I

CT Not
es
CHAPTERONE

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCOMPUTERSTUDI
ES
Whati
sacomput
er?
 Acomput sanel
eri ect
roni
cdev
icet
hatwor
ksundert
hecont
rolofst
ored
Pr
ogr
ammes (
inst
ruct
ions)
,accept
sraw dat
a and pr
ocesses i
tint
o
i
nfor
mat
ion.
 I
nfor
mat
ionpr
oduct
ioni
sacy
cleofi
nput
,pr
ocessi
ngandout
putasshowni
n
t
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.

Inputi
sawayent eri
ng/key
ing I
nput Out
put
datainthecomputer. Outputisawayofr ecei
vi
ng
333333333333333333 i
nfor mati
onfrom t
he
comput er
.Itcanbeeit
her
softcopyoutputorhar
dcopy
output
Pr
oces
s
Processingist hemani pul
ati
on
ofdatatoachi evecertain
object
ives.I
tmayi ncl
ude
calcul
ati
ons,compar i
sonsto
producedesiredr esul
ts.

Comput
ert
ermi
nol
ogi
es
1.Pr
ogr
am-
isast
epbyast
epi
nst
ruct
ionwhi
chhel
pst
hecomput
ert
oper
for
m
agi
vent
ask.I
tcanal
sober
efer
redt
oassof
twar
e.
2.Dat
a-Thesear
eraworbasi
cfact
swhi
char
emeani
ngl
essunl
essunder
gone
pr
ocessi
ng.I
tmayi
ncl
udenumber
s,l
ett
ersandsy
mbol
s.
3.I
nfor
mat
ion-i
s pr
ocessed dat
a whi
ch i
s meani
ngf
ul.I
tal
so r
efer
sto
summar
izeddat
a.

Page1of1
I
CT Not
es

Par
tsofacomput
er
Acomput
eri
smadeupofacol
l
ect
ionofdi
ff
erentcomponent
sthatar
eint
er-
connect
edt
oget
heri
nor
dert
ofunct
ionasasi
ngl
eent
it
y.
i
) Sy
stem uni
t-Thi
sist
hepar
tthathousest
hebr
ainoft
hecomput
ercal
l
ed
cent
ral
processi
nguni
t(CPU)
.Ital
sohousesot
herdev
icesl
i
ke: -Dr
ives,
Mot
her
boar
d,Powersuppl
yuni
t,Har
ddi
sket
c.Dr
ivesar
eusedt
ost
ore
(
wri
te)
,recor
dandr
eaddat
a.Ther
ear
etwocommont
ypesofsy
stem
uni
tsnamel
y:Towersy
stem uni
tandDeskt
opsy
stem uni
t.

Deskt
opsy
stem
TowerSy
stem uni
t uni
t

i
i
) Moni
tor
/Vi
sualDi
spl
ayUni
t(VDU)
/Scr
een-I
tisat
elev
isi
onl
i
kedev
ice
usedf
ordi
spl
ayi
ngout
put
.Iti
scal
l
edt
hemoni
torbecausei
tenabl
est
he
usert
omoni
tororseewhati
sgoi
ngoni
nthecomput
er.
i
i
i) Mouse-I
tisadev
icet
hatenabl
est
heusert
oissuei
nst
ruct
ioni
nthe
comput
erbycont
rol
l
ingaspeci
almousepoi
nterdi
spl
ayedont
hescr
een.
I
tisapoi
nti
ngdev
icemai
nlyusedi
nGr
aphi
cal
UserI
nter
faces(
GUI
).
i
v) Key
boar
d-I
tisadev
icet
hatenabl
est
heusert
oent
erdat
aandi
nst
ruct
ion
i
nthecomput
erbypr
essi
ngi
tskey
s.

NB:Dev
ices connect
ed t
oget
hert
othe sy
stem uni
tusi
ng cabl
es ar
e cal
l
ed
per
ipher
aldev
ices.Exampl
es ofper
ipher
aldev
ices i
ncl
ude:Mouse,Key
boar
d,
Moni
tor
,Scanner
,Speaker
se.
t.
c.

Page2of2
I
CT Not
es

Di
agr
am ofcomput
ersy
stem

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCOMPUTERS
Comput
ersar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
o:
1.Phy
sical
sizeandpr
ocessi
ngpower
2.Pur
pose
3.Funct
ional
i
ty

1.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionaccor
dingt
ophy
sicalsi
zeandpr
ocessi
ngpower
Comput
ersi
nthi
scat
egor
ycanbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto4mai
ngr
oupsnamel
y:
a)Supercomput
ers
b)Mai
nfr
amecomput
ers
c)Mi
nicomput
ers
d)Mi
crocomput
ers

Page3of3
I
CT Not
es

a)Supercomput
ers
 Theyar
ethef
ast
est
,lar
gest
,mostexpensi
veandpower
ful
comput
ers.
 Theyar
emai
nlyusedi
nsci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch,
simul
ati
onweaponanal
ysi
set
c.
 Duet
othei
rext
remewei
ghtt
heyar
ekepti
naspeci
alr
oom.
 Duet
othei
rhi
ghpr
ocessi
ngpowert
heygener
ateal
otofheatandt
her
efor
e
t
heyr
equi
respeci
alcool
i
ngsy
stem.
 Theyar
emost
lyf
oundi
ndev
elopedcount
ri
essuchasUSAwher
etheyar
e
usedf
oradv
ancedsci
ent
if
icr
esear
chsuchasnucl
earphy
sics.

b)Mai
nfr
amecomput
ers
 Theyar
elesspower
ful
andl
essexpensi
vet
hansupercomput
ers.
 Al
thoughsupercomput
ersmaybedescr
ibedasgi
antcomput
ers,t
hemai
n
f
ramesar
esai
dtobebi
ginsi
ze.
 Theyar
eusedf
orpr
ocessi
ngdat
aandper
for
mingcompl
exmat
hemat
ical
cal
cul
ati
ons.
 Theyhav
eal
argest
oragecapaci
tyandcansuppor
tav
ari
etyofper
ipher
als.
 They ar
e most
lyf
ound i
n gov
ernmentagenci
es,bi
g or
gani
zat
ions and
compani
essuchasbanks,hospi
tal
s,ai
rpor
tset
c,whi
chmayhav
elar
ge
i
nfor
mat
ionpr
ocessi
ngneeds.

c)Mi
nicomput
ers
 Theyar
ephy
sical
l
ysmal
l
erandcheapert
hanmai
nfr
amecomput
ersandt
hey
ar
eref
err
edt
oassmal
l–scal
emai
nfr
amecomput
ers.
 Theysuppor
tfewerper
ipher
aldev
icest
hanmai
nfr
ames.
 Theyar
elesspower
ful
andhav
elessspeedt
hanmai
nfr
ame.
 They ar
e used mai
nlyi
n sci
ent
if
icl
abor
ator
ies,r
esear
ch i
nst
it
uti
ons,
engi
neer
ingpl
ant
sandot
herpl
aceswher
epr
ocessi
ngaut
omat
ioni
srequi
red.
 Theyar
ewel
ladapt
edf
orf
unct
ionssuchasaccount
ing,wor
dpr
ocessi
ng,
dat
abasemanagementandspeci
fi
cindust
ryappl
i
cat
ion.

Page4of4
I
CT Not
es

d)Mi
crocomput
ers
 Theyar
ethesmal
l
est
,cheapestandl
esspower
fult
hananyot
hert
ypeof
comput
er.
 Theyar
e cal
l
ed mi
cro comput
ers because t
hei
rCPU i ed a mi
s cal
l cro
pr
ocessorwhi
chi
sver
ysmal
lcompar
edt
othatofmi
ni,
mai
nfr
ameorsuper
comput
ers.
 Mi
crocomput
ersar
eal edPer
socal
l sonalComput
ers(
PC)becauset
heyar
e
desi
gnedt
obeusedbyoneper
sonatat
ime.
 Theyar
emai
nlyusedf
ort
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons,
smal
lbusi
nesses
andcommuni
cat
ioncent
reset
c.
 Technol
ogi
caladv
ancementwi
tht
imehasseent
hedev
elopmentofsmal
l
er
mi
crocomput
erst
hathav
egr
eat
erpr
ocessi
ngspeedandpower
.

Ty
pesofmi
crocomput
ers
1.Deskt
opcomput
ers-t
heyar
enotpor
tabl
eandt
heyar
edesi
gnedt
obe
pl
acedont
opofanof
fi
cedesk.
2.Lapt
opcomput
ers-t
heyar
epor
tabl
eli
keabr
ief
caseandt
heyar
edesi
gned
t
obeusedbypl
aci
ngi
tont
hel
aphence,
itsname.
3.Pal
mtopcomput
ers-t
heyar
esmal
lenought
ofi
tint
hepocketandcanbe
hel
dint
hepal
m whi
l
ebei
ngusede.
g.Per
sonal
Digi
tal
Assi
stant(
PDA)
.

2.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionaccor
dingt
opur
pose
a)Gener
alpur
posecomput
ers
b)Speci
alpur
posecomput
ers

a)Gener
alPur
poseComput
ers
 Theyar
ethemostcommont
ypeofcomput
ersi
nuset
oday
.
 Theyar
edesi
gnedt
obeabl
etoper
for
m av
ari
etyoft
askswhenl
oadedwi
th
appr
opr
iat
epr
ogr
ams.
 Theycanbeappl
i
edi
nawi
der
angeofappl
i
cat
ionssuchasdocument

Page5of5
I
CT Not
es
pr
ocessi
ng,per
for
ming cal
cul
ati
ons,account
ing,and dat
a& i
nfor
mat
ion
management
.

b)Speci
alPur
poseComput
ers
 Theyar
edesi
gnedt
oper
for
m aspeci
fi
ctask.
 Theycannotper
for
m ot
hert
asksexceptt
heonet
heywer
emeantt
odo.
 Si
nce,
theyar
ededi
cat
edt
oonl
yasi
ngl
etask,
theycanper
for
mitqui
ckl
yand
v
eryef
fi
cient
ly.
 Exampl
esofsuchcomput
ersi
ncl
uder
obot
s,Mobi
l
ephonesandel
ect
roni
c
cal
cul
ator
s.

3.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionaccor
dingt
oFunct
ional
it
y
 Thi
scat
egor
ycl
assi
fi
escomput
ersaccor
dingt
othet
ypeofdat
atheypr
ocess.
 Dat
acanei
therbedi
scr
eteorcont
inuous(
anal
og)
.
 Di
scr
ete dat
aisdat
arepr
esent
ed asdi
sti
nctv
alueswhi
ch do nothav
e
t
ransi
ti
onalst
agesov
ert
ime.Di
scr
etedat
aisal
soknownasdi
git
aldat
a.
Di
git
aldat
aisbasedont
wost
atesi
.e.“
on”and“
off
”,or1’
sand0’
s.

Adat
asi
gnalr
epr
esent
edusi
ngat
wo-
stat
esquar
e

 Anal
og dat
ais dat
a whi
ch i
s cont
inuous t
hatcan be r
epr
esent
ed as
pr
ogr
essi
vel
ychangi
ngov
ert
ime.

Anal
ogsi
gnalr
epr
esent
edusi
ngacont
inuouswav
efor
m

Page6of6
I
CT Not
es

 Thi
scl
assi
fi
cat
ionhast
hreet
ypesnamel
y:
a)Di
git
alcomput
ers
b)Anal
ogcomput
ers
c)Hy
bri
dcomput
ers

a)Di
git
alComput
ers
 Theypr
ocessdat
awhi
chi
sdi
scr
etei
nnat
ure.
 Anydat
atobemani
pul
atedbyadi
git
alcomput
ermustf
ir
stbeconv
ert
edt
o
di
git
alf
orm.
 Theset
ypesofcomput
ersar
emai
nlyusedi
nsci
ent
if
icandi
ndust
ri
alar
eas.
b)Anal
ogComput
ers
 Theypr
ocessdat
awhi
chi
scont
inuousi
nnat
ure.
 Theyar
e used i
n manuf
act
uri
ng pr
ocess l
i
ke moni
tor
ing and r
egul
ati
ng
f
urnacet
emper
atur
es,pr
essur
eset
c.t
heyar
eal
sousedi
nweat
herst
ati
ons
t
orecor
dandpr
ocessphy
sicalquant
it
iesl
i
kewi
nd,
cloudspeed,
temper
atur
e
et
c.

c)Hy
bri
dComput
ers
 Theyar
edesi
gnedt
opr
ocessbot
hanal
oganddi
git
aldat
a.

DEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERS
 Thef
ir
stcomput
i newasknownasAbacus.
ngmachi
 I
twasusedi
nanci
entChi
naandJapant
housandsofy
ear
sBC.
 I
twasmadeupofr
ect
angul
arf
rameandacr
ossbaratt
hemi
ddl
e.
n17th Cent
 I ury
,aScot
ti
shMat
hemat
ici
an,JohnNapi
erdev
elopedamachi
ne
cal
l
edNapi
erboneswhi
chhel
pedi
nmul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sion.
 An Engl
i
sh mat
hemat
ici ed Char
an cal
l lesBabbage dev
eloped amachi
ne
edAnal
cal
l yti
calengi
ne.Thi
smachi
nei
sregar
dedast
hef
orer
unneroft
he
moder
ncomput
ersandt
hus,Char
lesBabbagei
sref
err
edt hef
oast atherof
moder
ncomput
ers.
Page7of7
I
CT Not
es
 Char
lesBabbagedi
edi
n1871andt
her
eaf
ter
,ther
ewasl
i
ttl
eimpr
ovementon
hi
swor
kunt
ilt
he1930s.
NB:TheAbacus,Napi
erbonesandt
heAnal
yti
calengi
newer
eal
lnon-
elect
roni
c
t
ool
sthatwoul
dsi
mpl
i
fyar
it
hmet
ic.

Repr
esent
ingnumber
susi
nganabacus

1stGener
ati
oncomput
ers(
1940-1958)
 Ver
ylar
gei
nphy
sical
size.
 Usedv
acuum t
ubesort
her
mioni
cval
ves.
 Consumedal
otofpowerhence,t
heexcessi
veheatgener
atedcausedt
hei
r
br
eakdown.
 Exampl
esofsuchcomput
ersar
e:
i
) El
ect
roni
cNumer
icI
ntegr
atorandCal
cul
ator(
ENI
AC)
i
i
)El
ect
roni
cDi
scr
eteVar
iabl
eAut
omat
icComput
er(
EDVAC)
i
i
i)I
BM 650

2ndGener
ati
oncomput
ers(
1958-1964)
 Theyoper
atedusi
ngt
iny
,sol
i
d-st
ateel
ect
roni
cdev
i edt
cescal
l ransi
stor
s.
 Theypr
oducedl
essheatandconsumedl
esspower
.
 Theywer
efast
er,smal
l
eri
n si
ze and mor
erel
i
abl
ethan 1st gener
ati
on
comput
ers.
Page8of8
I
CT Not
es
 Ex
ampl
es i
ncl
ude:I
BM 1401/
7070,UNI
VAC 1107(
Uni
ver
salAut
omat
ic
Comput
er)
,ATLASLEOMar
kII
IandHoney
wel
l200.

3r
dGener
ati
oncomput
ers(
1964-1970)
eused I
 Theyar ntegr
ated Ci
rcui
ts(
IC)
.An i
ntegr
ated ci
rcui
tconsi
stsof
t
housandssmal
ltr
ansi
stor
smount
edonasemi
conduct edasi
orcal
l li
con
chi
p.
 TheuseofI
Csi
mpr
ovedt
hepr
ocessi
ngspeedandcapaci
tyoft
hecomput
ers.
 Exampl
esi
ncl
udeSmal
l
erandl
essexpensi
vemi
nicomput
erssuchasI
BM
360andI
CL1900ser
ies.

4thGener
ati
oncomput
ers(
1970–pr
esent
)
 Theyused Lar
geScal
eInt
egr
ated(
LSI
)andVer
yLar
geScal
eInt
egr
ated
(
VLSI
)ci
rcui
tswhi
chwasani
mpr
ovementofsi
l
iconchi
p.
 These ci
rcui
ts wer
e desi
gned by compr
essi
ng mor
eti
ny ci
rcui
ts and
t
ransi
stor
sint
oev
ensmal
l
erspace.
 Theci
rcui
tswer
eusedf
ort
hedev
elopmentoft
hebr
ainoft
hecomput
er
cal
l hemi
edt cropr
ocessorwhi
chwasusedi
nmi
crocomput
ers.
 Then1stmi
crocomput
erwascal
l
edAppl
eII
.
 Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:
IBM 370/4300,
Honey
wel
lDPS–88,
Bur
roughs.

5thGener
ati
oncomput
ers
 Theyar
ethet
oday
’scomput
ers.
 Theyhav
ever
yhi
ghpr
ocessi
ngpowerandspeed.
 Thei
rsi
zei
sincr
easi
ngl
ybecomi
ngsmal
l
er.
 They hav
e speci
ali
nst
ruct
ion sett
hatal
l
ow t
hem t
o suppor
tcompl
ex
Pr
ogr
ammest
hatmi
michumani
ntel
l
igenceof
tenr
efer
redt
oasAr
ti
fi
cial
I
ntel
l
igence(
AI)
.

