Natre O Radiation And Matter

Dual
PhotoElie t The pkencmo gmon
Re Bunau
Cmissiam pkstoeksctvan rom
meokal, wken a gkt bsam SultoLle
peuan
incident om it, is called phoBoekie ehet|
electronms ae Called pRtoeld
The Cmitted
is callecl
Re Curent 6o produud
amd
photoekechic CnreMt

in tRe
I mutls, Re elecrons
Free Eledrona
=
baund
elrchan) a levrly
uter akeA (v.lanu move easiy
Ksnu Ky ae e Leone tR
to tR atoms but can not
wikin he motul Surau
elarns ane
calsd hra euerm
metal Sfau. Su
The
minimum amunt
p.)
Work Function Wo
- am
eltchen

u R d
t
juat t isknam s
maal
aoes most 3udaa
Re
metuk.
work umtin h

wleunction detpends m
the nature + R m e t a l
noition ib3udae.
i +R
urk unchiom meaiurtd in ekrm
voRt CevD.
 nard's observationlenor d
sbse,ved Rat when
aLhrovidt radiatin uree allced to dall on
emitter late e Cm evacuated glan tube enckoirg
to elkchoaes, cuy rent l a . As soBn atR ulhoviN
Tadiatiam wee stobhed +R wrvent Was alo stepped|
ultraviokat
These obServatins indicahe tRal when
K emit ter plak, eludro
radiatinM da am
attraed turd
it wkiA are
a e eded m
R elachic tidd.
+Rpohtie plate by
phetoelchic et
xrimutal study
L a t e d

Evaanot
a n t u k e .

Qua C o l t o r
windaX

Retosensibve
pla

ww tnttur
dividsr

H-T. 8.

inlensity Fora fmeke

wny
inuident vodiation_
photoclo cic Crent
incrtases Jnae Intons i*y
wiR incra in in temBity iniclont igkt.
 peomination Blovk s Constamt ond wok Funtton

Gme = Kv -w
e v = -W

V. - V
=m t C
Comborin
m C=
sDope m-
e

vetical a z i Wo
Ttercot on e
W e x Magnituds otke Inteycet on vertical asi
Dual Nature Radiatiom Tho pkonamuna
borlarisatin et
con
be
dilfrattmnd
inteeence o

Satalatery explaine d hy on bo4a

natm
pkatoelahic eet, Compton
like
The pRroena
etc, c a n he explainsd on in
tems
ed, natu
gkt re by portile d

guantum heoy e
Kan raition
radiction has
Liyt. Tr shas tRat g
du al nature.
 y-o Ren A- oo. This
implus that u s a s a r e
wrtR materlal pa, ticles ony aken tRy a r e
aeriated
in mot lon.
To be amoriaBcd witk a d Broglie rae, a þotil
*
nud not Kave a chorgs. hak iswhy, dslrcglie
kmoum as matter droawe
Cware ane also
in nature
not be dromagnatic
*de-Breqlie uraves cam
anoialtd
becaue ekchromagneic waru are oy
Coitk accelratd horged portil

Graylie cwavergth am elkctron

Consicdsr an elhbron q o mas n C2 mav ng wit
loriy v Krangk a potential oumVCstatirj
omyo)
ekeh-en =
dak dons en elecron by
kEgaad by elehic ttld
kE eV

P m (KD
P . mev
ds Bragbs rare engthekoh on
/2 m mev
31y
6 63x 1o
A= V
/2x9-1xr1ox -6 x1oJ

12-3x10 m -
pLal NaTUre e De BrogLie ware)
De
br potkesen Makertal potid» in mahn
shds daplay wore-ka propatio
HA Rea oningw baed tuo
dollasing on

Considrations
auhih goven a ha
-The tue pkysical quantities
unirse ne man ond en?y
erms o R pkysrcal
Einateins man engy latinstip
E = mc

dNatre lovey smmehry. Sinceradiation ha

duual naturey +Rielere rom Symmey
considorationd
that matler mtut alho poma
de-8rogu predicked
dual nature. în
witR material þastiles
amociated
awaw
The wawe
de Broglie
matter or
Called
motion are
Callud d Bvie woveg|
amd Rei wovelnyth
cuatton »
Boliu's ware
e
ad Phorton

E=mc
V = mc

= mC

he
witho i t y V must
m mavihg
A potile mau matter r a e ewarelongth
aMoualed witk a
oroph between Morimum K.E.omd h-yuanq
(K-E n

k-E KD- tomD- R

m +
n y( )

-w

Ceret_opk
and Phatelschic
()
PHdeeloth
a t Cons
Tntn
Crre

cuvrtt ( ) and tin

kog (D I**
PhetoElrcre
PRot ekedic
CUrent
 PRoton (ropties )
photon givn E hv
hby a
gny Plark' Constoant
x10 mls
2
Shd photon i
3
3 The est mam photon i3ro
4 Photons are sable pay tiles.
d onat hove ay adic chag
Tyepacve t intensiy radiat'cn,
momentun p-
photon yueny v hastRe
amd Ev3y E Kv
Ke photem i3 m
The dynamic m a n d i k s elsdrn
7 ah, Þa,tilos
i
Can iderat
6- Phatons in Compton eed.
be An
sich Can Like
intorat with otRe paytidos
Phaton Can be scen in Conplan E
be
A o n s , tukidh
con
the momentunm ard
elha coWsion,
to Du ind photem a e C o n s e r v t d .

