lome

Elecmi Momets and le ttnft@uadntpale

to be
Sphenital n Shape
Enernally tonslelened
NucLeus
fmass
centre of
and ceniie
centte
Tn Sphenial nucleus he mement g he nuleus it
Change caheides,0 he difale
diele mainent a
dole 2ent
nt have otretnit
nuctel do numbert n l
Tti .found hat obsenved n a numbr F u
has been
quadnupale he ddepastture
artune F he
eLE ttnit quCdnuale
momentT.
mtasurtes
quadridPaLe
quadpele
The eLectmuc braruse
Sphenical symmetity
nucaeus phen cal
yuietry.

nancntIs zeno for

R P

paint dutz a
Frm Glassical vew,the potertiad a a
poiht
honwn h the abve foure
he charge
a poht Charge ula
t o n c n a a t . a t h E autom
as m the case
net Suated utsie the nurleus ahg
then tential at poinP,
pht P

Z-aN t a lstante fnom the centne nuLens dutv

Charge

.YnfoIo
as shnvn h he Agunk,
Tokr2Rros072
2

apandih u Binnickhenem

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3 ue ct
hi value ineeunD,
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Cesot (30s-i)+*
2R3
coso e n
ort V=e
Caue elktae
elcruc
and uength caled
en= Produet f thangt
Hene,
dpote mantnt. uadau-
aled
anta
charye and
Pzocduet f
en -erle mment.

m denate monerle,
ccients 2 mamens Epecive,
NESetiely
nnamentí
q
uuaa
ddrr
u uPpo
alle
e
dlifole and
Z-Coonents
)
C C ,System -
mment
+
en
Quadnupele

shle
en )=(3zn)a
quaadneuele
qLaaruele
kaue
ff
haue Íitte
e
lacEq
u e i e i u s S w i

that
Thi's Shaus Pratns ane
asymaeiucally

pmeNt only. when

abaut theonhi nicteus
charge
chage eistahutin
ditrubutiin

sphenically
Symmetit
o fon C-x3+y+)

h equ" wegett
eaues
thir
prtng quadauwie
nudeus net
Symmet has nM-ZENO u
qiu
aadd
eeue
elle
e
a
Hence, fon nN-ZENO

he
n
huuc
cll
e e
uu s
sS
32 mone pNatms addit
addii
atns
STUMO,
en mone
Mament a n e one pnalate phenoi
hene
Symmetefcal diiibutin Fen
nanent
M a n e n t

nueleuus q
Sphenoa
SPheneq Shape
hape
abate
andifo
e

a
mastunE ofthe distontin of phcnital
g measuned
teams ht dnmain, uhieh
shape ih
n and prodatey
betueen SphEcal shape
dilkerente
by he
AuAeus
tenns ana u
Shapes . the
obla te as 1 barnlo*22
nits
 Nuelear Fonces nucleus A n
nucieus
pr
Cartahs
prab
a
-neutrran
theiay,
heay,
c
hhaarrg
geea
a
antit ies
Aenhiies
Poton
Acardhg ant psit ive Neutnars
ana
motens

Fl o1oe
ñ e u i i a i s P r o t o n s

and parurLes,
e ad
a en
ae n e
neutrat
Sfze
t
F he
Aeletrtens ate Col
nucteus acarang.u
h he
clasely
CLaely
packed c h a r g e d h u s

P i t i e eLECho S t a t e f o n c e f#
fonee
nepulSin be,
N P u L s n te

ane
eleetroStai
betureeN PMtons
nepulstanbeteen
ptan
Sheeprotrns be
hartd Ncteus. Henie ersenti
exsteLe
hene g Hnie
Ba electrastatit
fvete deus.

ansthen, tqttracibe f
fec
7zk
them:.7h he nactvE
fhem
horld c a u s e
diruptan
natan-anAotnneUbaN an
peibLr.
ae
andhea