Ar
easwher
ecomput
erar
eused/Appl
icat
ionAr
easofComput
ers

Page9of9
I
CT Not
es
1.Super
mar
ket
s
 Usedi
n:
 St
ockcont
rolwher
ethest
ockcont
rolsy
stem keepsaccountofwhati
sin
t
hest
ore,
whati
stobesol
dandwhati
soutofst
ock.
 Pay
mentofbi
l
ls
 Maki
ngandkeepi
ngaccount
ingr
ecor
ds
 Sur
vei
l
lanceofshopper
s

2.Of
fi
ces
 Mostmoder
nof
fi
cesf
unct
ionshav
ebeenaut
omat
edf
orf
ast
ermessage
di
str
ibut
ionandpr
ocessi
ng.

3.Banks
 Ef
fi
ciencyand speed hasi
ncr
eased i
n banksduet
o bet
terkeepi
ng and
documentpr
ocessi
ngbycomput
ers.
 Speci
alCashDi
spensi
ngMachi
nescal
l
edATMs(
Aut
omat
icTel
l
erMachi
nes)
hav
eenabl
edaut
omat
edcashdeposi
tsandwi
thdr
awal
ser
vices.

4.I
ndust
ryCommer
ce
 Comput
ersar
ebei
ngusedt
omoni
torandcont
rol
indust
ri
alpr
ocesses.
 Remot
econt
rol
l
eddev
icesl
i
ker
obot
sar
eal
sobei
ngusedt
oper
for
m human
t
askswhi
char
etoodanger
ous,compl
ex,unpl
easantandt
edi
oust
ohuman
bei
ngs.

5.Heal
thcar
e
 Comput
ersar
eused:
 Tokeeppat
ient
srecor
dsi
nor
dert
opr
ovi
deeasyaccesst
oal
lpat
ient
s’
t
reat
mentanddi
agnosi
s.A doct
ori
nneedofspeci
ali
zedopi
nionscan
easi
l
yret
ri
evesuchi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom comput
erst
oragememor
y.
 Forel
ect
ro-
car
diogr
am scr
eeni
ngandmot
ori
ngf
orpat
ient
s’di
agnosi
s.

Page10of10
I
CT Not
es
 Enabl
eaccesst
ofor
eignconsul
tat
ionsandexper
ti
se/l
aboreasi
l
ywhi
ch
woul
dot
her
wisehav
enotbeenpossi
bleduet
ohi
ght
rav
eli
ngcost
s
 Tocar
ryoutcomput
eri
zeddi
agnosi
s
 Tocar
ryoutcomput
eri
zedsur
ger
y

6.Tr
anspor
tandCommuni
cat
ioni
ndust
ry
 Comput
ersar
eused:
 Tomoni
torv
ehi
clet
raf
fi
cinbusyt
owns,ai
rcr
aft
snav
igat
ionandt
omake
r
eser
vat
ions.
 I
ntel
ephoneexchanget
oswi
tchi
ncomi
ngandoutgoi
ngcal
l
s.
 t
o coor
dinat
ethe mov
ementoft
hei
rwagons and goods atRai
l
way
cor
por
ati
ons
 t
ocont
rol
airt
raf
fi
candsur
vei
l
lanceofai
rspace
 t
omakeai
rti
cketr
eser
vat
ions

7.Educat
ionandr
esear
ch
 Comput
ersar
ewi
del
yused:
 I
nteachi
ngandl
ear
ningpr
ocessesandi
nresear
chi
nst
it
uti
ons.E.
g.l
ong
di
stancel
ear
ning,
openuni
ver
sit
yconcept
 Lear
ningandt
eachi
ngusi
ngcomput
ersi
sref
err
edt
oasComput
erAi
ded
Lear
ning(
CAL)andComput
erAi
dedTeachi
ng(
CAT)
.
 I
nav
iat
ionf
ort
rai
ningpi
l
otst
hroughsi
mul
ati
oni
.e.comput
ersar
eusedt
o
phy
sical
l
ychanget
heenv
ironmentsot
hatt
hepi
l
otf
eel
sasi
fhecont
rol
l
ing
anact
ual
air
craf
t.
 Engi
neer
sandar
chi
tect
susecomput
erst
odesi
gnt
estandr
e-desi
gn.
 Bysci
ent
ist
stoanal
yzeexper
iment
aldat
a
 Formannedandunmannedspaceexpl
orat
ion

8.Pol
iceanddef
ense
 Comput
ersar
ewi
del
yusedt
odayi
nfi
ght
ingcr
imet
hrough:
 Pol
i
cekeepr
ecor
doff
inger
-pr
int
swhi
char
eaut
omat
ical
l
yanal
yzedby
Page11of11
I
CT Not
es
comput
ers.
 Comput
er-
basedf
acer
ecogni
ti
onandscenemoni
tor
inghel
ppol
i
cef
orce
t
oar
restt
raf
fi
cof
fender
sandcr
imi
nal
s.
 I
ndef
ense,
comput
ersar
eused:
 i
nel
ect
roni
cnewsgat
her
ing
 ef
fi
cientcommuni
cat
ion
 det
ect
ionandt
racki
ngoft
arget
s,
 r
adarsy
stems
 war
ningsy
stems,
 Mi
l
itar
ylaserandmi
ssi
l
esy
stems.

9.Homeandl
eisur
e
 Athomecomput
ersar
eused:
 Forshoppi
ngpur
posesbecauset
heypr
ovi
deshoppi
ngl
i
stsaswel
las
el
ect
roni
cmoneyt
ransf
erf
aci
l
iti
es
 Forent
ert
ainment
 Topl
aygamese.
g.chess
 Toassi
stt
hehandi
cappedathomee.
g.t
urni
ngt
exti
ntospeechf
ort
he
bl
i
nd

10.
Empl
oyment
 Comput
ers cr
eat
e manyj
obs e.
g.comput
erengi
neer
s,sy
stem anal
yst
s,
pr
ogr
ammer
s,Teacher
set
c

11.
Mul
ti
medi
aappl
icat
ions
 Usedi
nbusi
nesspr
esent
ati
ons,t
rai
ning,i
nfor
mat
iondi
str
ibut
ion,poi
ntof
sal
eter
minal
s,phot
oal
bumset
c.
 Usedi
nent
ert
ainmentt
oaddst
ereosoundanddi
git
alv
ideocl
i
pst
omake
gamesmor
ereal
i
sti
c
 Mul
ti
medi
adi
sksar
eusedf
ort
rai
ningast
eachi
ngai
ds.
Page12of12
I
CT Not
es

12.
Libr
aryser
vices

Adv
ant
agesofcomput
ers
1.Speed
 Comput
erspr
ocessdat
afast
ercompar
edwi
thdev
icesl
i
kecal
cul
ator
sand
t
ypewr
it
ers.
 Thespeedofacomput
eri
smeasur
edi
nfr
act
ionsofseconds.

2.Accur
acy
 Comput
ersnev
ermakeer
ror
snor
mal
l
y
 Usual
l
yer
ror
scommi
tt
edbyuser
sfeedi
nincor
rectdat
a.Wheny
ouent
er
i
ncor
rectdat
aandhav
eitpr
ocessed,t
hecomput
erwi
l
lgi
vey
oumi
sleadi
ng
i
nfor
mat
iont
hust
hesay
ing“
Gar
bageI
nGar
bageOut
”(GI
GO)
.
3.St
orage
 Acomput
eri
scapabl
eofst
ori
ngl
argeamountofdat
aandi
tcanpr
oducet
his
dat
aagai
nandagai
nondemand.Ahumanbei
ngcannotdot
hat
.
4.Di
li
gence
 Thi
smeanst
hatacomput
ernev
erget
sti
redorbor
edi
fithast
odot
hesame
j
obagai
nandagai
n.Humanbei
ngswi
l
lgetbor
edandt
ir
edv
eryeasi
l
y.
 Ev
eni
fthecomput
erhast
odoami
l
li
oncal
cul
ati
ons,i
twi
l
ldot
hel
astone
wi
tht
hesamespeedandaccur
acyasi
tdi
dthef
ir
stone.
5.Aut
omat
ion
 Oncet
hei
nst
ruct
ionshav
ebeengi
ven,
thecomput
ercancar
ryonwi
thi
tsj
ob
aut
omat
ical
l
yunt
ili
tiscompl
ete.
6.Ver
sat
il
e
 A comput
eri
s capabl
e ofper
for
ming l
arge numberofdi
ff
erentj
obs
dependi
ngont
hei
nst
ruct
ionsf
edt
oitandhar
dwar
echar
act
eri
sti
cs.

Page13of13
I
CT Not
es

Page14of14
I
CT Not
es
THECOMPUTERLABORATORY
 A comput
erl
ab i
sa r
oom speci
all
ypr
epar
ed t
ofaci
l
itat
einst
all
ati
on of
comput
erandt
opr
ovi
deasaf
econduci
veenv
ironmentf
ort
eachi
ng/l
ear
ning
ofcomput
erst
udi
es.
Fact
orst
oconsi
derwhenpr
epar
ingacomput
erl
ab
1.Secur
it
yofcomput
erpr
ogr
amsandot
herr
esour
ces.
2.Rel
i
abi
l
ityoft
hesour
ceofpower
.
3.Numberofcomput
erst
obei
nst
all
edandt
heav
ail
abl
efl
oorspace.
4.Themaxi
mum numberofuser
sthel
abcanaccommodat
e.

Saf
etypr
ecaut
ionsandpr
act
icesi
nthecomput
erl
ab
 Anumberofsaf
etypr
ecaut
ions,r
ulesandpr
act
iceneedt
obeobser
vedi
n
or
dert
oav
oidacci
dent
s,i
njur
y,damageofcomput
ersorl
ackofconduci
ve
env
ironmentf
orl
ear
ningandt
eachi
ng.

Thesaf
etypr
ecaut
ionsandpr
act
icesi
ncl
ude:
1.Pr
operbehav
iori
ncomput
erl
ab.
2.Pr
otect
ionagai
nstf
ir
e.
3.Pr
opercabl
einsul
ati
on.
4.St
abl
epowersuppl
y.
5.Bur
glarpr
oof
ing.
6.Pr
operv
ent
il
ati
on.
7.Dustanddumpcont
rol
.
8.Pr
operl
i
ght
ing.
9.St
andar
dfur
nit
ure.

1.Pr
operbehav
iori
nthecomput
erl
abor
ator
y
 Thef
oll
owi
ngr
ulesmustbeobser
vedi
nandar
oundt
hecomput
erl
ab:
i
) Av
oidsmoki
ngorexposi
ngcomput
erst
odust
.Thi
sisbecausesmoke
anddustcont
ainssmal
labr
asi
vepar
ti
clest
hatcandamagecomput
er
component
sandcausewear
ingofmov
ingpar
ts.
Page15of15
I
CT Not
es
i
i
)Av
oidcar
ryi
ngf
oodandbev
eragesi
nthel
ab.Thi
sisbecausef
ood
mayf
all i
ntot
he
mov
ingpar
tsofacomput
eranddamaget
hem.Li
qui
dsmayal
sospi
l
l
i
ntot
hecomput
ercausi
ngr
ust
ingorel
ect
ri
cal
faul
ts.
i
i
i)Av
oidunnecessar
ymov
ement
sbecausey
oumayacci
dent
all
yknock
downper
ipher
aldev
ices.
i
v)Atal
lti
mesf
oll
owt
hecor
rectpr
ocedur
eforst
art
ingandswi
tchi
ngof
f
t
hecomput
ert
oav
oidl
ossofdat
aandal
soav
oiddamaget
ocomput
er
Pr
ogr
ammes.
v
)Donotopenupt
hemet
all
i
ccov
ersofcomput
erorper
ipher
aldev
ices
wi
thoutper
missi
onandpar
ti
cul
arl
ywhent
hecomput
eri
son.

2.Pr
otect
ionagai
nstf
ir
e
 Themai
ncauseoff
ir
esi
nthel
abmayei
therbei
nfl
ammabl
echemi
cal
sor
el
ect
ri
calf
aul
ts.A Comput
erl
ab shoul
dther
efor
e,hav
e gaseous f
ir
e
ext
ingui
sher
sfi
l
ledwi
thcar
bondi
oxi
de.
 Wat
erbasedorpowderf
ir
eext
ingui
shershoul
dbeav
oidedbecauset
heymay
causedamage(
rust
ingorabr
asi
on)t
ocomput
ercomponent
s.

3.Pr
opercabl
einsul
ati
on
 Al
lpowercabl
esi
nthecomput
erl
abmustbepr
oper
lyi
nsul
atedandl
aidaway
f
rom busypat
hway
s.
 Thecabl
esshoul
dbel
aidal
ongt
hewal
l
stoav
oidt
hedangerofexposi
ngt
he
usert
oel
ect
ri
cshockandpoweri
nter
rupt
ionscausedbyst
umbl
i
ngoncabl
es.

4.St
abl
epowersuppl
y
 Topr
otectt
hecomput
ersagai
nstdamageduet
opoweri
nst
abi
l
iti
es,av
oid
connect
ingt
hem di
rect
lyt
othemai
nssuppl
y.I
nst
ead,connectt
hem t
oa
speci
aldev
icecal
l
edUni
nter
rupt
ibl
ePowerSuppl
y(UPS)andt
henconnect
t
heUPSt
othemai
ns.
 TheUPSst
oressomepowerandwhent
hemai
nspowergoesof
f,i
tgi
vesout
somesoundal
ertt
otheuser
.
Page16of16
I
CT Not
es
 UPScanal
sober
efer
redt
oas:PowerRegul
ator
/PowerSt
abi
li
zer
/Sur
ge
Suppr
essor
.

TheUPSper
for
mst
womai
nfunct
ions:
1. I
tregul
atespowerf
rom unst
abl
epowersour
cet
other
equi
redcl
ean
v
olt
agebyel
i
minat
ingsur
gesandbr
own-
out
s.
2. I
ttempor
ari
l
ypr
ovi
despowert
othecomput
eri
ncaseofsuddenpower
f
ail
ure,t
husal
l
owi
ngt
heusert
ost
orehi
s/herwor
kandshutdownt
he
comput
erusi
ngt
hecor
rectpr
ocedur
e.

 Or
gani
zat
ions, school
s, hospi
tal
s and banks usual
l
yinst
all st
and-
by
gener
ator
sthataut
omat
ical
l
ycomesoni
ncaseofpowerf
ail
ure.
 Powerf
rom gener
ator
smustpasst
hroughUPS bef
orebei
ngf
edt
othe
comput
erbecausei
tisnotst
abl
e.
 NB:Gener
all
ydev
icest
hatpr
oduceal
ter
nat
ivesour
ceofpowerar
eusual
l
y
r
efer
redt
oaspowerbackups.

5.Bur
glarpr
oof
ing
 Comput
ershoul
dbepr
otect
edagai
nstt
hef
tatal
lti
mes.
 Unaut
hor
izedaccesst
othecomput
erl
abshoul
dbeav
oidedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
) Fi
tst
rongmet
all
i
cgr
il
lsandpadl
ocksondoor
s,wi
ndowsandr
oof
i
ncaset
her
oof
ingi
sweak.
i
i
)Donotwel
comest
ranger
sincomput
erl
ab.
i
i
i)I
nst
allsecur
it
yal
armst
hatwoul
dal
ertsecur
it
yper
sonneli
ncaseofa
br
eaki
n.

6.Pr
operv
ent
il
ati
on
 Comput
ers gener
ateal
otofheatand el
ect
roni
c component
s can be
damagedbyexcessi
veheat
.Iti
sther
efor
e,i
mpor
tantt
oensur
eadequat
efl
ow
ofai
rint
hel
ab.
 Pr
operv
ent
il
ati
onenabl
est
hecomput
ert
ocoolandhenceav
oiddamaget
o

Page17of17
I
CT Not
es
comput
ercomponent
s.
 Pr
operv
ent
il
ati
oncanbeensur
edby
:
1.I
nst
all
i
ngai
r-
condi
ti
oni
ngsy
stems
2.Ensur
ether
oom hasenoughv
ent
il
ati
onpoi
ntse.
g.wi
ndows.
3.Av
oidov
ercr
owdi
ngofmachi
ne/peopl
eint
her
oom.
7.Dustanddumpcont
rol
 Comput
erl
abshoul
dbel
ocat
edawayf
rom excessi
veheat
.
 Thel
abshoul
dbef
it
tedwi
thspeci
alcur
tai
nst
oreduceent
ryofdustpar
ti
cles.
 Thecomput
ersmustr
emai
ncov
eredusi
ngdustcov
erswhennoti
nuse.
 Humi
dit
ylowert
han50%,al
l
owsel
ect
ri
cit
ytobui
l
dupandcausedamaget
o
sensi
ti
veel
ect
roni
ccomponent
s.
 Humi
dit
yofov
er70%,causesr
ust
ingoft
hemet
all
i
cpar
tsoft
hecomput
er
sy
stem.
8.Pr
operl
ight
ing
 Acomput
erl
abmustbewel
lli
ttoav
oidey
est
rai
nthatev
ent
ual
l
yleadst
o
headache,
str
essandf
ati
gue.
 Ver
ybr
ightwal
lpai
nts,
ref
lectt
oomuchl
i
ghtcausi
ngey
est
rai
n.
 Theusershoul
dadj
ustt
hebr
ight
nessoft
hecomput
ermoni
torunt
ilt
heey
es
f
eel
comf
ort
abl
e.
 Av
oidusi
ngaf
li
cker
ingmoni
torwhi
chmaycauseey
est
rai
nleadi
ngt
oey
e
si
ghtdamage.
 Consi
derf
it
ti
ngr
adi
ati
onf
il
terscr
eens(
ant
igl
arescr
eens)t
oreducet
he
r
adi
ati
onr
aysandl
i
ghtt
hatr
eachest
heey
es.