otalEd:
Phatons do not decay om tir aun

1-
Cam b e
potlend by pheton +Re
12 Th eng wkon it intera da
tansdered to atR, patiles
cotAotRe, poytilea. to magrese dd
8 Photons, ae not o r d y
W d.
dnd elchie exiat as maving puhles
19 Photont nly
 spkadi Photoeuchic h t ntRa bas
EiNsten'x pketoelchic Eguation
ExplanadianEet inenai
T'hC eA

eayC) No d Hten No Cumtnt

| Exlanatton heskdd rpncy

meaming
kE=e.
ThRas no bkyical
belas tRe
does not
accu
missicn
Pkstoelshie

rshdo n
3. Elanation kinchc Ertd v> V
(K.E m i o
wh frgany
ltrons incvease nal
Kindhc Enrgy d numberi n c i d o n t
Voinacdunt ocliation. i h c a

în intonsity
Lncreae

lpkotons and not tkeir Ewrgd intonsiyincident

radiation.
*K-E. s Indapndont emiasim
PRotolachic
uExplanatton e+ine lag> ond
betten photn
e t a n elasttc clisin
a

tRe
cm elchon. înciclons a pkatm amcd
The no
tie ag blo a
tRe Cmissiom a plotoelkdran.
 Eina tein
Ehatein' R e Photoelchie E t
b a larik
explaned photoelectic Met n tR
hid
cccrding 4o Ligkt radiaha a
ontum tRor
travels in theom dincrete pkotons. Thu en
photen aho wkere plamk'sConatot
ea
and v 4R eny ighz
Th Main fointa o REinstein's Thea reuk
Pkoto elchic efect
tRe em3sin

(one photen ad eus

inteactton
t o pa,tike
elkbons bound witR
ane in tRe nmetul
-The e
tRe Aurfaw. The minim|
duu to taing fora on

to Librale cim ekzehron ran

-um
emArIy -guind
K mealSulae ie calld wokndtien (wo).
incidant kaon i sed
3T Enrgy kv Re wak
ta a a t sed der
in o pors in
1 und
ndrom amd mainin pot
E oPhoto ele thons.
(k.EEPmax
y inident photon W = +

E
= W. +m Einstein '
ficto elthie
mvnn = Kv -wNo
man =
uation.
încidunt pketon B
d +Rreuhold agenty V
T R

elrchron rom h med Suau and elou n t gi«

T K-E. KVs = Ws
K3= á(Y-)
Kmen mv= hv-
 awA ePotoelchic Em isicn-
For a
given material and a
given ueny inidart
rodiatim, Re phatoelechic Cront a diney prapotind
t tRe intensity tR inident ght
2 For a aiven moderial and usmy inudant radiao
Saturatin C rent iaaumd to b e proportional to
4R intenzity inddent rodiation, ukt as Rs ztoppiral
potthal indepencsnt ita intenkity.
rtain minimum
or agiren material Roe existz
radiation belaw wkith no
emiasions

ut intidunt
is calud
This guemy
otoels drons tolkn Rae,
A Ra neuivabnt
nt stoppir?
sopbing
emitted atoekschrons
indopendont intenaity inidant
potenttal t iguony (orro
LrgRt but dubends only upan
e in udent gkA
am instamtoneau
emik3icn
|4- The pKoto eluchic tRe inidma
procoA The tint lag betrtem
amd emi38Tm
ra diaton

Lo Kam evem 10See

Etron VAt O elichm vlt D kakincdi
am elkbcn uken it
1 g by voft
accelsated tRrag potential didferen
a

elton
Ea aainad by
elachie idd 2V
werk
=
dene by
Cx /V
Iev= 6o 2x1o
IeV Jale
I:602 xlo
platinum kigket (w.=565 ev)
*Wak tuntion
wkite it s lavet a caRsium (ns-2-14ev)
Eeron Emiusion The bkenemunenm emiaion
udas dameto
ela cronArom
Calld lecon mis3lan
lecom EmisSim

Trmiomic Ald Emiasl on Phot elcrc Secondov

Cmi48in
m i s i cm to
Catko EAdomajnahe (ee
(Due t o keat) Cold
emias ( o to
ey kouk
Cdu to vodiakicn siuert mevigl
ekubron
Cd jo+o 18 V

Hetga Ohservation^ The Ponomunan d photo e l e t i

was discored in 1837 by Heinrich Htz
Cm3iom In ka Epine
duuring Ks eleromaneic ave expaziment.
invetathion o n tRe þrodution elecbemagmutic raes by
spak ocroh Ra dleetor Loap w e e enkanud|
means c
tuken h emitter plahe s a s iumihated by ultravit
rom am Ort Larmp
 guency
ond in tens
Eet otertial= For a
tixed increase
rvent
inident Lgld, +R photoelachic to 4R calector.
inct a e in tRe Fotential appiud A urent |
wih eletns each tR
late
wkan all R photo 8aration CTut
maimum t knam
RCom

T 7I
wwre 7/

fegueny indelnt
ekoto

1 er agiven cre
elons
Sarain radiation, photo
Stopbn wloities rarg'
witk alW
Cron emitted m a x i mum
to a urtaih
om 3 4 Fortield
At tRe stopping
l t e

Vo
ColterpRate value e . bR
no
PotenttaR V
R wokdoe by
Rctording9
l t e n t a l o , w h n

Anord ,
fatentidl foteytial on tke fastest
8tpping i t kE.
chen mut beeyuul t
|cl
W= K-E mvme
2V= smVn
Radiation At
e p e n y _ e incidant
ConRtont intensity inidsntadiattom, tka voale
witk gany
Bopping Fotentta increae
nudot radiatic

Tha implies tkat grater t

V Vz>o. maximum K.E. hatoelseha
i Ke
htatty
rguin
etording potential
BRe
omcd emce grtatr
uch elcon Corplekly.
to Sto Pharoekic

Sauration
Current

noi fotoial V