M a t n n e u a N

nucleus
st
ast Pnaten-aten sS Cnsider
ansidre;
he ucLeus
uceus
e n e e ., But
betiueen
e
exrisstts
s
and
a nd Aforee
j c a v t a t n

m a s s et
gras/tatonal
sh i s g r a v / t a t i ' o n a
Neutron

neuon - due h
due o
his
es,
font ë .hS,heng
Stable
o be
be
f a n d . that hangravi'tatamlartrracttVe Corulenb
he
uieens (i
biha
gncaten
han other
feces
h
heiC
chn
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be mc nside
he
h e alg
als
mtust
f orees
farees
S i r n 2 a h a c á e
PRatars
angd
s t r n a t a c á v e

neutiars

ange and very

e ry ae hghly
highly e
Cmple

ane Thietn forrtes

naaltarr l e b o s t a i t

nuilea
reshese
d i t e r e N e fiton
b
ae
ataNCand
i
and gravitaánal ontes.

theory);-
Cahse f nucsearfonces ( Meson
fatces betueen he
to EXehange Theoy, elettrnostat1
Aconding due t xchange phot beturen them
ctheleS due to eathang
charges ttenalftes behveen two masKes
gmavtia nucten fnie
to Kaua heny the nuclesfonte
aravitatins .Aeorndin, die to nitant Enchevnge ef
betueen
nustens miht be
Parth des
panthicle s betweeN The nuclens, hese
Seme
Laten on these perticlesS mesms wené
alled mesons
alled
to have masS 270 mes
MESN hene fonuna
olctectea eh
masS G lettrnThe mesns peshve 0Egative
the
Churges Ave been deteciea . Aceardhg y
and neutral

theaty Snne surnona4

Mucleas cnsist F Sont df caamn ane

pulsathg clna T-mesan

and Jatth betueen
These mésons apaly Junp lauK
the nriers hanges tht dantity ast and at ht
epulsin s aitnacdin
 natue
Nuleast forces ae Stiongest frues m
han electro
The nuclea fernces are 6O tibnes SnongeK Jortes.
than aviiatira
fertes an 38 tmes Stroge
FeFn/0313 rmattiive fvdies.Bu
ferntes .But
rtattive
basically Srag
Muclea2 fonces ane nepulltv fonees
fones.
npelsive
q u 1tien
a1that n fe
Small cmponent as an
Cantans a cane h
aetin
a tin as
The utlean fonres abart
mize f he n
ne
hhen dsante betueen wo meclens
the distanee de
aptdly as
and attracábe
The ferue heneases
beomes aNimum at a a n e e f abut 2.2 f
deeeesu
er.
attracake. e drcntele
deveased hin
the disante
feoni, t danges Sudderly
ata
dtanet o.5 SaveS he
nLLeus
and
a rd
h nulsiue force
aberve 2une
fgwre
repulske Rue h he abae
af shhin
callapsths
fm
Nn-central fonces he
nuctens dos nat a t almg
betueensi t AaT-CENtal
The fenee itI callcd
them Cenies, thenefene
jorhuhg
fonté
5 Nutean fonees an change hdependent -
Attactiencesbetueen the ucdens hsde k nucleus
f fheetYes frue betueen eutun-eton t, n-P
heween neuten-Aeutvan ti, n-0) and betueen Autan-noton

Eperimtntatly and Ray g mutor nutuides Shns hat thneé

yes forntes e n-P, n- andP-P have the same. M
tuude - P = N-n. = P-P
MuckEAS fonees ane pn dependent -
It has been abserved that udean fente betueen tu0
Nens hathg paraleR spis
nucleons
tnonger than the fonce
brtueen two nueLeons5 havhg
bttween an-parnallek Sphs. Hente nucle
fence s arne Sph dependent
4 Nuelear fontes. ane chanpe fonees
Muclea fnces have an nehange ehazactert The se fntt)
to estence due to xchange -mesns
Come hto
eome (t, n 1
he nuclens
and T) betueen
Nuuecurt forntes ane Satunasted Forces , -
Nuelean PonCes exhibrds a satuna n eLnnatéid
 Mucleon inside he nutleus -doeS not eperienCe Nuclecu
Portce due d hen muueons + expetience fort ce
to T4S
only ue neounest
obsemve frtom he Fact
neighbowrun neleons As ae
hdt
binong eneng1 pe nutleon becomes
con 9Hand
Con t an with mals numbert A > y0 and does not 9tow withthe
grnewth df nu tdean imengious Ths mpliestho unckear
fortce s satunaAeS Dnce a hut koon fotmed few bonoll (t
gnoneshPurndhet
gnonPs ooldbHon OFf nucleong o the Ssfem
20 NueLEAR STA BILITY {N- 2 RAPA)