9.St
andar
dfur
nit
ure
 Thet
abl
ewhi
chacomput
eri
spl
acedmustbest
rongandwi
deenought
o
beart
hewei
ghtandaccommodat
eal
ltheper
ipher
alsdev
ices.
 Theseatmustbecomf
ort
abl
eandhav
east
rai
ghtbackr
estt
hatal
l
owst
he
usert
osi
tupr
ight
.Thi
sisi
mpor
tantbecausei
tav
oidsmuscl
epai
nsand
backachescausedbypoorsi
tt
ingpost
ure.
 Thechai
rmustbehi
ghenoughr
elat
ivet
othet
abl
etoenabl
ecomf
ort
abl
euse

Page18of18
I
CT Not
es
oft
hehandsont
hekey
boar
d.
 Theey
esmustbeatsamel
evelast
het
opoft
hescr
eenwhent
heuseri
s
seat
edupr
ight
.

PRACTI
CALHANDS-
ON-
SKI
LLS

St
art
ing-
upt
hecomput
er(
Boot
ing)
 Boot
ingr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessofst
art
ing-
upacomput
er.
 Whent
hecomput
eri
sswi
tchedon,i
tgoest
hroughapr
ocesscal
l
edPOST
(
PowerOn-
Sel
fTest
).ThePOSTcheckswhet
heral
lthesy
stem component
s
ar
ewor
kingpr
oper
lyandi
fnot
,aner
rormessagei
sdi
spl
ayedont
hescr
een
oranabnor
mal
beepi
spr
oducedorabl
uescr
eenappear
s.
 Thespeci
alf
ir
mwar
epr
ogr
ammet
hatdi
rect
sthePOSTpr
ocessi
scal
l
ed
BI
OS(
Basi
cInputOut
putSy
stem)
.
 Af
tert
hePOSTpr
ocess,t
hecomput
err
eadssomei
nst
ruct
ionssuchast
he
cur
rentt
imeanddat
efr
om aspeci
almemor
ycal
l
edCMOS(
Compl
ement
ary
Met
al-
Oxi
deSemi
conduct
or)
.
 Whenev
erycomponenti
scheckedandf
oundt
obewor
kingpr
oper
ly,t
he
Oper
ati
ngSy
stem (
OS)i
sloadedt
othecomput
ermemor
yandt
hecomput
er
i
snowr
eadyf
oruse.

Ty
pesofboot
ing
i
) Col
dboot
ing
i
i
)War
m boot
ing

i
)Col
dboot
ing
 Thi
sisst
art
ingupacomput
ert
hatwasor
igi
nal
l
yof
f.Thi
sisachi
evedby
pr
essi
ngt
hepowerbut
tonont
hesy
stem uni
t.

Page19of19
I
CT Not
es

i
i)War
m boot
ing(
Rest
art
ing)
 Thi
sisst
art
ingupt
hecomput
ert
hatwasor
igi
nal
l
yon.Thi
smaybeachi
eved
byoneoft
het
hreemet
hodsgi
venbel
ow:
i
) Bypr
essi
ngacombi
nat
ionofkey
satt
hesamet
imei
.e.Al
t+Ct
rl+
Del
ete
i
i
)Bypr
essi
ngt
her
e-st
art
/resetbut
tonont
hesy
stem uni
t
i
i
i)Byusi
ngt
hest
artbut
tonmenu(
Clck st
i artbut
ton,Cl
i n Of
ckTur f
Comput
ert ckRest
hencl
i art
).

Shut
ti
ngdownacomput
er
 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ofol
l
owt
hecor
rectpr
ocedur
eofshut
ti
ngdownacomput
erat
al
lti
mes.Fai
l
uret
ofol
l
owt
hecor
rectpr
ocedur
e,t
hef
oll
owi
ngmi
ghthappen:
i
) Lossofdat
a
i
i
)Damageofcomput
erpr
ogr
ams
i
i
i)Damageofcomput
ercomponent
ssuchashar
ddi
sk
 Thepr
ocedur
eofshut
ti
ngdownacomput
ermayv
arydependi
ngont
het
ype
andv
ersi
onofOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
OS)y
ouar
eusi
ng.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Ensur
ethatal
lthewor
khasbeenpr
oper
lysav
ed/st
ored.
2.Cl
oseal
lthePr
ogr
ammest
hatmaybecur
rent
lyr
unni
ngi
nthecomput
er.

3.I
fyourcomput
eri
srunni
ngonMi
crosof
tWi
ndowsXPorVi
stat
hen,
a)Cl
i hest
ckt artbut
ton
b)Cl
i
ckTur
nOf
fComput
ercommandf
rom t
hemenu.
ectTur
c)Sel nOf
f
d)Af
teraf
ewsecondst
hecomput
erwi
l
laut
omat
ical
l
yswi
tchi
tsel
fof
f.
 I
fyourcomput
eri
srunni
ngonWi
ndows95/
98/
2000t
hen,
i hest
) Ont artmenu,
clckShutDown
i
i
i ectShutDownandt
)Sel ckOK.
hencl
i

Page20of20
I
CT Not
es
THEKEYBOARDLAYOUT
Thekey
sont
hekey
boar
dcanbecat
egor
izedi
ntof
ivegr
oupsnamel
y:
i
) Al
phanumer
ickey
s(Ty
pingkey
s)
i
i
) Funct
ionkey
s
i
i
i) Cur
sormov
ement&edi
ti
ngkey
s
i
v) Speci
alPCOper
ati
onkey
s
v
) Numer
ickeypad

Escapekey

Speci
alKey
s

Di
agr
am ofakey
boar
dlay
out

i
)Al
phanumer
ickey
s
 Thesekey
sar
elabel
edwi
thal
phabet
icall
ett
ersA–Z,
number
sar
rangedi
na
l
i
ne1,
2,3…0r
espect
ivel
yandsy
mbol
sli
ke?{[>,
@ %&.
 Thi
sgr
oupal
soi
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ngkey
s:CapsLockkey
,Ent
erkey
,Tabkey
,
SpacebarkeyandBackspacekey
.
 CapsLockkey-Pr
essi
ngt
hiskeyl
etst
heusert
oty
pei
nuppercasel
ett
er
(
Capi
tal
s).Toswi
tchbackt
olowercasel
ett
ers,
presst
hesamekeyagai
n.
 Ent
erkey(
ret
urnkey
)-Pr
essi
ngt
hiskeyf
orcest
hecur
sort
omov
etot
he
begi
nni
ngoft
henextl
i
ne.Cur
sori
sabl
i
nki
ngi
nser
ti
on(I)t
hatshowswher
e
t
henextchar
act
ert
o bet
ypedwi
l
lappear
.TheEnt
erkeyi
sal
sousedt
o
i
nst
ructt
hecomput
ert
oexecut
eacommandt
hathasbeensel
ect
edont
he
scr
een.
 Tabkey-Thi
skeyi
susedt
omov
ethecur
soratseti
nter
val
sont
hesamel
i
ne.
 Thespacebarkey–Thi
skeycr
eat
esaspacebet
weenwor
dsdur
ingt
ypi
ng.

Page21of21
I
CT Not
es
 Backspacekey–Thi
skeydel
eteschar
act
erst
hatar
etot
hel
eftsi
deoft
he
cur
sor
.

i
i)Funct
ionkey
s
 Funct
ionkey
sar
eusual
l
ylocat
edal
ongt
het
opoft
hekeyboar
d.
 Theyar
elabel
edF1,
F2…F12.
 Theyar
eusedf
ort
het
askst
hatoccurf
requent
lyi
nvar
iousPr
ogr
ammese.
g.
F1keyi
nmostpr
ogr
ams,
star
tst
heHel
pMenu.

i
ii
)Cur
sormov
ementandedi
ti
ngkey
s
 Cur
sormov
ementkey
sar
eusedt
omov
ethecur
soront
hescr
een.They
i
ncl
ude:
a)Ar
( row key
s-Pr
essi
ngt
hel
eftar
rowmov
est
hecur
sort
owar
dst
hel
eft
.The
Cur
sormov
est
other
ighti
fyoupr
esst
her
ightar
row.Thecur
sormov
eupor
downwhenev
ery
oupr
esst
heupar
rowordownar
rowr
espect
ivel
y.
b)Pageuporpagedownkey
( s-Pr
essi
ngpageupkeymov
est
hecur
sorupone
pageandpr
essi
ngpagedownkeymov
est
hecur
sordownonepagei
ncase
t
hedocumenthasmanypages.
c)Homeandendkey
( s-Pr
essi
nghomekeymov
est
hecur
soratt
hebegi
nni
ng
oft
hecur
rentl
i
ne.Pr
essi
ngendkeymov
est
hecur
soratt
heendoft
he
cur
rentl
i
ne.

 Edi
ti
ngkey
sar
eusedt
odel
eteori
nser
tchar
act
ersi
nadocument
.They
i
ncl
ude:
(
a)I
nser
tkey–Thi
skeyhel
pst
heusert
orepl
aceori
nser
tchar
act
ersatt
he
cur
sorposi
ti
on.
(
b)Del
ete(
Del
)key–Thi
skeyer
aseschar
act
erst
hatar
etot
her
ightsi
deoft
he
cur
sor
.

i
v)Speci
alPCOper
ati
onkey
s
 Thesekey
sar
eusedi
ncombi
nat
ionwit
hotherkey
stogi
vei
nst
ruct
ions/
Page22of22
I
CT Not
es
commandst
othecomput
er.E.
g.i
fyoupr
essCt
rl+Escy
oudi
spl
ayt
hest
art
menu.Theyi
ncl
ude:Shi
ftkey
,Ct
rl(
cont
rol
)key
,andAl
t(Al
ter
nat
e)keyand
Esc(
escape)key
.

v
)Numer
ickey
pad
 Thenumer
ickey
padconsi
stsofasetofnumber
sfr
om 0t
o9andar
it
hmet
ic
si
gnsl
i
ke+ (
addi
ti
on)
,-(
minus)
,*(
mul
ti
pli
cat
ion)
,and /(
div
isi
on)
.The
numer
ickeypadi
slocat
edont
her
ighthandsi
deoft
hekey
boar
d.
 Thekey
padi
smeantt
ohel
ptheusert
orapi
dlyent
ernumer
icdat
a.
 Thenumber
sont
henumer
ickey
padcanonl
ybeusedwhent
heNum Lock
keyi
stur
nedon.Whent
heNum Locki
stur
nedof
f,t
hekey
scanbeusedas
cur
sormov
ementandedi
ti
ngkey
s.

Pr
operTy
pingGui
del
ines
1.Si
tupr
ightwi
thbot
hfeetf
ir
mlyont
hegr
oundmai
ntai
ninganal
ertpost
ure.
2.Pl
acet
hemat
eri
alt
oty
peony
ourl
efthandsi
de,
inaposi
ti
ony
oucanr
ead
wi
thoutst
rai
ning.
3.Resty
ourf
inger
sont
hehomekey
si.
e.l
efthandf
inger
sonA,S,D,Fand
t
her
ighthandf
inger
sonJ,
K,L,
;andt
het
humbsont
hespacebar
.
4.Al
way
sret
urnt
hef
inger
stot
hehomekey
saf
terst
ri
ki
ngot
herkey
s.
5.St
artt
ypi
nganddon’
tlookaty
ourf
inger
sorev
ent
hekey
boar
dwhen
t
ypi
ng.
NB:Togai
nspeedi
nty
ping,
youcanuset
ypi
ngt
utorsof
twar
esuchast
ypi
ngmast
er,
t
ypi
ngpal
,toucht
utor
,mav
isbeaconet
c.

Mouseski
ll
s
) Cl
i icki
ng-Thi
smeanspr
essi
ngandr
eleasi
ngt
hel
eftmousebut
tononce.
Cl
i
cki
ngsel
ect
sani
conorobj
ect
.
)Doubl
i
i ecl
icki
ng–Thi
smeanspr
essi
ngt
hel
eftmousebut
tont
wicei
naqui
ck
successi
on.Doubl
ecl
i
cki
ngusual
l
yopensaf
il
eorst
art
sapr
ogr
amme.

Page23of23
I
CT Not
es
i
i
i)Ri
ghtcl
icki
ng – Thi
smeanspr
essi
ng t
her
ightmousebut
tononceand
r
eleasi
ngi
t.Ri
ghtcl
i
cki
ngdi
spl
aysal
i
stofcommandsf
rom whi
cht
heuser
canmakeasel
ect
ion.
i
v)Dr
aganddr
op-Thi
siswher
etheuserpoi
ntsatani
tem,hol
dsdownt
he
mousebut
ton,
sli
dest
hemouseandmov
est
hei
tem t
oadi
ff
erentl
ocat
ionon
t
hescr
een.Oncey
our
eacht
othedesi
redl
ocat
ionr
eleaset
hemousebut
ton.

Whenusi
ngamouse:
(
a)Pl
acet
hemouseonaf
latsur
face
(
b)Hol
dthemousewi
tht
her
ighthand(
ify
ouar
eri
ghthanded)
,usi
ngt
he
t
humbandt
het
wof
oref
inger
s.
(
c)Thei
ndexf
ingershoul
drestont
hel
eftbut
tonandt
hemi
ddl
efi
nger
shoul
drestont
her
ightbut
ton.

Page24of24
I
CT Not
es

CHAPTERTWO

COMPUTERSYSTEMS
ASy
stem -i
sacol
l
ect
ionofi
ndependentent
it
iest
hatcol
l
ect
ivel
ywor
ktoget
hert
o
achi
eveadesi
redgoal
.
AComput
ersy
stem –i
sacol
l
ect
ionofent
it
iest
hatwor
ktoget
hert
opr
ocessand
managei
nfor
mat
ionusi
ngcomput
ers.

Comput
ersy
stem consi
stsoft
hreemai
ncomponent
s
i
) Har
dwar
e– t
hesear
ethephy
sicalort
angi
blecomput
ercomponent
se.
g.
Key
boar
d.Mouse,
moni
tor
,sy
stem uni
tet
c.
i
i
)Sof
twar
e–t
hesear
esetofi
nst
ruct
ionsorpr
ogr
amst
hatdi
rectacomput
er
on whatt
o do.Theyar
e cl
assi
fi
ed i
ntot
wo cat
egor
ies namel
y:sy
stem
sof
twar
eandappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e.
i
i
i)Li
vewar
e–r
efer
stoacomput
eruseroroper
atorwhocommandsacomput
er
t
oper
for
m cer
tai
ntasks.

Har
dwar
e
 Thehar
dwar
eel
ement
soft
hecomput
erar
egr
oupedi
ntof
ourcat
egor
iesnamel
y:
1.I
nputdev
ices
2.Out
putdev
ices
3.St
oragedev
ices
4.C.
P.U(
Cent
ral
Processi
ngUni
t)

1.I
nputdev
ices
 I
nputi
sawayofent
eri
ngorkey
ingdat
aandi
nfor
mat
ioni
ntot
hecomput
erusi
ng
i
nputdev
ices.
 Dat
amaybeent
eredi
ntoacomput
erusi
ngkey
ingdev
icessuchaskey
boar
dor
usi
ngpoi
nti
ngdev
icessuchasmouse.
 Themai
npur
poseofi
nputdev
icesi
stoconv
erthumanr
eadabl
edat
aint
o

Page25of25
I
CT Not
es
machi
ner
eadabl
efor
m.

 I
nputdev
icesar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
ohow t
heyar
eusedt
oent
erdat
a;t
his
i
ncl
ude:
i
) Key
ingdev
icese.
g.key
boar
d,key
pads
i
i
) Poi
nti
ngdev
icese.
g.mouse,
trackbal
l
i
i
i) Scanni
ngdev
ices
i
v) Speechr
ecogni
ti
on
v
) Touchscr
eendi
git
izeranddi
git
alcamer
as

Key
ingdev
ices
 Thesear
ethemostcommoni
nputdev
ices.Theyent
erdat
aint
oacomput
er
byt
ypi
ng.
 Acomput
erkey
boar
dresembl
esat
ypewr
it
erkey
boar
d,
 Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:
key
boar
dandkey
pad.
 A key
pad i
sat
iny key
boar
d whi
ch i
s most
ly used on smal
lpor
tabl
e
comput
ers,
cal
cul
ator
s,pal
mtop,
mobi
l
ephoneset
c.
 Ty
pesofkey
boar
dincl
ude:
 Tr
adi
ti
onalkey
boar
d–i
sthemostcommont
ypeofkey
ingdev
ice.I
tis
af
ull
sizedr
igi
dkey
boar
d.
 Fl
exi
blekey
boar
d–i
samor
epor
tabl
ekey
boar
dthatcanbef
olded
andpackedi
ntoabag.
 Er
gonomi
ckey
boar
d– i
sakey
boar
dspeci
all
ydesi
gnedt
opr
ovi
de
comf
ortandal
l
evi
atewr
istst
rai
n.
 Br
ail
lekey
boar
d– i
sakey
boar
ddesi
gnedf
orusebyt
hebl
i
nd.I
t
consi
stsofkey
sident
if
iedbyr
aiseddot
s.

