KENER DICDE

bpesate nde in the beak down

ter valtage Pegulatin en
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2ene dioevUies
2ene diode
Rs

fluelsating Ve

2ene diod Áe R B.
Rs cnd 2enee
the cuent thaoua h wittheutr any
Valtage dhop
sess '2ee d d e
chang valtage
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ent
csient P and any
ths,eughwthoe change
ilp veltage deeee
aees 2eud .
but no change
Utage

DEVIES
0PTo E LECTPONlc JUN(TIOTN

LED Juntion hom PN

P-N seeus an
Heauily eaoped
ma-ve
P
heeombtnaon equal
photons. ef eneagy
jncten beunda form
seleaed inin
ess Aan reaehes
and
eneg ug ht ‘
to stigkty Intencity of
forard
a aX
fusthen
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in
Pecorn biatin
 J) Pheloduole

Vevet)

wnde RB.

talls and RB cwen

phetodiode
As a esult iteneit'
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Voe (open ckt veltage )

Tsc K cheet clt cUsLenl

(T-V charaeleiete Colan ceu)
P"3nctton that qenuate EMfwen colar Aadatn
bIas
worte similas to phsadiode Uxcepl mo ex tenal
appied. more ight to be
Tuncton
in idet ( Thsee processes geneatron, separatton, tallectirn)
e-h paus:
cepasatien
cepasatien
e
nde - Ve
helee eoch
Aeach p side
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Jo esuet
n and heles sith fie the nd
base 4o entey
cncten
i B E Basier
ced Aedu
B f ie it as Aetive called
thanetso) stateo
Riased Feuwad ic
VEE
Tsnsictor PN N(i)
Calecta Bae
nceron Base mitlu
- E
uncttons.
dsped) medetalely doped Aigaty ((olecto Base ()
e) n Hn
uin Vey doped Highly (
si'2e) im med: mittes E
teumials- Thsee
Pe
P-N-P
PNP E
N-P-N
upeetrvely E
PN N PJ a(N eithe
canchuiched N)(Por kayes
t Thim
ck tuo blw
dece.
duice teiminal Thee
SICTDK TRAN
 Dsse went
eoan and avu
Lemain
atlgaeted
e
touwde
entes he coleln
+w teinal battey caalg
calleeo wsenl (T).

Veyc a l .

watng PnNP Taancictor

TE

TE

Se
Vce
VEE hole
e seplaeed
siilas

Taencislr
qcsatrons
Cohnon
bse (Ce)
() emilen (cE)
(u) tomron lollecoy
(u) tomon aed
Emileu
Comnon CCE) aaleisics.
emitlen
B

( Vee
VeE

VeE
 p charaeleistts
cuut
VeE l00 V Vaiaton & Base emlle
base
(VeE) t
60 Vettage is called
(Ve)
C/pst chataeleu'sti cs
Lon
VeE CN)

/P chesa cleist'G
ten
Vaiatton Tc conct
vtkage vee)
charaleisti'ca

Împetawt pents
worts actie Aegron.
atiom
C) "Ianetor meu dece) te
metton ehaseqe
contelud bt
tsanistor
Casie. AVBE
( VeE -cons

Aesanee AVE
)
Cussent

wsent
sensctndetanee
to chan
veltage E tsanci'tor

Ay = AVe g mxRe
(w velltge gain
veltag gin in Av
 Applicatiens of Transister

Vo

Vce

when a aansiste ic ed cuttp| oFF) cate

catuati en state a su teh.
only
Applying to

Vi (V;= dc ilp vettaag

Vo = Vee ILRe (Vo op valtag
>

Vo
for si vi<D6V
Sausçon
Tranicta in DEfslate
mnd Vo = Ve

V D6 V
Fransfu chaacleuictes
Traneichoy dn tetive ¿lata
Vo
co Vo dinea
Te Linet
4u vale becomes less than
buymd thil it gees to aatualion
 2) Taenastes

Vo

Ve

Vg6

ineseeing the amplitde ip

witheut ictesting the wae shape and
sinal is called Ampujicaton.
withet hamying
T6 pee tran cistor an am pifes peatng
semewhe in midle aette egion.
fired then
pt in middle 6 Lne paat
at
Ip = onst tor Ie = enet wold be on.
then Vee- Re
VeE

KVL

.'. AVB - 0

sinilaaly Vee - T Rc
AVo AVee - (4I)c

-P.Re
 -Ve siam epesens p pha op veltage

?susu qain cuwrent gain x ve tage gaio

Ap >1

|Concept of Feed baek

when come teed baek.
caled

tVe teed baek.

phae en thee
im Sae
wed in uatns.
tVe
tedback.

-ve teed baek

ued to get
st phae.
gain Amgliti.
A
|+A B

0sATO R
" TRANSIS TOR As
T
mutual
Ån duetan ce.

" Feedback ct
4

S (satc)
Comparative study of transistor configuration

1. Common Base (CB) 2. Common Emitter (CE) 3. Common Collector (CC)

CB CE CC

CB
R.

EE

Input Resistance Low (100 2) High (750 2) Very High = 750 k

Output resistance Very High |High Low

Current Gain (A or a) A, or A) (A or y)

Voltage Gain V, R, R I,R

Ay
LR V,R
A,- B A, R
Power Gain
A,

A, o R A, -
Phase diference Sane phase opposite phase same phase
(between output
and Input)
Application For High Frequency For Audble frequency For Impedance
ampli amplifler Matching

Relation between a, Band y

a,ß
L-4+ |-4+
divide by divide by L

Y= 1+
1-4
1 1
+1

1-4'
a
1+8
 SUMMARY OF LOGIC GATES
Name Symbol Boolean Circult
Truth table Electrical Practteer
analogue atlon)
Expresslon
OR YA +B
AB|Y

11

AND Y-A. B IB
ATRH
o1o
1oo

NOT Y -A AY
Iverter 10
Ae

NOR
Y-A+B
IOR NOT

1olo

NAND Y= AB ABY A
ANDNOn

10|
11

XOR Y= AOB ALBY

Escka or
OR)
Y=A.B+ AB
XNOR Y-AOB ALBIY
Eackuslw 001
NOR 01
Y= A.B+ AB 100
11|1

Y= AeB
Laws of Boolean Algebra
Basic OR, AND, and NOT operations are given bdow:

OR AND NOT
A+0=A A. 0 =0
A+1-1 A. l =A A.A -0
A+A=A A.A=A

Boolean algebra obeys commutative, associative and distributive laws as given below :
Commutative laws :
A+B= B+A;
A.B = B.A
Associative laws:
A + (B + C) - (A + B) +C
A. (B. C) = (A. B). C
Distributive laws :
A. (B+ C) - A.B + A.C
Some other useful identities :
A + AB =A A.(A +B) = A
(ii) A +1Ã B) - A+ B (iv) A. ( + B) A.B
() A +(B.C) - (A + B). (A + C) (vi (Ã+ B).A +C) - Ã.C+B.A +B.C

De Morgan's theorem :
First theorem : A +B- AB
Second theorem : A.B- +B