PackingFiasHon s decined mass dePecd pen nutleon This

S erecty'nelaseolt0 stabiby Of 4he nudeul
PrLoper unsta?IyOf.-the nucleus
indicad s
packing frtacHon
Po'st-Ave
OF a
fraction is nelated "40 L4abiliy
wheneasnegatiye Patking
wi*2 | 8 3 n e unstabe
AU the heavy nuclei
he nuale u,
gh unclei byr eiittag
-

un clei They tans Fortm into

icles tobecome Stable
bnuUE°A pnésent
P O
KEh 0<ane
mönehcan qb6 nuclei ane known owP op
tn nu Uei cunei DE2
Pouno be Stable
4o Numben of Stable ten.
to even and odol numben of pHotons
classeed ectonding
a's given bejow.
a n d n e utons !teitnisnq32
No OF frtoiong No.0 ne utmonS No of tetble nuekei
0dd Ddd ois 53
odd even
even
16
4M
even

even
280
seen rtom boe 164 nulei with evên even
As 4 s
Cund neunons S7 nuclei with even-odd
nurmben dF priotong
mucRei with oolol- even
odd-even
neutrnong S3
numben OF Prtdtons dnd
6 nuclei with old-odd
protong
anolneutong ane. ony
numbern Of
ano neutrons ane nuelei The even
s4able
numbert F prtoton
Sable anodheneFone leat
nucdei ere thene Forne mone
even yPe
i k e l y o be nedioactive,

nase The numben 0F even

-

oold on
The odod-odd. ane
even -combinaions
aneddmost Same 7he numbern od-0dd
odd-
Si* eveneven pe nut les
combinatHon is teasf .Tha
 4 S i 2 0 , ano 26 Fortm adbo
Fort
12*,
&0Y 0F eadh cnest
EN) end numha
numben f neusnons oen
A gnaph belween
a"
tenuelei ¥s Shoun in o he
Fr the ab
Pro4on12) in, diefenent
Agurne a . t
hot Forn z L20 j #he Stubilit
we inoProm ne gnaph
nutiei 127 2.0 an N>2
'S S+ttaighd tine widh22 N fort
the rumben F neutrong slartds tnerteasimg S4ablity tuny
bend mone and mone neuttonj ais Dd deviate s. Pronmfrtom zz N
n aShoum nthe fqunt b ) J + is because lart 9e avol
For lartge
of 2he"èoujombepulgive fortces becomedomi nant, and
and i
onden 4 comp ensade his neputgiye effec the numben f
neutrtvhg hat 4o be morte For the sietbilty be maximum, hes
san Pkimun valuefhe, rtaio of neuton 40 pröon RU ht
Sstaiblerunutlki, fallwithin 4he hadled tegion a shown in he
+
PuRetb)h The nucte which fall abeve Drt belbwhis shddle
neionrane,Aunsehle nueAAUhe nunel 38 withz and
2
TA 20q iane, nsiablf anothey emit d and ß rnays to becon
Stable i91a rtDrt
2 oSERARATIOA) ,ENERnY, OF NULLFONS d e

The separtaion e nengys is. the minimum ëntig } *

mustb u l , a nutjeu CA)Z) in ondert dosepanol
Cnemoe a ncléon Fnem 14 bn H sVenengacikibenateda
nucdton isadded tohe nucleusI+
a
s the binding
enertg of thea 1ea ghaly bounonuleon
birelinaenengy 0F nueleus CA2): a wCA/2)
Let

Binding, eneray dhe uCleusAli2-1): Aw tA-1,2}

Then separdHi0 eneg8 oPMoton is

Sp Aw&A2) AW TAIz-1)
iven ey

OE
simitartlysepards07 8 ne
itlDn is 9iven
o
mnMA172) ~ M,A2)7¢2
0
wnene p
mayS F a
proton end
 mn nestmagsoF nebtrton n Ven in
0F proton anod neutnon gi
enengies .

SepanaHon

belvw
4abte

Sp(MeV SnMeV)
NucleuL
2-22
2.22
H 20
203
2M'3
3 1.
nucler t h e yalues OF Sp anol S ene

Forn all Stab1e nadso ccHvity Cannot

PRO on
neutrton and
Posithve Hence
nuele
occun in these

2 negin
Stability

166

N=Z
stan N
S09
5rng

O20 406 0 80 160

No ptsons(z