Adi
agr
am ofaSt
andar
dkey
boar
d
Adiagr
am ofanEr
gonomi
c Page26of26
key
board
I
CT Not
es

Poi
nti
ngdev
ices
 Theyar
eusedf
orcont
rol
l
ingapoi
nteront
hescr
een.
 Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:mouse,t
rackbal
l
,joy
sti
ck,l
i
ghtpen,poi
nti
ngst
ick
t
ouchet
c.

Mouse
 Amousei
sapoi
nti
ngdev
icemai
nlyusedi
nGUI(
Graphi
calUserI
nter
face)
oper
ati
ngsy
stem.

Adi
agram ofast
andar
d
mouse

 Ty
pesofmousei
ncl
ude:
 St
andar
d mouse – i
sal
so cal
l
ed t
radi
ti
onalmouse.I
thasa bal
l
under
neat
h,t
wobut
tonsandanopt
ionalscr
ollbut
tonl
ocat
edbet
ween
t
hel
eftandt
her
ightbut
tons.
 Opt
icalmouse–i
tdoesnothav
eanymov
ingpar
tsi
nst
ead,i
tuses
pr
inci
plesofl
i
ghtt
omov
ethepoi
nteront
hescr
een.
 Cor
dless mouse – i
s al
so cal
l
ed wi
rel
ess mouse.I
tis a bat
ter
y
power
edmouset
hatusesr
adi
oori
nfr
aredwav
esi
nst
eadofbei
ng
phy
sical
l
yconnect
edt
othesy
stem uni
t.

Usesofamouse
i
) Usedt
osel
ecti
consandopt
ionsf
rom menus
i
i
)Usedt
oposi
ti
ont
hecur
sorwhenedi
ti
ngt
ext
i
i
i)Usedt
osel
ectt
extorobj
ect
s
Adv
ant
agesofamouse
i
) Easyandconv
eni
entt
ouse

Page27of27
I
CT Not
es
i
i
)Iti
scheap
i
i
i)Sel
ect
saposi
ti
ononscr
eenf
ast
ert
hanakey
boar
d

Di
sadv
ant
agesofamouse
i
) Themouser
equi
resaf
latsur
facet
ooper
ate
i
i
)Iti
snotaccur
atef
ordr
awi
ngpur
poses
i
i
i)I
tcannotbeusedt
oinputt
exteasi
l
y

Tr
ackbal
l
 I
tisl
i
keamouset
hathasbeent
urnedupsi
dedown.Thebal
li
sont
opandt
he
userj
ustr
oll
sthebal
lwi
thoutmov
ingt
hewhol
egadget
.Itdoesnotr
equi
rea
f
latsur
faceorext
raspacef
ormov
ement
.

Adiagr
am showi
ngdi
ff
erentst
ylesoft
rack
bal
l

Joy
sti
ck
 I
tisahandhel
ddev
icewi
thanupr
ighthandl
ethatr
esembl
esagearl
ever
.
 Thehandl
eismov
edsi
deway
s,upwar
dsordownwar
dst
ocont
rolt
heposi
ti
on
oft
hecur
soront
hescr
een.
 Joy
sti
cksar
emai
nlyusedt
opl
aycomput
ergames.

Li
ghtpen
 I
tisal
i
ghtsensi
ti
vedev
icewi
tht
hesi
zeofanor
dinar
ypen.
 I
tissensi
ti
vet
opr
esenceandabsenceofl
i
ghtt
hroughal
i
ghtsensi
ti
vecel
lat
i
tsend.
 Al
i
ghtpendoesnotemi
t/pr
oducel
i
ghti
nst
eadi
treact
stot
hel
i
ghtemi
tt
ed
byt
hedi
spl
ayusi
ngaphot
osensi
ti
vedet
ect
orati
tsbase.
Page28of28
I
CT Not
es

Usesofl
ightpen
i
) Desi
gnt
ool–usedt
oindi
cat
ewhi
chshapet
odr
aw,wher
etheyshoul
dbe
dr
awnont
hescr
eenandt
hesi
ze.
i
i
)Readi
ngbarcodes-i
ndi
cat
ingt
hepoi
ntonascr
eene.
g.whensel
ect
ing
opt
ionsf
ordr
awi
ng.

Adv
ant
agesofal
ightpen
i
) Pr
ovi
desadi
rectmodeofi
nput
i
i
)Mor
eaccur
atet
hanusi
ngamouse

Di
sadv
ant
agesofl
ightpen
i
) Canonl
ydet
ectt
hepr
esenceandabsenceofl
i
ght
i
i
)Canonl
ybeusedwi
thmoni
tor
sthatar
eabl
etosensel
i
ghtshi
nni
ngont
he
scr
een.

Adi
agr
am ofdi
ff
erentv
ersi
onsofl
i
ghtpen

Ot
herpoi
nti
ngdev
ices
 Poi
nti
ngst
ick
 Touchpad

Scanni
ngdev
ices
 These ar
einputdev
icest
hatcan r
ead orcapt
ure dat
a di
rect
lyi
ntot
he
Page29of29
I
CT Not
es
comput
erasel
ect
roni
csi
gnal
sfr
om sour
cedocument
.Document
sthatcan
ber
eadmayi
ncl
ude:
bankcheques,
elect
ri
cit
ymet
err
eadi
nget
c.
 Scanneri
sli
keaphot
ocopy
ingmachi
net
hatcapt
uresacopyoft
extora
dr
awi
ngf
rom api
eceofpaperandt
henpr
oducest
hesamei
nacomput
er.

 Scanni
ngi
sthepr
ocessofusi
ngascannert
ocapt
urei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom a
documenti
ntot
hecomput
er.
 Af
terscanni
ngadocument
,it
scopywhi
chl
ooksmor
eli
keaphot
ocopyoft
he
or
igi
nali
sref
err
edt
oasbi
tmapoft
heor
igi .Thi
naldocument sisbecauset
he
copyi
smadeupoft
inydot
scal
ledbi
ts.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofscanner
s
 Scanner
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othet
echnol
ogyt
heyuset
ocapt
uredat
a.
i
) Opt
ical
scanner
s
i
i
)Magnet
icscanner

i
)Opt
ical
scanner
s
 Theyuset
hepr
inci
plesofl
i
ghtt
osenset
hedocumentcont
ent
s.
 Anopt
icalscannerconv
ert
sthedat
aint
odi
git
alf
orm andpassesi
ttot
he
comput
erf
orpr
ocessi
ng.

Ty
pesofopt
icalscanner
s
i
) Opt
ical
Mar
kReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OMR)
i
i
)Opt
ical
BarReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OBR)
i
i
i)Opt
ical
Char
act
erReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OCR)

Opt
icalMar
kReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OMR)
 I
tdet
ect
smar
ks/l
i
neswhi
chhav
ebeenmadei
nexactposi
ti
onsonapi
eceof
paperusi
ngapenci
lorasof
tpen.
 Ther
eaderdet
ect
sthepr
esenceorabsenceofamar
konaf
orm bysensi
ng
r
efl
ect
edi
nfr
aredl
i
ght
.

Page30of30
I
CT Not
es
UsesofOMR
1.Mar
kingmul
ti
plechoi
ceexami
nat
ion
2.Vot
ers’
regi
str
ati
onpr
ocess
3.Payr
oll
dat
aent
ry
4.St
udent
s’uni
ver
sit
yappl
i
cat
ionf
orms

5.Nat
ional
exami
nat
ionr
egi
str
ati
onf
orms
6.Super
mar
ket
sforst
ockr
ecor
ds
7.I
nsur
ancepr
emi
um col
l
ect
ion

Adv
ant
agesofOMR
1.Dat
acanbepr
epar
edwher
eiti
scol
l
ect
ede.
g.st
udent
ssi
tt
ingf
oramul
ti
ple
choi
ceexami
nat
ionmar
ktheanswer
sthemsel
ves.
2.Dat
acanbepr
epar
edwi
thoutanyot
herspeci
alequi
pment
.
3.Hasl
ower
rorr
ates

Di
sadv
ant
agesofOMR
1.The per
son put
ti
ng t
he mar
ks on t
he document
/for
m has t
ofol
l
ow
i
nst
ruct
ionspr
eci
sel
y.
2.I
t’
sdi
ff
icul
tforacomput
ert
ocheckmar
keddat
ai.
e.v
eri
fi
cat
ionofdat
ais
di
ff
icul
t.
3.Document
smaybedi
ff
icul
ttounder
standandf
il
l.

Opt
icalChar
act
erReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OCR)
 I
trecogni
zeschar
act
ersaswel
lasr
ealobj
ect
s,t
ext
,pi
ctur
esanddr
awi
ngs
t
hen t
ransf
ormst
hem i
nto a sof
tcopyt
hatcan be mani
pul
ated usi
ng a
comput
er.
 I
toper
atesmor
eli
keahumaney
e.
 Themostcommont
ypeoft
hisscanneri
sthef
lat
bedscanner
.

UsesofOCR
1.St
ockt
aki
ngsheet
-thecomput
erpr
int
soutst
ocksheeti
nOCRchar
act
ersand
Page31of31
I
CT Not
es
t
hest
ockchecker
sent
eract
ualquant
it
iesont
hef
ormi
ncar
efulhandwr
it
ing.
Thesheetcant
henber
eadbyOCRi
ntot
hecomput
erf
oramendi
ngt
hest
ock
r
ecor
ds.
2.I
nel
ect
ri
cit
ybi
l
li
ng

Adv
ant
agesofOCR
1.Pr
ovi
desaf
ast
eri
nputcompar
edt
oty
ping.
2.Thecont
ent
soft
hedocument
sar
ebot
hhumanormachi
nesensi
ble.
3.Dat
acanbecapt
uredatt
hesour
cehenceer
ror
sar
eli
mit
ed.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofOCR
1.Document
sshoul
dnotbef
oldedorcr
easedf
oraccur
ater
eadi
ng.
2.Expensi
vemet
hodsofi
nputbecausespeci
alt
echni
queandequi
pmentar
e
r
equi
red.
3.Onl
yacer
tai
nfontt
ypei
saccept
abl
e.

Opt
icalBarReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
OBR)
 Barcodesar
eli
nesofdi
ff
erentt
hicknesst
hati
dent
if
yapr
oduct
’si
nfor
mat
ion
suchascount
ryofmanuf
act
ure,
nameofmanuf
act
urerandt
hei
tem code.
 Eachi
tem i
slabel
edwi
thaUni
ver
salPr
oduceCode(
UPC)i
dent
if
yingi
t.The
codei
sasetofbar
sandspacesofv
ary
ingt
hicknessandwi
dthr
epr
esent
ing
anumbercode.Aspacer
epr
esent
sa‘
0’whi
l
eabarr
epr
esent
sa‘
1’
.
 Thecoder
ecor
dermov
esacr
osst
hebar
s.Thebar
sar
escannedbyal
aser
beam whi
chgener
atesel
ect
ri
calpul
sescor
respondi
ngt
other
efl
ect
edl
i
ght
r
ecei
ved.Thesepul
sesar
ecompar
edwi
thst
andar
dcodesst
oredi
nthe
comput
erandt
hedet
ail
soft
hepr
iceanddescr
ipt
ionpr
int
edoutonar
ecei
pt.

Page32of32
I
CT Not
es

Adi
agr
am of

i
i)Magnet
icscanner
s
 Capt
uresdat
abyuseofmagnet
ict
echnol
ogy
.Thedat
abei
ngr
eadcanei
ther
bei
nfor
m ofspeci
almagnet
icchar
act
ersoracont
inuousmagnet
icst
ri
p.

Ty
pesofmagnet
icscanner
s
(
a)Magnet
icI
nkChar
act
erReader
/Recogni
ti
on(
MICR)
(
b)Magnet
icst
ri
per
ecogni
ti
on

(
a)Magnet
ici
nkchar
act
err
ecogni
ti
on(
MICR)
 MI
CRr
eaderr
ecogni
zeschar
act
erf
ormedf
rom magnet
ici
nk.
 Thedocumentchar
act
ersar
ety
pedorpr
int
edi
ninkcont
aini
ngI
ron(
II
)Oxi
de
t
hatgi
vest
hem amagnet
icpr
oper
ty.Ast
hedocumentpassesi
ntot
her
eader
,
t
hei
nki
smagnet
izedandt
her
efor
ethechar
act
ersar
erecogni
zedbyt
he
st
rengt
hofmagnet
ism.
 Themagnet
izedchar
act
erscausecur
rentt
ofl
owt
hrought
her
eadheadt
hen
t
heMI
CRr
ecogni
zest
hesechar
act
ersandconv
eyst
hem t
ogoascomput
er
i
nputi
nter
msofel
ect
ri
cal
signal
s.

UsesofMI
CR
1.I
nbanksf
orchequespr
ocessi
ng
2.I
nlocal
aut
hor
it
iesf
orpay
ment
sofr
atesbyi
nst
all
ment
s.
N/
B:Anexampl
eMI
CRdev
icei
sachequer
eadert
hatr
eadst
hechequesnumber
,
t
hebr
anchnumberoft
hebankandt
hecust
omer
’saccountnumberandsends
t
hedet
ail
stot
hecomput
erf
orupdati
ngthecust
omer
’saccount
.
Page33of33
I
CT Not
es

Adv
ant
agesofMI
CR
1.I
tisf
ast
,accur
ateandaut
omat
ic
2.Thecodesar
ebot
hmachi
neandhumanr
eadabl
e
3.Reducesf
orger
y

Di
sadv
ant
agesofMI
CR
1.MI
CRr
eader
sandencoder
sar
ever
yexpensi
ve
2.MI
CRsy
stem i
sli
mit
edt
oonl
y14char
act
ers
3.MI
CRsy
stem i
sbasedonmagnet
ism andcanbedamaged

AnexampleofMI
CRchar
act
ersmai
nlyusedi
nbanker
’s
cheques

(
b)Magnet
icst
ri
per
ecogni
ti
on
 A magnet
icstr
ipeisat
hinmagnet
ict
apemost
lyf
oundatthebackofa
Magnet
icst
ri
pe
pl
ast
iccar
de.g.ATM.

Anexampleoft
hebackv
iewofanATM
car
d
Speechr
ecogni
ti
on/v
oicei
nputdevi
ces
 Mi
crophonei
susedt
oent
erdat
aint
othecomput
ersy
stem.
 Speci
alsy
stemscanr
ecogni
zest
andar
dvocabul
aryofspokenwor
dst
hrough
ami
crophonel
i
nkedi
ntoacomput
ersy
stem.
 Ausermustt
rai
nthesy
stem t
orecogni
zehi
s/herv
oicebyr
epeat
ingeach
wor
dsev
eralt
imes.Eachwor
disanal
yzedandf
il
edf
orl
atermat
chi
ngand
i
dent
if
icat
ion.
Page34of34
I
CT Not
es
Usesofspeechi
nput
1.Sui
tabl
efort
hehandi
cappedespeci
all
ythosewi
thi
mpai
redhands.
2.El
ect
roni
cfundst
ransf
er
3.House/carsecur
it
yusi
ngv
oiceact
ivat
edl
ocks
4.Voi
ceact
ivat
edt
oysandgames

Li
mit
ati
onsofspeechi
nput
1.Li
mit
edv
ocabul
ari
est
omostsy
stems
2.Speaker
’sv
ari
abi
l
ity -t
hese i
ncl
ude v
ary
ing i
n speech,t
ones,accent
s,
i
ntonat
ionandpr
onunci
ati
onet
c.
3.Homophones-somer
ecor
dsofsoundswi
l
lsoundt
hesame.
4.Recogni
ti
oni
ssl
owi
.e.t
hev
ocabul
aryandspeechr
esponsei
srel
ati
vel
ylow.

Touchscr
een
 I
tisani
nputmet
hodt
hatut
il
izest
het
echnol
ogyoft
ouchsensi
ti
vescr
een.
Whent
heusert
ouchest
hescr
eent
hecomput
erdet
ect
sthef
ingerand
r
espondst
oit
.
 Usedi
npl
aceswher
ekey
boar
dsar
epr
onet
odamageduet
otheenv
ironment
.
Theyar
eal
sousedi
nar
easwher
ether
eisl
i
ttl
espacef
orkey
boar
d.

Adv
ant
agesoft
ouchscr
een
1.Noext
raper
ipher
alsar
eneededexceptt
hemoni
tor
.
2.Ef
fect
ivewher
eakey
boar
d/mousewoul
dgetwetordi
rt
y.
3.Usef
ulf
orpeopl
ewhowor
kwhenst
andi
ngormov
ingabout
.

Di
sadv
ant
ageoft
ouchscr
een
1.Unsui
tabl
efori
nput
ti
ngl
argequant
it
iesofdat
a.

Adi
agr
am ofat
ouchscr
een

Page35of35
I
CT Not
es

Di
git
izer
s/gr
aphi
ctabl
et
 Theuserwr
it
esongr
aphi
ctabl
etusi
ngast
yluspen.
 Thei
magebei
ngdr
awndoesnotappearont
het
abl
etbutont
hecomput
ers
scr
een.
 Most
lyusedf
ort
raci
ngdet
ail
edar
chi
tect
uralandengi
neer
ingdr
awi
ngsand
desi
gns.

Di
git
alcamer
as
 Theycapt
urei
magest
hesamewayasot
hercamer
as,onl
ythatt
hei
magei
s
st
oredi
ndi
git
alf
orm.
 Thei
magesar
eent
ereddi
rect
lyi
ntot
hecomput
erf
oredi
ti
ngorpr
int
ingby
connect
ingt
hecamer
atot
hecomput
erusi
ngaspeci
alcabl
e.

