LASER

LIAm|lificabion timulat Enimior { Radiaki]

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t

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asow

-
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t T-)tTa) t a(Tat4) +T
T)-TT
, 7
= T 2T2Lt" l t 1
N 3 t 2, Ta t
- -

þdpulahion
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he
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t
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E
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akoba. #en-
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iet to oltn- o u a o n i'nuroton
Con

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Rale-eghahim:

rake.
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cha G Cm

(,-)- Ts y
ato- fe ne) t
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stnlakrd. daaidonf
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ae
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A+staaly Stnte Condihiowo

n0, atm pr Uni

Aaain ora tot

: Mttt M

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y 4 oi
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popudahor-nueIion-

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p Tat T32T
t he(2+ Tu)
Wp
T2

t L(2 +T)
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Con
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oaer
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ma amum T pP
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ue optln- t r t
on
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 2 crit L B2hv
22.9 RUBY LASER
The first successful laser invented
by Maiman in 1960
was a solid state
ruby laser. In this device, a single crys-
tal of ruby in the form of a
cylinder C serves as the lasing
medium (Fig. 22.11). The plane end faces and P, of L
the ruby cylinder are
P,
highly polished. The face P, is sil- P P2
vered to effectively reflect the light Output
rays generated in the C
beam
laser material and incident on it. The face
P, is half-sil-
vered so that it reflects most of the
light incident on it
from the cylinder C, but allows a small fraction of the
Fig. 22.11 Ruby iaser
incident light to leak out, giving the laser
output.
The mirrors at the end faces of the
cylinder C form the cavity resonator. The cavity length
is many times the wavelength of the laser
light and has a large Q for efficient laser action.
The cylinder C is placed at one focus of an
is an electronic flash tube L
elliptical reflectorR, at the other focus of which
emitting green light of wavelength 550 nm. As a result, the pump
ing light from the flash tube is focussed onto the ruby cylinder. Usually, the
pulsed laser, the light from the flash tube being high-power short-duration ruby laser is a
pulses.
Ruby is crystalline aluminium oxide (Al,0,) doped
with chromium. The schematic
energy diagram of the E
chromium atoms consists of three energy levels E 550 nm
Fig. 22.12). The first excited state of energy E, is a 550 nm
(Metastable)
metastable state with a mean life of about 4 ms. This is 694.3 nmn
about 10 times the normal mean life of an excited state. Eo
The higher energy state of energy E, is a normal excited Fig. 22.12 Schematic energy level
state characterized by a mean life of diagram of chromium atom
about 10-s.
When the pumping light of wavelength 550 nm from the
flash tube L is switched on, a
large number of the chromium atoms in the ground state of
energy E absorb this light and
make a transition to the excited state E,. The lifetime
the chromium atoms excited into this state are
of the state E, being very small
(-10-8 s),
quickly transferred to the metastable state E,.
The transition from E, to E, is nonradiative, the released
energy being absorbed by the lattice. In
this way, the number of atoms in the upper state exceeds
E, that in the ground state E.
The
optical pumping thus produces a population inversion between the states
state E. So, the ruby laser is a three-level system. E and E, via the
 Fore 565
Lasers, opics, (and
Holography
In
tne begning, the chromium atoms in the metastable state suffer
spontane
tions to the ground state. The spontaneously but
emitted photons propagate in all direcuo r
those travelling
parallel the axis of the ruby
to
cylinder are repeatedly reflected
Dy
of the laser cavity. The photons making many trips
lated emission of light by interaction with the chromium atoms incylinder
through the proa The
the
intensity f light
propagating parallel to the axis of the ruby rod is thusmetas ied, An
largeiy
intense, highiy directional, coherent beam of red light of wavelength 694.3 nm o s from
rom
the half-silvered face as the laser output. ee
n e laser action is triggered by the spontaneous emission, but the photons
travelhng in a direction making an angle with the axis of the ruby rod are lost arter a
reflections.
PUmpingpower: 'The pumping power necessary for the population inversion can be roughly
estimated as follows.
Let P, be the power of the pumping light of frequency activ e
v. falling on a unit ofarea
the a
matenal. it , 1s the absorption cross-section of the pump light, the pump power absorbed by
the material is o, Pp This power is spent up in raising the atoms to the excited state. Ift is the
life time of the upper state, the power consumed in the transition to the lower state 15 n
For the inversion to occur, we have a, Pp >h v,/t. Thus. inversion begins when o, P, =h v/t or,

P, hVp
TOD
For ruby, t = 4 ms, hv, = 3 x 10-1 J, and o, - 10-23 m2. So, P, = 3x 10-1/(4x 103
x 10-23) = 7.5 x 106 W/m2.

10 HELIUM-NEON LASER
The helium-neon laser is the first gas laser successfully devel-
oped in 1962. The device consists of a discharge tube T con- Brewster
windows
taining a mixture of helium (He) and neon (Ne) gases in the
ratio of about 7:1 at a total pressure of about 1 torr. The gas T
mixture forms the lasing medium placed between two spheri
cal mirrors M, M) in confocal configuration making up the M P P2 M
resonant cavity (Fig. 22.13). Applying a high voltage between
two electrodes (P1, Pa) sealed into the discharge tube, a dis- Fig. 22.13 Schematic diagram
of the He-Ne laser
charge is produced. The ends of the discharge tube havve
Brewster windows which are inclined at the Brewster angle e = tanl u where u is the refrac-
tive index. The light polarized in the plane drawn through the normal to the window and the
tube axis, is transmitted through the windows and is repeatedly reflected by the mirrors.
The He-Ne laser operates under continuous wave (CW) condition and generates a low
power in the range 1 to 50 mW. The light from gas lasers has a higher degree of monochroma-
ticity and directionality than that from solid state lasers. This is due to the crystalline imper-
fections, scattering, and thermal distortion in pulsed solid state lasers.
To understand the operation of the He-Ne laser, we consider the energy levels of He and
Ne, schematically drawn in Fig. 22.14. The electric discharge in the tube T' raises some of the
He atoms to the 2" s or 2' s states.
These states are metastable, so that the He atoms in these levels stay for a sufficiently
long time before de-excitation. The energies of the two excited states 3s and 2s of Ne are slightl
less than those of the above metastable states of He. So, when the He atoms in the metastak
states collide with the Ne atoms in the ground state, an exchangeof energy takes place. As a
 Electronics-Fundamentals and Applications
566

2's 3s
3.39 umn
3p
2's 2s
0.6328 um
1.15 m 2p

He Ne

Fig. 22.14 Energy levels of He and Ne (schematic)

mentioned 3s or 2s
result, someof the Ne atoms in the ground state are raised to the above
excited states, and the He atoms are de-excited to the ground state. Thus,
the gas discharge
between these levels
populates the Ne excited levels 2s or 3s, producing a population inversion
and the lower lying levels of Ne:
He* (2s) + Ne He + Ne* (2s)
He* (2s)+ Ne > He +Ne* (3s)
As the Ne atoms in the above excited states make a transition to the lower energy 2p or 3p

levels, the following wavelengths are emitted:

3s2 2p, (0.6328 um)
3s2
3s2
3s, 3p, (3.39 um)
2s 2p, (1.15 um)
The last two wavelengths lie in the infrared region, whereas the first wavelength is the
familiar red light from the He-Ne laser. The 632.8 nm He-Ne laser is one of the most widely
used lasers.