-girdcrs , stnqcrs ,

of Bndgc
Etc vecbide of ile
od lpad 15 ConSIleed on moving
n load Tt acts at a hcight of 4 5m above Roadoays
yccbicic and its valuc is takco about
oD moviDg

3 ENm
Ect of uoin load Bcam
is Dcglectcd in
case of
e
.C ob
RC:CSob
Bcam
CoDStction slab of RSj
Platc gitac.t
 latcraJ
upto 18m 3pan Bul in al uch cascs
to.hcSIst ooizota win loa d
Broanq in po vidco
about g KNM
For Railoas Bnclges
For B:G Bndgc - I 5 km2
MG or NG Bioge 0 1o kum*
75 kNJm2
3Foot Briadges
ive loaals in cosca ootpaths
mimalS 4 KN
DBnalge for pcdestiaio s N/m2
CrDwded touons or at pilgdmage
-

Cerscs