I
nter
act
ivewhi
teboar
d
 I
tisal
soknownassmar
tboar
d.
 I
tisal
argei
nter
act
ivedi
spl
ayt
hati
sconnect
edt
oacomput
er.Thecomput
er
di
spl
ay i
s pr
oject
ed ont
othe boar
d’s sur
face wher
e user
s cont
rolt
he
comput
er.
 Smar
tboar
dsar
eusedi
npl
acesl
i
kecl
assr
ooms,
cor
por
ateboar
droomsand
br
oadcast
ingst
udi
os.

Adi
agr
am ofasmar
tboar
d

CENTRALPROCESSI
NGUNI
T(CPU)
Page36of36
I
CT Not
es
 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oast
hePr
ocessor
.
 I
tist
hebr
ainoft
hecomput
erandcar
ri
esoutal
lthepr
ocessi
ng.
 I
tismount
edonaci
rcui
tboar
dcal
l
edmot
herboar
d(sy
stem boar
d)
Par
tsofCPU
i
) Cont
rol
uni
t
i
i
)Ar
it
hmet
icl
ogi
cuni
t(
A.L.
U)
i
i
i)Mai
nmemor
y(MM)
i
v)Auxi
l
iar
ypr
ocessor
s(AP)

i
)Cont
rolUni
t(CU)
 I
tcoor
dinat
esal
lpr
ocessi
ngact
ivi
ti
esi
ntheC.
P.Uaswel
lasi
nput
,out
put
andst
orageoper
ati
ons
Funct
ionsoft
hecont
roluni
t
1.Di
rect
sthef
lowofi
nfor
mat
ioni
ntheC.
P.U,
mai
nmemor
yandst
oragemedi
a.
2.Cont
rol
thei
nst
ruct
ionst
heC.
P.Uwi
l
lper
for
m next
.

i
i)Mai
nMemor
y(Pr
imar
ySt
orage)
 Pr
ovi
desst
oragel
ocat
ionf
ordat
aandi
nst
ruct
ionsaccessedbyt
hecont
rol
uni
t.
Funct
ionsoft
hemai
nmemor
y
1.Hol
dsdat
aawai
ti
ngpr
ocessi
ng
2.Hol
dsdat
athathasbeenpr
ocessedawai
ti
ngt
obeout
put
3.Hol
dsdat
abei
ngpr
ocessed
NB:Comput
ermemor
ycanbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto:
i
) ReadOnl
yMemor
y(ROM)
i
i
)Random AccessMemor
y(RAM)
i
ii
)Ar
it
hmet
icLogi
cUni
t(ALU)
 I
tcar
ri
esoutal
lthear
it
hmet
icandl
ogi
cal
oper
ati
onsoft
heCPU
 Thebasi
car
it
hmet
icoper
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:addi
ti
on,subt
ract
ion,mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
anddi
v-
i
sion.

Page37of37
I
CT Not
es
 Logi
cal
oper
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:
equal
to,
notequal
to,
lesst
han,
great
ert
hanet
c.
Funct
ionsofALU
i
) Car
ri
esoutal
lthemat
hemat
ical
comput
ati
onsi
nthecomput
er
i
i
)Car
ri
esoutal
lthel
ogi
cal
compar
isonofv
alues
NB:I
nor
derf
orALUt
obeabl
etopr
ocessdat
a,i
thasspeci
alt
empor
aryst
orage
l
ocat
ionscal
l
edr
egi
ster
s.Ar
egi
steri
saspeci
alt
empor
aryst
oragel
ocat
ionf
or
hol
dingdat
ajustbef
orepr
ocessi
ngandaf
terpr
ocessi
ng.

TYPESOFMAI
NMEMORY
1.ROM (
ReadOnl
yMemor
y)
2.RAM (
Random AccessMemor
y)

1.READONLYMEMORY
 I
tisused t
o st
ore pr
ogr
ammed i
nst
ruct
ions/dat
a per
manent
lyorsemi
per
manent
ly.
 Dat
aandi
nst
ruct
ionsst
oredi
nROM ar
ethoser
equi
redunchangedf
orav
ery
l
ongt
imee.
g.boot
ingi
nst
ruct
ions,
comput
eri
zedf
uel
pumpi
nst
ruct
ionset
c.

Ty
pesofROM
a)MROM (
MaskReadOnl
yMemor
y)
 Oncecont
ent
sar
ewr
it
tenoni
tbyt
hemanuf
act
uret
heycannotbechanged.
b)PROM (
Progr
ammabl
eReadOnl
yMemor
y)
 Al
l
owst
heusert
oal
teri
tonl
yonceaf
tert
hecont
enti
swr
it
tenoni
t.
c)EPROM (
Erasabl
ePr
ogr
ammabl
eReadOnl
yMemor
y)
 Thecont
entst
oredi
nthememor
ycanbeer
asedbyexposi
ngt
hem t
oul
tr
a
v
iol
et(
UV)l
i
ghtandt
henr
epr
ogr
ammedf
oranot
heruse.
d)EEPROM (
Elect
ri
cal
l
yEr
asabl
ePr
ogr
ammabl
eReadOnl
yMemor
y)
 Thi
sty
peofROM canbeer
asedandpr
ogr
ammedusi
ngel
ect
ri
cit
ye.
g.BI
OS

Char
act
eri
sti
csofROM
1.Canonl
yber
eadbutcannotbe wri
tt
enonitunl
essi
tisa speci
alt
ypeof
Page38of38
I
CT Not
es
ROM
2. I
tisnon-
vol
ati
l
ei.
e.i
tscont
enti
snotl
ostwhent
hecomput
eri
sswi
tchedof
f
3.St
oresper
manenti
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom t
hemanuf
act
urer
2.RANDOM ACCESSMEMORY
 I
tismostcommont
ypeofmai
nmemor
y
 I
tiscal
l
edr
andom accessmemor
ybecausei
tscont
entcanber
eaddi
rect
ly
r
egar
dlessoft
hesequencesi
nwhi
chi
tisst
ored.
NB:Thecont
enti
nRAM i
shel
dtempor
ari
l
yandt
her
efor
e,t
hecont
enti
slost
oncet
hecomput
eri
stur
nedof
f.
Ty
pesofRAM
a)SRAM (
Stat
icRandom AccessMemor
y)
 I
tisav
eryf
astmemor
yandhol
dsi
tscont
entasl
ongast
her
eispower
.
 I
tismor
eexpensi
vet
hanDRAM.
b)DRAM (
Dynami
cRandom AccessMemor
y)
 Hol
dsi
tscont
entf
orshor
tti
me,ev
enwhenpoweri
son.Tomai
ntai
nit
s
cont
ent
,itmustber
efr
eshedsev
eral
l
ypersecond.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofRAM
1.Dat
acanber
ead(
ret
ri
eved/opened)&wr
it
ten(
stor
ed)i
nit
.
2.I
tisv
olat
il
e(t
empor
ary
)st
oragebecausei
tscont
enti
slostwhent
hepoweri
s
swi
tchedof
f.
3.I
tscont
enti
suserdef
inedi
.e.t
heuserdi
ctat
eswhati
stobecont
ainedi
n
RAM.

SPECI
ALPURPOSEMEMORI
ES
 Apar
tfr
om ROM andRAM,
ther
ear
esev
eralt
ypesofspeci
almemor
iesf
ound
i
nsi
det
heCPUorf
oundi
nthei
nput
/out
putdev
ices.
NB:These memor
ies i
ncr
ease t
he ov
eral
lper
for
mance oft
he CPU dur
ing
pr
ocessi
ngofdat
a&i
nst
ruct
ions.Thesememor
iesi
ncl
udebuf
fer
s,r
egi
ster
sand
cachememor
y.

a)Buf
fer
Page39of39
I
CT Not
es
 I
tisaspeci
alpur
posememor
yusedt
opr
ovi
det
empor
all
yst
oragesot
hatt
he
CPUi
ssetf
reet
ocar
ryoutot
heract
ivi
ti
esi
nst
eadofwai
ti
ngf
oral
ldat
atobe
ent
eredort
obeout
put
.
 Forexampl
e,apr
int
ercannotwor
katt
hespeedoft
heCPU,t
her
efor
ethe
pr
int
erbuf
fer
stempor
ari
l
yhol
dst
heout
putt
obepr
int
edhencef
reei
ngt
he
CPUt
oper
for
m ot
herf
unct
ions.
NB:Buf
fer
scanhol
dmor
ethanonepi
eceofdat
aatat
ime.
b)Cachememor
y
 I
tisav
eryhi
ghspeedt
ypeofSRAM whosepur
posei
stoal
l
owt
hepr
ocessor
t
oaccessdat
aandi
nst
ruct
ionsf
ast
er.
c)Regi
ster
s
 Theyar
especi
alpur
posememor
ieswhi
chhol
ddat
atempor
ari
l
ybef
oreand
af
terpr
ocessi
ng.
 Unl
i
kebuf
fer
s,r
egi
ster
shol
donepi
eceofdat
aatat
imeandar
einsi
det
he
CPU.
Pur
poseofr
egi
ster
s
i
) Usedf
orhol
dingi
nst
ruct
ionscur
rent
lybei
ngpr
ocessed.
i
i
)Iti
sahi
ghspeedst
oragel
ocat
ion.
Exampl
esofRegi
ster
s
i
) Accumul
ator–Tempor
ari
l
yhol
dst
her
esul
tsoft
hel
astpr
ocessi
ngst
epof
ALU.
i
i
)Inst
ruct
ion r
egi
ster-Tempor
ari
l
y hol
ds an i
nst
ruct
ion j
ustbef
orei
tis
i
nter
pret
edi
ntoaf
ormt
hatCPUcanunder
standi
t.
i
i
i)Addr
ess r
egi
ster-Tempor
ari
l
yhol
ds nextpi
ece ofdat
a wai
ti
ng t
o be
pr
ocessed.
i
v)St
orager
egi
ster-Tempor
ari
l
yhol
dsapi
eceofdat
athati
soni
tswayt
oand
f
rom t
heCPUandt
hemai
nmemor
y

Memor
ycapaci
ti
es
 Memor
yandst
oragecapaci
tyi
smeasur
edi
nuni
tscal
l
edby
tes.
 Aby
tei
sequi
val
entt
oasi
ngl
echar
act
er.Achar
act
ercanbel
ett
ersoft
he
al
phabet
,punct
uat
ionmar
ks,
digi
ts,sy
mbols.Eg.A–Z,
0–9et
c
Page40of40
I
CT Not
es
 Aby
tei
smadeupof8bi
ts.Bi
tisanacr
ony
m st
andi
ngf
orBI
nar
ydi
giT.
 Ther
e ar
etwo st
andar
d 8-
bit codes wi
del
y used t
oday t
orepr
esent
i
nfor
mat
ion i
n comput
ersi
.e.Amer
ican St
andar
d Code f
orI
nfor
mat
ion
I
nter
change(
ASCI
I)andExt
endedBi
nar
yCodedDeci
malI
nter
changeCode
(
EBCDI
C).

 E.
gChar
act
er“
A”=11000001i
nASCI
I

8Bi
ts

8Bi
ts=1by
te
1Ki
l
oby
te(
KB) 1,
000by
tes(
1Thousandby
tes)
1Megaby
te(
MB) 1,
000,
000by
tes(
1Mi
l
li
onby
tes)
1Gi
gaby
te(
GB) 1,
000,
000,
000by
tes(
1Bi
l
li
onby
tes)
1Ter
aby
te 1,
000,
000,
000,
000by
tes(
1Tr
il
li
onby
tes)

FUNCTI
ONALORGANI
SATI
ONOFTHECPU
 TheALU,CUandt
heMai
nMemor
yar
eli
nkedt
hroughel
ect
ri
calpat
hway
s
cal
l
edbuses.
 Acompl
etebusi
sanel
ect
ri
calpat
hwayf
orsi
gnalt
ofl
owf
rom onepoi
ntt
o
anot
heri
nci
rcui
t.
Ty
pesofcomput
erbuses
i
) Cont
rol
bus
i
i
)Addr
essbus
i
i
i)Dat
abus
i
)Cont
rolbus
 I
tisapat
hwayt
oal
lti
mingsandcont
rol
l
ingf
unct
ionssentbyt
hecont
roluni
t
t
oot
herpar
tsoft
hesy
stem.
i
i)Addr
essbus
 I
tist
hepat
hwayusedt
olocat
ethest
orageposi
ti
oni
nthememor
ywher
ethe
nexti
nst
ruct
ionordat
aist
obeexecut
edar
efound.
i
ii
)Dat
abus

Page41of41
 I
CT Not
es
 Thepat
hwaywher
etheact
ual
dat
atr
ansf
ert
akespl
ace.
CPUOr
gani
zat
ion/St
ruct
ure

Cont
rol
Uni
t
(
CU)

Dat
aInput Ar
it
hmeti
c&Logi
c Dat
aOut
put
Unit
(
ALU)
Inputdevi
ces Outputdevi
ces
e.g.Keyboar
d e.
g.Print
er
Mai
nMemor
y
(MM)

Datat
obe Dat
atobe
st
ored pr
ocessed Comput
er
Secondary
Storage
(Auxil
iar
y
stor
age)
. NB:Thear
rows( )r
epr
esentcomput
erbuses

Ty
pesofpr
ocessorandt
hei
rcl
ockspeed.
 Si
nce 1971 I
ntelCompany has speci
ali
zed i
n manuf
act
uri
ng CPU by
combi
ningt
heALU&CUonasi
ngl
eti
nypr
ocessorcal
l
edMi
cro-
processor
.
 Ot
hercompani
est
hatst
art
edmanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessori
ncl
udeAdv
anced
Mi
croDev
ice(
AMD)
,Cy
rixandMot
orol
a.
 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethet
ypesofpr
ocessor
sav
ail
abl
eint
hemar
kett
oday
:
 Pent
ium Pr
o
 I
ntel
Pent
ium
 Pent
ium (
I)
 Pent
ium (
II
)
 Pent
ium (
II
I)
 Pent
ium (
IV)
Pr
ocessorCl
ockSpeed
 Thespeedofwhi
chapr
ocessorexecut
esi
sdet
ermi
nedbyi
tscl
ockspeed.

Page42of42
I
CT Not
es
 Thesy
stem cl
ockspeedi
smeasur
edi
nuni
tscal
l
edHer
tz(
Hz)
.
 Theher
tzi
sauni
toff
requencywhi
chmeasur
est
henumberofcy
clesper
secondi
nasi
gnal
.
1ki
l
oher
tz(
KHz) 1000her
tz
1megaher
tz(
MHz) 1000000her
tz
1gi
gaher
tz(
GHz) 1000000000her
tz

OUTPUTDEVI
CES
Thesear
eper
ipher
aldev
icest
hatacomput
erusest
ogi
veouti
nfor
mat
ionpr
oduced
af
terpr
ocessi
ngoper
ati
ons.

TYPESOFOUTPUTDEVI
CES
1.Sof
tcopyOut
putDev
ices
2.Har
dcopyOut
putDev
ices

1.SOFTCOPYOUTPUTDEVI
CES
Thesear
edev
icest
hatpr
oducei
ntangi
bleout
put
.Theyi
ncl
ude:Speaker
s,Moni
tor
s
(
Scr
een)andLED(
LightEmi
tt
ingDi
odes)amongot
her
s.
NB:Thet
erm sof
tcopyout
putr
efer
stot
hei
ntangi
bleout
put
;mai
nlydi
spl
ayedon
t
hescr
eenort
hroughdev
icesl
i
kespeaker
s.
-Sof
tcopyout
puti
stempor
aryt
hati
s,t
heout
puti
snol
ongerav
ail
abl
ewhent
he
dev
icesar
enotpower
edei
thert
hroughel
ect
ri
cit
yorf
rom ot
hersour
cesofpower
.

Page43of43
I
CT Not
es

i
)MONI
TOR(
VDU)
I
tdi
spl
aysi
nfor
mat
iononi
tsscr
eent
hushel
pingt
heusert
omoni
toroper
ati
onbei
ng
car
ri
edoutbyt
hecomput
er.
NB:Thesi
zeofamoni
tori
smeasur
edi
ninches(
“)di
agonal
l
y;asi
nfr
om cor
nert
o
cor
ner
.

Size15”
(Measured
Diagonal
ly
)

TYPESOFMONI
TORS
a)Monochr
omemoni
tor
s
Theydi
spl
ayi
magesandt
exti
nonl
yonecol
ourmost
lybl
ackandwhi
te.
b)Col
ourmoni
tor
s
Theydi
spl
ayi
magesandt
exti
nmul
ti
plecol
our
s.

Not
e:Moni
tor
sdi
spl
ayt
extandgr
aphi
cswi
tht
hehel
pofVi
deoCar
d(Gr
aphi
cs
Adapt
er)
.
-Vi
deoCar
d(Gr
aphi
csAdapt
er)i
saci
rcui
tboar
dwher
ethemoni
tormustbe
connect
ed f
ori
tto di
spl
ay i
nfor
mat
ion.The v
ideo car
dis pl
ugged i
ntot
he
mot
her
boar
d.
-Howev
er,somemoni
tor
scomewi
thon-
boar
dvi
deocapabi
l
ityandt
her
efor
ether
e
i
snoneedf
orav
ideocar
d.

Exampl
esofgr
aphi
cadapt
ers/Vi
deoCar
ds
Page44of44
I
CT Not
es
Gr
aphi
csAdapt
ersorVi
deoCar
dsar
eci
rcui
tboar
dst
hatenabl
ethemoni
tort
o
di
spl
ayi
nfor
mat
ion.
1.Monochr
ome Di
spl
ayAdapt
er(
MDA)-I
twas t
he f
ir
stv
ideo car
dthat
di
spl
ayedt
exti
nonl
yonecol
ourandcoul
dnotsuppor
timages.
2.Her
cul
esGr
aphi
csCar
ds(
HGC)-Suppor
tsmonochr
omei
magesandt
ext
.
3.Col
ourGr
aphi
csAdapt
er(
CGA)-Di
spl
ayst
extandi
magesusi
ng16col
our
s.
4.EnhancedGr
aphi
csAdapt
er(
EGA)-Ani
mpr
ovementofCol
ourGr
aphi
cs
Adapt
er.
5.Vi
deoGr
aphi
csAr
ray(
VGA)-Di
spl
aysi
magesandt
extwi
thatmost256
col
our
s.
6.SuperVi
deoGr
aphi
csAr
ray(
SVGA)-Ani
mpr
ovementofVGAbutof
fer
ing
ov
er256col
our
s.

-Theshar
pnessandcl
ari
tyofani
mageont
hescr
eendependsont
het
ypeof
moni
tor
.Moni
tor
sthatdi
spl
ayshar
p and cl
eari
mages ar
e sai
dto hav
e hi
gh
r
esol
uti
on.
-Thei
magesont
hescr
eenar
efor
medbysmal
ldot
scal
l
edpi
xel(
pict
ureel
ement
)
hence,t
he mor
ethe numberofpi
xel
s persquar
e cent
imet
er,t
he hi
ghert
he
r
esol
uti
ont
hushi
ghcl
ari
tyoft
hei
mage.
-Resol
uti
on-
ist
hemeasur
eofhow f
ine,cl
earorshar
pani
mageappear
sont
he
scr
een.
-Pi
xel–Ar
esmal
ldot
sthatf
orm ani
mageont
hescr
een.

TECHNOLOGI
ESUSEDI
NMONI
TORS(
Typesofdi
spl
ayscr
eens)
Ther
ear
etwocommonl
yusedt
echnol
ogi
esi
nmoni
tor
snamel
y:
1.Cat
hodeRayTube(
CRT)
2.Li
qui
dCr
yst
alDi
spl
ay(
LCD)orFl
atPanel
Displ
ay

1.CRTMONI
TORS
-I
tusesal
ongt
ubecal
l
edcat
hoder
ayt
ubet
hatemi
tsl
i
ght
.
-Thescr
eenofCRTi
scur
vedsl
i
ght
lyout
war
dsf
ormi
ngaconv
exshape.
-TheCRTmustber
efr
eshedconst
ant
lyandi
fther
efr
eshr
atei
slow,t
hescr
een
Page45of45
I
CT Not
es
f
li
cker
soral
i
nescr
oll
sdownt
hescr
een.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofCRTMoni
tor
s
1.Thescr
eeni
scur
vedsl
i
ght
lyout
war
ds
2.Theyar
enotpor
tabl
ei.
e.t
heyar
ebul
kyhenceoccupyal
otofspace
3.Theyconsumeal
otofpower
4.Theyar
echeap

2.LI
QUI
DCRYSTALDI
SPLAY(
LCD)ORFLATPANELDI
SPLAY
-I
tismadeupof2sheet
sofpol
ari
zedandf
lexi
blepl
ast
icmat
eri
al&al
ayerof
cr
yst
alsbet
weent
hem.
-LCDdoesnotr
efr
eshl
i
keCRT,i
nst
eadi
tsendsv
ari
abl
evol
tagest
ocel
l
sof
l
i
qui
dcr
yst
als&causet
hecr
yst
alst
ouncoi
l
.
-Li
qui
dcr
yst
aldi
spl
aysar
ewi
del
yusedi
nwat
ches,cal
cul
ator
s,cel
lphones&
di
git
alcamer
as.

Char
act
eri
sti
csof(
LCD)orf
latpaneldi
spl
ay
1.Thescr
eeni
sfl
at
2.Theyar
epor
tabl
e
3.Consumel
esspowercompar
edt
oCRT
4.Theyar
eexpensi
ve
5.Theyoccupyl
essspace
6.Pr
ovi
deshi
ghqual
i
tyout
putcompar
edt
oCRT

Exampl
esofFl
atPanelDi
spl
ays
1.Li
qui
dCr
yst
alDi
spl
ay(
LCD)-Theyhav
eti
nyl
i
qui
dscr
yst
alst
hatr
efl
ectl
i
ght
f
all
i
ngont
hem f
rom t
heenv
ironment
.
2.El
ect
rol
umi
nescent(
EL)-Ani
mpr
ovementofLCD andemi
tsl
i
ghtwhen
el
ect
ri
cal
l
ychar
ged.
3.GasPl
asma-UseGasThatEmi
tsLi
ghtI
nPr
esenceOfEl
ect
ri
cCur
rent
4.Thi
n Fi
lm Tr
ansi
stor(
TFT)-I
tist
hel
atestt
echnol
ogyadv
ancementi
n
di
spl
ays.I
tpr
ovi
desahi
ghqual
i
tyout
putt
hanal
ltheot
her
s.

Page46of46
I
CT Not
es
Adv
ant
agesofMoni
tor
s(VDU)
1.Theout
puti
sal
mosti
nst
ant
2.I
tmi
nimi
zest
hepaperwor
k.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofMoni
tor
s(VDU)
1.Thescr
eenmi
ghtnotal
l
owt
hef
ull
viewi
ngofal
lthedat
a
2.Canl
uret
hecomput
erusernott
okeephar
dcopyr
ecor
ds

i
i)SOUND/
VOI
CEOUTPUTDEVI
CES
-Voi
ceout
putdev
icemai
nlyar
espeaker
s.Thesoundmaybei
nfor
m ofmusi
c,v
ideo,
war
ningori
nter
act
ivecommuni
cat
ionwi
tht
hecomput
eret
c.

Adv
ant
agesofsoundout
put
1.Nor
eadi
ngi
srequi
red
2.I
tisaf
astandnat
ural
out
put
3.Usef
uli
nsi
tuat
ionswher
eyoucan’
tseeorwher
eyouar
ebusy

Di
sadv
ant
agesofsoundout
put
1.Notsui
tabl
einnoi
syenv
ironment
2.I
nappr
opr
iat
eforl
engt
hyi
nfor
mat
ion.

Appl
icat
ionofsoundout
put
1.Textt
ospeecht
ransl
ati
onf
ort
hebl
i
nd
2.Emer
gencymessagese.
g.i
nai
rpor
ts
3.Lear
ningai
dse.
g.Comput
erAi
dedLear
ning

i
ii
)LI
GHTEMI
TTI
NGDI
ODES(
LED)
-Theyar
eli
ghtemi
tt
ingcomponentt
hatdi
spl
ayl
i
ghtwhenanel
ect
ri
ccur
renti
s
passedt
hrought
hem.E.
g.t
her
edandgr
eenl
i
ghtdi
spl
ayedbyt
hesy
stem uni
tto
hel
ptheuserknowwhet
heri
tisONorOFF.
-MostLEDsar
eusedt
ogi
vewar
nings.
Page47of47
I
CT Not
es

2.HARDCOPYOUTPUTDEVI
CES
Thesear
edev
icest
hatpr
oducet
angi
bleout
putmai
nlyonpaper
.Theyi
ncl
ude:
Pr
int
ers,
Plot
ter
s,COM (
Comput
erOut
putonMi
crof
il
m)et
c.

NB:Thet
erm har
dcopyout
putr
efer
stot
het
angi
bleout
putpr
oducedmost
lyon
paper
s.
-Har
dcopyout
puti
sper
manent
.

i
)PRI
NTERS
Theypr
oducehar
dcopyi
nfor
mat
ionmai
nlyonpaper
.
Ty
pesofpr
int
ers
a)I
mpactPr
int
ers
b)Non-
ImpactPr
int
ers

a)I
mpactPr
int
ers
-The pr
int
ing head comes i
nto act
ualcont
actwi
tht
he paper
.The pr
int
ing
mechani
sm i
ssi
mil
art
othatofat
ypewr
it
er.
-Theyusespeci
alhammer
swi
thchar
act
ersandt
hepaperi
spl
acedbehi
ndani
nked
r
ibbon.
-Thepr
int
ingheadel
ementcr
eat
est
hei
mpr
intwhent
hepr
int
ingheadst
ri
kes.

Ty
pesofi
mpactpr
int
ers
1.DotMat
ri
xPr
int
er
2.Dai
syWheel
Pri
nter
3.Dr
um Pr
int
er
4.Chai
nPr
int
er

1.DotMat
ri
xPr
int
er
-Pr
oducesahar
dcopybyar
rangi
ngpat
ter
nsofdot
sont
hepaperusi
ngpi
nshel
don
t
hepr
int
inghead.
-Thepi
ns/needl
esar
eact
ivat
eddependi
ngont
hechar
act
ert
obef
ormedf
or
Page48of48
I
CT Not
es
pr
int
ing.

2.Dai
syWheelPr
int
er
-I
thaswheel
swi
thpet
alsonwhi
chchar
act
ersar
emount
ed.
-Whenpr
int
ing,t
hewheelr
otat
esal
l
owi
ngpet
alst
ohi
tar
ibbonwi
thdi
ff
erent
char
act
ers.
-I
tpr
ovi
desabet
terpr
intqual
i
tycompar
edt
oDotMat
ri
xthoughsl
ower
.

3.Dr
um Pr
int
er
-I
tpr
ovi
desonewhol
eli
nepr
intatat
ime.
-Thechar
act
ersar
eincor
por
atedonci
rcul
arbandt
hatmov
eroundt
hesur
faceof
t
hedr
um sur
face.
-Eachbandcont
ainsal
lthepossi
blechar
act
erset
s.

4.Chai
nPr
int
er
-I
tincor
por
atesengr
avedchar
act
erpr
int
ingsl
ugsonamov
ingbel
t/
chai
n.
-Thechai
n/bel
tmov
est
hechar
act
erpr
int
ingsl
ugsatahi
ghspeedpastpr
int
ing
posi
ti
ons.

b)Non-
impactPr
int
ers
-Thesepr
int
ersdonotuset
hest
ri
ki
ngmechani
sm t
opr
oducechar
act
ers.
-Thepr
int
ingheadel
ementdoesnotcomei
ntoact
ual
cont
actwi
tht
hest
ati
onar
y.

Ty
pesofNon-
ImpactPr
int
ers
1.I
nkj
etpr
int
ers
2.Ther
mal
pri
nter
s
3.Laserpr
int
ers
4.El
ect
rost
ati
cpr
int
ers
1.I
nkj
etpr
int
er
-Thesepr
int
ersf
orm char
act
ersbyspr
ayi
ngi
nkf
rom t
inynozzl
est
hroughan
el
ect
ri
cal
fiel
dthatar
rangest
hechar
gedi
nkpar
ti
clesi
ntochar
act
ers.
Page49of49
I
CT Not
es
-Theyar
echeapt
obuybutex
pensi
vet
orunbecauseoft
hehi
ghcostofi
nk
car
tri
dges.
2.Ther
malpr
int
er
-I
tusesheatt
otr
ansf
erchar
act
ersont
oapi
eceofpaper
.
-I
tusesspeci
alpr
intpapert
hatsensest
heheat
edheadchar
act
eri
mages,
whi
char
e
t
henpassedont
othepaper
saschar
act
erpr
int
s.
3.Laserpr
int
er
-I
tpr
int
sbypassi
ngal
aserbeam backandf
ort
hov
erar
otat
ingdr
um.
-Thel
aserdr
awst
hei
mageont
hedr
um byst
ati
cel
ect
ri
cit
y.
-Thechar
gedar
easpi
ckupt
hei
nkt
onerf
rom acar
tri
dge&pr
essi
tont
othepaper
.
-I
tisexpensi
vet
obuy
,buti
tisf
ast
erandcheapert
orunt
hani
nkj
ets.

4.El
ect
rost
ati
cpr
int
ers
-I
tusesel
ect
rost
ati
cchar
gest
ofor
m char
act
ersi
nal
i
neonaspeci
alpaper
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofPr
int
ersBasedOnPr
int
ingSpeed
a)Char
act
erpr
int
ers
-Theypr
intonechar
act
eratat
ime.E.
g.Dai
sywheel
,Dotmat
ri
xet
c.
b)Li
nepr
int
ers
-Theypr
intonel
i
neatat
imee.
g.i
nkj
et,
drum,
chai
n,el
ect
rost
ati
cpr
int
ers.
c)Pagepr
int
ers
-Theypr
intanent
ir
epageatat
imee.
g.l
aserpr
int
ers,
xer
ogr
aphi
cpr
int
ers.

Fact
orst
oConsi
derWhenSel
ect
ingaPr
int
er
1.Speedofpr
int
ing
2.Qual
i
tyofpr
intout
put
3.I
nit
ial
costandsubsequentcostofmai
ntenance
4.Vol
umeofpr
int
ingexpect
ed
5.I
nter
facewi
tht
hecomput
ersy
stem
6.Rangeofcapabi
l
ityf
orsel
ect
edpr
int
ere.
g.mul
ti
plecopyf
aci
l
ity
,pr
intst
yles,
pagewi
dthet
c.
7.Thenat
ureofr
epor
tst
obegener
ated
Page50of50
I
CT Not
es

Di
ff
erencesbet
weenI
mpactandNon-
ImpactPr
int
ers
1.I
mpactpr
int
ersar
esl
owwhi
l
enoni
mpactpr
int
ersar
efast
2.I
mpactusei
nkedr
ibbonswhi
l
enoni
mpactuset
her
mal
/el
ect
rost
ati
c
3.I
mpactar
enoi
sywhi
l
enoni
mpactar
equi
et
4.I
mpactpr
int
ersar
echeapwhi
l
enoni
mpactar
eexpensi
ve
5.I
mpactpr
int
erspr
oducemul
ti
plecopi
eswhi
l
enon-
impactpr
oducesi
ngl
e
copi
es.

i
i)PLOTTERS
-Theyar
eout
putdev
icest
hatmai
nlypr
oducegr
aphi
calout
pute.
g.di
agr
ams,
maps,
post
ers.
-Theyar
emost
lyusedi
nthef
iel
dofengi
neer
ingandar
chi
tect
uref
orpr
oduci
ng
gr
aphi
cal
out
put
.
-Thecommonl
yusedgr
aphpl
ott
ersi
ncl
udef
latbedpl
ott
ersanddr
um pl
ott
ers.

i
ii
)COMPUTEROUTPUTONMI
CROFORM (
COM)
-I
trecor
dsi
magesont
oaphot
ogr
aphi
cfi
l
m,whi
chi
svi
ewedbyaspeci
almi
crof
il
m
r
eader
.
-Thi
sout
putmet
hodpr
ovi
desmi
niat
ure/smal
lfi
l
m st
ri
psi
ntot
hemi
crof
orm.
-Mi
crof
ormsar
ephot
ogr
aphi
cal
l
yreduceddocument
sonf
il
ms.

Ty
pesofMi
crof
orms
a)Mi
crof
il
m
-Theout
puti
susual
l
yonar
oll
off
il
m,whi
chi
sabout16mm.
b)Mi
crof
iche
-Theout
puti
sonapageoff
il
m wher
edat
aimagesar
ear
rangedi
nagr
idof
pat
ter
ns.I
tmeasur
es105mm by48mm.

Page51of51
I
CT Not
es
Adv
ant
agesofCOM
1.Sav
esonst
ati
oner
yandspace
2.Fast
ert
hanpr
int
ing
3.Notbul
kyhencepor
tabl
e
4.The cont
ent
s ofCOM ar
e noteasi
l
yread usi
ng naked ey
es,hence
guar
ant
eei
ngt
hesecur
it
yofr
epor
ts.
5.Hav
elongerl
i
fespancompar
edt
opaperout
put
Di
sadv
ant
agesofCOM
1.I
tisexpensi
ve
2.Causeey
est
rai
ninanat
temptt
oreadi
tscont
ent
.
3.Addi
ti
onal
equi
pmentf
orv
iewi
ngi
tscont
ent
sar
erequi
red

Appl
icat
ionofCOM
1.I
nli
brar
iesf
orbooks,
cat
aloguesandr
efer
ences
2.I
nlocal
aut
hor
it
iest
oret
aint
ownpl
ans,
mapset
c.
3.I
nbanks,
Insur
ancecompani
est
ost
oreper
sonal
andcust
omer
’sr
ecor
ds.

Page52of52
I
CT Not
es
SECONDARYSTORAGEDEVI
CESANDMEDI
A/BACKI
NGSTORAGE/
AUXI
LLARYSTORAGE
-Thesear
edev
icest
hatcompl
i
mentt
hepr
imar
ymemor
yort
hemai
nmemor
y.
Theyst
orei
nfor
mat
ionf
orl
ongerper
iod.
-Dat
aisei
therr
eadf
rom orwr
it
tent
othest
oragemedi
a.
-Towr
it
edat
ameanst
ost
ore/
sav
eiti
.e.mov
ingi
tfr
om t
hemai
nst
oraget
o
backi
ngst
orage.
-Tor
eaddat
ameanst
oopen/r
etr
iev
eiti
.e.mov
ingi
tfr
om t
hebacki
ngst
orage
t
othemai
nst
orage.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofsecondar
yst
orage
1.Non-
vol
ati
lest
orage-dat
ast
oredi
sper
manentunl
essdel
etedbyt
heuser
.
2.Massst
orage-st
oresl
argev
olumeofdat
a
3.Re-
usabi
li
ty-st
oreddat
acanbeer
asedandt
hemedi
aisr
e-usedt
ost
ore
f
reshdat
a.
4.Dat
aisaccessedusi
ngr
ead/
wri
teheads.Theheadt
ransf
ersdat
awhi
l
e
t
hemedi
um r
otat
est
hedr
ive.
N/
B:Ast
oragemedi
um hasei
therser
ial
accessordi
rectaccess.
Ser
ialaccess-Al
lthepr
ecedi
ngdat
aisr
eadbef
oret
her
equi
reddat
acanbe
accessed,
e.g.magnet
ict
apes,
compactcasset
tes.
Di
rectaccess-St
oreddat
ait
emscanbeaccessedwi
thoutr
eadi
ngot
herdat
a
f
ir
st,
e.g.Compactdi
sk,
floppydi
sk.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsecondar
yst
orage
1.Remov
abl
est
oragedev
ices
-Thesedev
icesar
ehousedout
sidet
hesy
stem uni
thencet
heycanbe
usedi
nanot
hercomput
ere.
g.f
loppydi
sk,
CD,
zipdi
skset
c.
2.Fi
xedst
oragedev
ices
-Thesedev
icesar
ehousedi
nsi
det
hesy
stem uni
te.
g.har
ddi
sk.

REMOVABLESTORAGEDEVI
CES
i
.) Magnet
icdi
skse.
g.f
loppydi
sks,
Zipdi
sks,
Jazdi
sket
c.
i
i.
) Magnet
ict
apes
i
ii
.) Opt
ical
diskse.
g.CDs,
DVDs,
andopt
ical
tapeset
c.
Page53of53
I
CT Not
es
MAGNETI
CDI
SKS
-A magnet
icdi
ski
saf
latci
rcul
arpl
att
eronwhi
chdat
acanbest
oredusi
ng
magnet
icpr
ocess.
-Dat
acanber
eadf
rom andwr
it
tent
othedi
sk.
Not
e:
ACCESSTI
ME-I
sthet
imet
akent
oreadt
hedat
afr
om t
hedi
skt
othemai
nst
orage.
Theaccesst
imeconsi
stsof
:
i
.) Seekt
ime-Thi
sist
imet
akenbyt
her
ead/
wri
teheadt
olocat
ether
ight
t
rackwhi
chcont
ainst
her
equi
reddat
a.
i
i.
) Rot
ati
ondel
ayt
ime-Thi
sist
imet
akenf
ort
hedr
ivemot
ort
ospi
nthe
r
ead/
wri
teheadunt
ilt
her
ightcont
ent
scomeandal
i
gndi
rect
lybel
ow
t
her
ead/
wri
tehead.
i
ii
.) Dat
atr
ansf
ert
ime–Thi
sist
imet
akenf
ordat
atobet
ransf
err
edt
othe
mai
nst
orage.
a)Fl
oppydi
sk/Di
sket
tes
-I
sat
hin,
li
ghtf
lexi
bledi
skhel
dinapr
otect
ivecov
er.
-I
tismadeofsmal
lfl
exi
bledi
skcoat
edwi
thi
ronoxi
de.
-Fl
oppydi
sksar
einser
tedi
naf
loppydi
skdr
ivewhi
chhasr
ead/
wri
tehead.
-I
nit
ialf
loppydi
skswer
elar
gei
nsi
zebutwi
thsmal
l
erst
oragecapaci
ti
es.Thet
wo
commondi e51/
sksar 4inchand31/
2inch.Fl
oppydi
sksar
egr
adual
l
ybecomi
ng
obsol
eteandbei
ngr
epl
acedbyCDs,
Memor
yst
icksandFl
ashdi
sks.
-Eachoft
hesedi
skshasl
owdensi
ty(
singl
esi
ded)andhi
ghdensi
ty(
doubl
esi
ded)
v
ersi
ons.
-Fort
hesi
ngl
esi
ded,dat
acanonl
yber
ecor
dedononesi
de;whi
l
efort
hedoubl
e
si
ded,
dat
acanonl
ybest
oredonbot
hsi
desoft
hedi
sk.
I
nter
nal
str
uct
ureoff
loppydi
sk
Sect
or

Tr
acks

Bl
ock

Page54of54
I
CT Not
es

Adv
ant
agesoff
loppydi
sk
1.Theyar
echeap
2.Smal
landl
i
ghtwei
ght
3.Exchangeabl
e

Di
sadv
ant
agesoff
loppydi
sk
1.Easi
l
ydamaged
2.St
oragear
eai
sli
mit
ed,
maxi
mum dat
ast
oredi
s1.
44MB(
megaby
tes)
.
3.Sl
owert
hanhar
ddi
ski
nter
msofdat
aaccess.
4.Hav
eshor
tli
fespan

b)Zi
pDi
sk
-Resembl
efl
oppydi
skbuthav
ehi
gherst
oragecapaci
ty
-Theyar
esl
i
ght
lyl
argerandt
hickeri
nsi
ze
-I
tcanhol
d250MBofdat
a
-Theycomewi
thpor
tabl
eext
ernal
zipdr
ive

c)JazDi
sk
-Theyar
esmal
lpor
tabl
edi
skswi
thhi
ghst
oragecapaci
tyofaboutI
GBt
o2GB.
-Theyar
eusedf
orst
ori
ngl
argeamount
sofdat
a.
-Theycomewi
thpor
tabl
eext
ernal
jazzdr
ives.

Mai
ntenanceofMagnet
icdi
sks
1.Shoul
dbekeptawayf
rom dust
2.Shoul
dbekeptawayf
rom magnet
icmat
eri
al/
fiel
dbecausedat
acanbel
ost
.
3.Keepawayf
rom moi
stur
e.
4.Keepawayf
rom di
rectsunl
i
ght
.
5.Shoul
dnotdr
opt
hem t
oav
oiddamage.
6.Keepawayf
rom excessi
veheat
Page55of55
I
CT Not
es

MAGNETI
CTAPES
-Magnet
ict
apei
sar
ibbonofMy
lar(
plast
icl
i
ke)mat
eri
alcoat
edwi
that
hinl
ayerof
i
ronoxi
de.
-I
tresembl
est
heor
dinar
ymusi
ccasset
tes.
-Dat
aisst
oredi
nbl
ockssepar
atedbyi
nter
-Recor
dGaps(
IRG)whi
chi
slef
tfort
he
pur
poseofst
oppi
ngt
het
ape.
-Exampl
esofmagnet
ict
apesar
e:Reelt
oreelt
apes,Casset
tet
apes&Car
tri
dge
t
apes.
Adv
ant
agesofMagnet
icTapes
1.Theyar
epor
tabl
e
2.Theyar
echeap
3.Canbeer
asedandr
e-used
4.Hol
dsal
otofdat
ainacompactspace

Di
sadv
ant
agesofMagnet
icTapes
1. Ver
ysl
owi
naccessi
ngdat
asi
ncei
tusesser
ial
access
2. Easi
l
ydamagedbydust
,heat
,touchet
c
3. TheI
RGi
sawast
eofspaceoft
hest
oragear
ea

OPTI
CALDI
SKS(
LASERDI
SKS)
1. Thesear
edi
sksonwhi
chdat
aisr
ecor
dedusi
ngal
aserbeam
2. Al
aserbeam i
sav
eryst
rongconcent
rat
edl
i
ght
3. Thel
aserbeam bur
nst
inyhol
es(
pit
)int
oat
hinshi
nnysur
facet
orecor
ddat
a
4. Exampl
esofopt
ical
disksi
ncl
ude:
LS120superdi
sk,
Compactdi
sk,
DVDs,
Opt
ical
car
d,Opt
ical
tape,
Phot
oCD.

a)LS-
120SuperDi
sk
-I
tresembl
esaf
loppydi
skbutusesopt
ical
technol
ogyt
oreaddat
a
-I
thasgr
eat
erst
oragecapaci
tyandgr
eat
erspeedofdat
aret
ri
eval
.

Page56of56
I
CT Not
es
b)CompactDi
sk(
CD)
- Hol
dlar
gequant
it
iesofdat
aandi
nfor
mat
ion,
oneCDcanhol
d700MB.
-Theymost
lyst
orev
ideo,
musi
c,sof
twar
eanddat
arequi
ri
ngal
otofspace.
For
msofCD
1. CD-
ROM (
CompactDi
skReadOnl
yMemor
y)-Whendat
aisr
ecor
dedont
hem
onecannotaddorchangeany
thi
ng.
2. CD-
R(CompactDi
skRecor
der
)-Theyar
eini
ti
all
ybl
ankandt
heusercan
r
ecor
ddat
aini
t.NB:Oncedat
ahasbeenwr
it
tenorr
ecor
dedi
nit
,itcannotbe
changedbutcanber
eadoropened.

3. CD-
RW (
CompactDi
skRe-Wr
it
abl
e)-Unl
i
ket
heCD-
R,CD-
RW al
l
owst
heuser
t
orecor
dander
asei
nfor
mat
ion.I
tbehav
esl
i
keaf
loppydi
sk.
NB:Bot
hCD-
ROMsandCD-
Rsar
eref
err
edt
oasWORM.Thati
s(Wr
it
eOnceRead
Many
)becauset
heyal
l
owt
heusert
orecor
ddat
aont
hem oncebutr
ead/opent
he
dat
aasmanyt
imesaspossi
ble.

c)DVD(
Digi
talVi
deoDi
sk)
-Al
socal
l
edDi
git
alVer
sat
il
eDi
sk.
-Theyr
esembl
eCompactDi
sk(
CD)buthav
ehi
gherst
oragecapaci
tyofupt
o4.
7GB.
Theyar
esui
tabl
eforr
ecor
dingmot
ionpi
ctur
ese.
g.v
ideobecauset
heyof
ferbet
ter
soundandpi
ctur
equal
i
tyt
hanCD.

d)Opt
icalCar
d
-I
tresembl
esMagnet
icI
nkChar
act
erReader(
MICR)butusesopt
icalr
ecor
dabl
e
st
ri
pet
hatst
oresi
nfor
mat
ion.
-Mai
nlyusedi
nbanksandcompani
es.

e)Opt
ical
Tape
-I
tresembl
esamagnet
ict
apeonl
ythatdat
aisst
oredusi
ngopt
ical
technol
ogy
.

f
)Phot
oCD
-Thi
sisusedt
opr
ocessphot
ogr
aphi
cfi
l
m ornegat
ivet
opr
oduceandst
orehi
gh
Page57of57
I
CT Not
es
qual
i
typhot
ogr
aphsonaCD-
R.

Adv
ant
agesofOpt
icalSt
orageDev
ices
1. St
orehi
ghv
olumeofdat
a
2. St
oredat
aper
manent
ly
3. Accessofdat
aisf
ast
er
4. Hi
ghqual
i
typi
ctur
esandsounds
5. I
tispor
tabl
e

Di
sadv
ant
agesofOpt
icalSt
orageDev
ices
1.Expensi
vehar
dwar
eandsof
twar
eforr
eadi
ng
2.Fr
agi
l
ethatbr
eakeasi
l
y
3.Ver
ysensi
ti
vet
odust
,wat
er,
heatandscr
atches

FI
XEDSTORAGEMEDI
A
Ar
edev
iceshousedwi
thi
nthesy
stem uni
te.
g.har
ddi
sk(
WINCHESTERDI
SK)

Har
dDi
sk(
Winchest
erDi
sk)
I
tismadeupofshi
nyr
igi
d magnet
icdi
skorpl
att
ersar
rangedv
ert
ical
l
yona
commonaxi
sfor
mingani
magi
nar
ycy
li
nder
.
Adv
ant
agesofHar
dDi
sk
1.St
oredat
ainl
argecapaci
ty
2.Theyar
efast
eri
nter
msofdat
atr
ansf
er,
ver
ymal
l
eabl
e
3.Theyar
echeap
Di
sadv
ant
agesofHar
dDi
sk
1.Theycansuf
ferf
rom har
ddi
skcr
ashr
esul
ti
ngt
olossofdat
a
2.Theyar
einf
lexi
blei
.e.f
ixedi
nthesy
stem uni
t
3.Sensi
ti
vet
odust
,humi
dit
y,magnet
ism whi
chcandamaget
hedat
a.

Pr
ecaut
ionsi
nPr
event
ingHar
dDi
skCr
ash
1.Keept
hedi
skawayf
rom dustandsmoke.Thesmokeanddustpar
ti
cles
Page58of58
I
CT Not
es
causesscr
atchesont
hesur
faceoft
hedi
skast
heheadsr
eadt
hedat
a.
2.Swi
tchof
fthecomput
erusi
ngt
her
ightpr
ocedur
e.I
mpr
operpr
ocedur
ewoul
d
r
iskheadscr
atchesonr
otat
ingdi
skshencecl
utchi
ngt
hem.

Fl
ashDi
sk
-Thi
sist
hemostcur
rentst
oragedev
icei
nthemar
ket
;iti
sremov
abl
emedi
aint
he
emer
gingt
rendsi
nst
oragedev
ices
-I
tisamassi
vest
oragemedi
amov
eandi
srel
i
abl
eandpor
tabl
e
-I
tissmal
li
nsi
zeandcanst
oredat
afr
om 250MB,
512MB,
1GB,
2GB,
4GBet
c

POWERSUPPLYANDPERI
PHERALDEVI
CEI
NTERFACI
NG
-AnyComput
ersy
stem needst
obeconnect
edt
oamai
nspowersuppl
ythr
ougha
powersuppl
ycabl
etot
hepowers
uppl
yuni
toradapt
erf
oranot
ebook
/Lapt
opPC.

Powersuppl
yuni
tandadapt
er
-Thoughc
omput
ersar
econne
cte
dtoAC(
Alt
ernat
i
ngCur
rent
)powe
rsuppl
y,i
nte
rnal
c
ompone
ntsr
equi
reDC(
Dir
ectCur
rent
)powe
r.
-
Thewor
koft
hepowe
rsuppl
yuni
tandt
headapt
eri
stoc
onv
ertACt
oDC.
PowerCabl
e-i
sus
edt
osuppl
ypowe
rtot
hemot
her
boar
dandot
heri
nte
rnalde
vis
es
i
nsi
det
hes
yst
emuni
t
.

Pe
riphe
ral
dev
icei
nte
rfac
ing
-Per
ipher
aldev
icei
nter
fac
ingr
efe
rst
oconne
cti
ngape
ri
phe
ralde
vic
etoac
omput
er
t
hroughpor
tsus
inge
it
herc
abl
esorwi
rel
essc
onne
cti
vi
ty
.
-A Por
t-i
sasocketont
hesy
stem uni
tint
owhi
chacabl
efr
om anext
ernal
per
ipher
aldev
ice l
i
ke mouse,key
boar
dis pl
ugged t
ofaci
l
itat
etr
ansf
erof
i
nfor
mat
ionbet
weent
hedev
iceandt
heCPU.
I
nter
faceCabl
e–l
i
nksal
lper
ipher
aldev
icest
othemot
her
boar
d.

TYPESOFI
NTERFACECABLES
a)Par
all
elI
nter
fac
eCabl
e
-
The
ytr
ans
miti
nfor
mat
i
ons
imul
t
ane
ous
lyus
ingas
etofmanyc
onduc
tor
s(wi
re
s).
Page59of59
I
CT Not
es
-
Itus
es8l
i
nest
otr
ans
mitdat
aatt
hes
amet
i
me,
iti
ssai
dtobean8-
bi
tpar
all
elc
abl
e.
-
Theadv
ant
ageoft
hisc
abl
eist
hatt
heyt
rans
mitdat
afas
terov
eras
hor
tdi
st
anc
e.
-
Itc
onne
ctst
oapar
all
eli
nte
rfac
epor
tcommonl
yre
fer
redt
oasLi
nePr
int
er(
LPT)
.
-Par
all
elc
abl
esar
eus
edt
oconne
ctpr
int
ers
,opt
i
cals
canne
rsands
omer
emov
abl
e
s
tor
agedr
iv
ess
uchasz
ipdr
iv
e.

b)Ser
ial
int
erf
aceCabl
e
-
The
ytr
ans
mitdat
aonebi
tatat
i
me.
-
The
yar
esl
owe
rthant
hepar
all
elc
abl
es.
-Al
t
hought
heyar
esl
owe
r,t
heyar
emor
ere
li
abl
ethant
hepar
all
elpor
tsbe
caus
ethe
ycan
s
uppor
tdat
atr
ans
mis
siont
ode
vic
esc
onne
cte
d15maway
.
-
Ser
ial
por
tsar
eal
sok
nownasCOMorRS232por
ts.
-Se
ri
alc
abl
esar
ege
ner
all
yus
edt
oconne
ctde
vic
ess
uchast
hemous
e,Mode
msand
s
omepr
int
ers
.

c
)Uni
ver
sal
ser
ial
bus(
USB)i
nter
fac
e
-Uni
ver
sals
eri
albusi
sane
wst
andar
dse
ri
ali
nte
rfac
ethati
sse
ttor
epl
acet
he
c
onv
ent
i
onal
par
all
elands
eri
alc
abl
esandpor
ts.
-Al
t
houghi
ttr
ans
mit
sonl
y1bi
tatat
i
me,i
tpr
ovi
desv
eryhi
gh-
spe
edandqual
i
tydat
a
t
rans
mis
sionov
erdi
st
anc
esofappr
oxi
mat
el
y5me
ter
s.
-
The
rear
etwot
ype
sofUSBsname
ly:
i
)Lows
pee
dUSB(
1.1)
i
i
)Re
lat
i
vel
yfas
terhi
ghs
pee
dUSB(
2.0)
.
-AUSBpor
tcanbeus
edt
oconne
ctasmanyas127pe
ri
phe
ralde
vic
est
oac
omput
er
dai
syc
hai
nedt
oas
ingl
epor
tknownast
her
oothub.

USBSy
mbol

d)Smal
lComput
erSy
stemI
nte
rfac
e(SCSI
)
-
The
ytr
ans
mitdat
ainpar
all
elbutar
efas
tert
hant
hepar
all
elc
abl
es.
-
Theadv
ant
ageoft
heSCSI
por
tist
hati
tal
l
owsc
onne
cti
onofmul
t
ipl
ede
vic
es.
Page60of60
I
CT Not
es

e)Per
sonal
Sys
tem 2(
PS/
2)I
nter
fac
e
-Or
igi
nal
l
y,mos
tcomput
ersus
edt
he5-
pi
nDI
Ntoc
onne
ctak
eyboar
dtot
hes
yst
em uni
t
butt
hes
mal
l
er6-
pi
nmi
ni
-DI
N(PS/
2)i
nte
rfac
ehasr
epl
ace
dthi
ste
chnol
ogy
.
-Cur
rent
l
ymos
tde
skt
opc
omput
ersc
omewi
t
htwoPS/
2por
ts,onef
ormous
eandt
he
ot
herf
ork
eyboar
d.

PS/
2Por
t
5–Pi
nDI
NPor
t

f
)Vi
deoGr
aphi
csAr
ray(
VGA)I
nter
face
-Theyar
eus
edt
oconnec
tmoni
tor
sanddat
apr
ojec
tor
s.
-Theyar
eshapedl
i
kel
ett
erDwi
th15Pi
nsor9Pi
ns.
g)Audi
oint
erf
ace
Audi
oint
erf
acei
sus
edt
oconne
cts
peak
ersandmi
cr
ophone
.
h)Fi
rewi
rei
nter
face
-Fi
rewi
reorI
EEE1394hast
hes
amef
eat
ure
sast
heUSBbutt
rans
mit
sdat
afas
tert
han
USB.
-
Iti
smos
tl
yus
edf
ors
tre
ami
ngv
ide
ofr
omadi
gi
tal
vide
ocame
ra.
i
)Inf
rar
ed
-I
nfr
are
d,al
sor
efe
rre
dtoasI
nfr
are
d,Dat
aAs
soc
iat
i
on(
Ir
DA)i
sawi
re
les
sint
erf
acet
hat
us
esi
nfr
are
dtoc
onne
ctt
oinf
rar
ed-
enabl
edde
vic
es.
-Communi
cat
i
oni
sov
ers
hor
tdi
st
anc
esandi
nli
ne-
of-
si
ghti
.
e.t
her
eshoul
dbeno
obs
truc
ti
onbe
twe
ent
hec
ommuni
cat
i
ngde
vic
es.
j
)Bl
uet
oot
h
-Bl
uet
oot
hisal
soawi
re
les
sint
erf
acet
hatus
ess
hor
tranger
adi
obr
oadc
astt
oconne
ctt
o
anyBl
uet
oot
h-e
nabl
edde
vic
e.
Page61of61
I
CT Not
es

Summar
yofSt
andar
dPor
t&I
nter
fac
esy
mbol
s

BASI
CCOMPUTERSETUPANDCABL
ING
Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ecaut
i
onss
houl
dbeobs
erv
edbe
for
eanys
etupac
ti
vi
tyi
scar
ri
edout
:
1.Di
sconnec
tal
ldev
icesf
rompowers
our
cebef
ores
tar
ti
ngt
owor
kont
hem.
2.Donotwor
konanyper
ipher
aldev
icewi
thoutt
hegui
danc
eoft
het
eac
her
.
3.Nev
erwor
kal
onebecausey
oumayneedhel
pincaseofane
mer
gen
cy.
4. Di
scha
rgea
nys
tat
i
cel
ect
ri
ci
tyt
hatmi
ghtha
vebui
l
tupont
heha
ndsbyt
ouc
hing
a
nea
rthe
dme
tal
l
icobj
ecta
ndt
henwe
ari
nga
nant
is
tat
i
cwr
istmember
.Thi
sis
be
caus
eyourbodyc
anhol
dasmuc
has200v
olt
sofs
tat
i
cchar
get
hatc
an
Page62of62
I
CT Not
es
damages
ens
it
iv
ecompone
ntsont
hemot
her
boar
d.

Tool
sandOt
herRe
qui
reme
nts
Toas
sembl
eanyc
omput
ers
yst
emy
oumayne
edt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
- Sc
rewdr
iv
ersofdi
ff
ere
nts
ize
s
- Ant
i
stat
i
cwr
is
tme
mbe
r
- Pl
i
ers
- De
vic
emanual
s
- De
vic
esdr
iv
ers(
Dev
ices
oft
war
e)e
tc.

Mount
ingI
nte
rnal
Dev
ice
s
-Ex
ter
nalde
vic
esar
econne
cte
dtot
hemot
her
boar
dthr
oughpor
ts,buti
nte
rnalde
vic
es
ar
econne
cte
dthr
oughs
lot
sands
ock
ets
.
-
Bef
orey
oumountanyde
vic
e,s
tudyt
hemanuf
act
ure
r'
smanual
car
eful
l
y.

Mount
ingHar
dDr
iv
esandOpt
ic
alDr
iv
es
-Har
ddi
sksandopt
i
caldr
iv
esar
econne
cte
dus
ingr
ibboni
nte
rfac
econne
ctor
sre
fer
red
t
oasc
ont
rol
l
ers
.
-
The
rear
ethr
eet
ype
sofc
ont
rol
l
ers
:
a)Enhanc
edI
nte
grat
edDr
iv
eEl
ect
roni
cs(
EIDE)
b)Se
ri
alAdv
anc
edTe
chnol
ogyAt
tac
hme
nt(
SATA)
c
)Smal
lComput
erSy
ste
mInt
erf
ace(
SCSI
)
-EI
DEandSATAar
ecommonl
yus
edonmos
tpe
rsonal
comput
erswhi
l
eSCSIi
sus
edon
s
erv
ers
.
-SATAi
sme
antt
obear
epl
ace
mentofbot
htheol
derPar
all
elATA(
PATA)andEI
DE
be
caus
eiti
smor
eef
fi
ci
entands
uppor
tshot
-swappi
ng.
-Hot
-swappi
ngme
anst
hatadr
iv
ecanber
emov
edori
nse
rte
dwhi
l
ethec
omput
eri
sst
i
ll
on.
-Eac
hEI
DEc
ont
rol
l
ers
uppor
tsupt
otwodr
iv
esonas
ingl
ecabl
e.Thi
sty
peofs
etupi
s
Page63of63
I
CT Not
es
c
all
edamas
ter
/sl
avec
onf
igur
ati
onbe
caus
eonec
ont
rol
l
erdi
rec
tst
heac
tiv
it
iesofbot
h
dr
iv
es.

TomountHar
ddi
skdr
iv
e,pr
oce
eda
sfol
l
ows
:
1. We
arant
i
stat
i
cwr
is
tme
mbe
rtodi
schar
geanys
tat
i
cchar
geont
hebody
.
2. De
ter
minewhi
chdr
iv
ewi
l
lbet
hemas
terandus
ethedr
iv
elabe
linf
ormat
i
ont
o
de
ter
minewhi
chj
umpe
rse
tti
ngst
ous
eforamas
teroras
lav
e.
3. Che
ckt
hataf
reedr
iv
ebayi
sav
ail
abl
e,s
li
det
hedi
ski
ntot
hatbayands
cre
witi
nto
pl
ace
.
4.Ens
uret
hatt
her
eisaf
reepowe
rconne
ctorf
rom t
hepowe
rsuppl
yuni
tandc
onne
cti
t
t
othedr
iv
e.
5. I
dent
i
fypi
n1asl
abe
ledont
hedr
iv
ess
ock
etandmat
chi
twi
t
hther
edorbr
own
c
ont
i
nuousl
i
neoft
her
ibbonc
abl
e.Mos
tcabl
eswi
l
lonl
yfi
ti
nonedi
rec
ti
on.
6. Conne
ctt
hei
nte
rfac
ecabl
etot
hedr
iv
e,t
heni
ntot
hec
ont
rol
l
ers
lotont
he
mot
her
boa
rd.
7.I
fi
nst
al
lat
i
oni
scompl
et
ere
plac
ethec
asi
ngc
ove
r.

I
nst
all
i
ngFl
oppyDr
iv
es
-Fl
oppydr
iv
esar
eins
tal
l
edt
hes
amewayast
heHar
ddi
skdr
iv
es,onl
ythatt
her
eisno
mas
ter
/sl
avec
onf
igur
ati
on.Howe
very
ouc
anat
tac
htwof
loppydr
iv
esont
hes
ame
r
ibbonc
abl
e.Onef
loppydr
iv
ewi
l
lbeaut
omat
i
cal
l
yas
signe
dle
tte
rA,
whi
l
etheot
herwi
l
l
bedr
iv
eB.

Conne
cti
ngEx
ter
nal
Dev
ice
s
Toc
onne
ctade
vic
etot
hes
yst
emuni
t
,youne
edt
oide
nti
fyi
t
spor
tandi
nte
rfac
ecabl
e.
1.Ge
ntl
yandc
are
ful
l
yconne
ctt
hei
nte
rfac
ecabl
eofe
achde
vic
etot
hec
orr
ectpor
tand
t
othede
vic
eifi
ti
snotal
readyf
ix
edpe
rmane
ntl
y
Page64of64
I
CT Not
es
2.Conne
ctt
hec
omput
ert
othepowe
rsour
ceands
wit
chi
ton.
3.Obs
erv
ebootupi
nfor
mat
i
onont
hes
cre
ent
ose
ewhe
the
rPowe
rOn-
Sel
fTe
st(
POST)
di
spl
aysanye
rrorme
ssage
.
4.As
ucc
ess
ful
bootme
anst
hatt
hec
omput
erwaspr
ope
rl
yse
tup.
Not
e:I
fthec
omput
eri
scompl
et
el
yne
w,pr
ogr
amshav
etobec
opi
ed(
ins
tal
l
ed)ont
he
har
ddi
sk.

Page65of65
I
CT Not
es
COMPUTERSOF
TWARE
-Sof
twar
eisas
etofi
nst
ruc
ti
onst
hate
nabl
esac
omput
ert
oope
rat
e.I
tisal
sok
nownas
pr
ogr
ams
.

Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionofComput
erSof
twar
e
a)Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
onac
cor
dingt
opur
pos
e
b)Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
onac
cor
dingt
oac
qui
si
ti
on
c
)Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
ona
ccor
di
ngt
oEn
d-Us
er-
Li
cen
se

a)Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionAc
cor
dingt
oPur
pos
e
-The
yar
epr
imar
il
yde
signe
dtomanaget
hehar
dwar
ere
sour
cesort
ohe
lpt
heus
er
ac
compl
i
shs
pec
ifi
ctas
ks.
-
Sof
twar
eac
cor
dingt
opur
pos
eisf
urt
herc
ate
gor
iz
edi
nto:
i
)Sy
ste
msof
twar
e
i
i
)Appl
i
cat
i
ons
oft
war
e.

i
)Sy
stemSof
twar
e
-I
tmanage
stheope
rat
i
onoft
hec
omput
erandmak
ess
uret
hatt
hec
omput
erwor
ks
e
ffi
ci
ent
l
y.
-
Itpe
rfor
msope
rat
i
onst
oav
ail
comput
err
esour
cest
otheus
er.
I
tsf
unc
ti
onsi
ncl
ude
:
1.Boot
i
ngt
hec
omput
erandmak
ings
uret
hatal
lt
hehar
dwar
eel
eme
ntsar
ewor
ki
ng
pr
ope
rl
y.
2.Pe
rfor
mingope
rat
i
onss
uchasr
etr
iev
ing,
loadi
ng,
exe
cut
i
ngands
tor
ingappl
i
cat
i
on
pr
ogr
ams
.
3.
Stor
ingandr
etr
ie
vingf
il
es.
4.
Per
for
mingav
ari
et
yofs
yst
emut
i
li
tyf
unc
ti
ons
.

Sy
ste
msof
twar
eisf
urt
hers
ubdi
vi
dedi
ntof
ours
ub-
cat
egor
iesname
ly:
1.
Ope
rat
i
ngs
yst
ems(
OS)
2.
Fir
mwar
e.
3.
Uti
l
it
ysof
twar
e.
Page66of66
I
CT Not
es
4.
Net
wor
ki
ngs
oft
war
e.

1.
Ope
rat
i
ngs
yst
ems(
OS)
-TheOSi
sthemai
npr
ogr
am t
hatc
ont
rol
sands
upe
rvi
sest
hee
xec
uti
onofus
er
appl
i
cat
i
onsandhar
dwar
ere
sour
ces
.
-
I
tac
tsasago-
bet
wee
n(i
nte
rfac
e)be
twe
ent
heappl
i
cat
i
onsandt
hec
omput
erhar
dwar
e.
-
Itmanage
sinput
,out
putands
tor
ageope
rat
i
onsi
nac
omput
er.
-
Exampl
esofc
ommonope
rat
i
ngs
yst
emsar
e:
-
Mic
ros
oftWi
ndows(
2000,
XP,
Vis
ta,
7,8e
tc)
-
UNI
X
-
Linux
-
Mac
int
osh(
MacOS)
,et
c

2.
Fir
mwa
re
-I
tisac
ombi
nat
i
onofbot
hthes
oft
war
eandhar
dwar
ere
cor
dedpe
rmane
ntl
yon
e
lec
troni
cchi
ps.
-
Fir
mwar
eisal
sor
efe
rre
dtoass
tor
edl
ogi
c.
-I
tisar
ead-
onl
yme
mor
ychi
p(Cont
ent
scannotbec
hange
d)t
hati
smount
edorpl
ugge
d
i
ntot
hemot
her
boar
d.Re
ad-
onl
yme
mor
yme
anst
hati
t
scont
ent
scannotbec
hange
d.
-
Itmayhol
danope
rat
i
ngs
yst
em,
uti
l
it
ypr
ogr
ams
,languagepr
oce
ssor
set
c.

3.
Uti
l
it
ysof
twa
re
-I
tisas
pec
ialpr
ogr
am t
hatmanage
scomput
erf
il
es,r
epai
rsc
omput
erpr
obl
emsand
mak
est
hec
omput
err
unmor
eef
fi
ci
ent
l
y.
-I
tpe
rfor
ms c
ommonl
y us
eds
erv
ice
sli
kes
ort
i
ng,c
opy
ing,f
il
e handl
i
ng,di
sk
manage
mente
tc.
Ther
ear
etwobas
ict
ypesofut
il
i
tys
oft
war
e:
a)Sy
stem-
l
evelut
il
i
ty-The
sehe
lpt
heus
ert
owor
kwi
t
htheope
rat
i
ngs
yst
em andi
t
s
f
unc
ti
ons
.Fore
xampl
e,aut
i
li
tys
oft
war
ete
ll
stheus
erwhe
nhe
/shee
nte
rsawr
ong
c
ommandandgi
vess
ugge
sti
onshowt
hee
rrorc
anbec
orr
ect
ed.
Page67of67
I
CT Not
es
b)Appl
i
cat
ion-
l
evelut
il
i
ty-The
semak
eappl
i
cat
i
onpr
ogr
amsr
unmor
eef
fi
ci
ent
l
yand
s
moot
hly
.
Ot
hercommonut
il
it
yPr
ogr
amsar
e:
-Textedi
tor–Usedt
oty
pet
extwi
thoutanyspeci
alf
ormat
.E.
g.Li
needi
tor
andScr
eenedi
tor
.
-Li
nkerandLoader–Li
nkeraccept
ssepar
atel
ytr
ansl
atedmodul
esasi
nput
s
and combi
nes t
hem i
nto one l
ogi
calmodul
e.Loadert
ransf
erst
he l
oad
modul
eoft
hel
i
nkerf
rom st
oraget
omai
nmemor
yforexecut
ion.
-Languaget
ransl
ator– Usedt
oconv
ertsour
cecodeofapr
ogr
ammi
ng
l
anguaget
oobj
ectcode.
-Sor
t&Mer
geut
il
it
y–Sor
tut
il
it
yar
rangesr
ecor
dsi
naf
il
etopr
edet
ermi
ned
sequence.Mer
geut
il
it
yisusedt
ocombi
net
woormor
einputf
il
esi
ntoone
out
putf
il
e.
-Di
agnost
ict
ool
s-Usedt
odet
ectandcor
rectsy
stem er
ror
s.E.
g.Nor
ton
Ut
il
it
ies,
PCTool
s,QAPl
us,
Dr.Wat
sonet
c.
4.Net
wor
ki
ngs
oft
war
e
-I
tisus
edt
oes
tabl
i
shc
ommuni
cat
i
onbe
twe
ent
woormor
ecomput
ersbyl
i
nki
ngt
hem
us
ingac
ommuni
cat
i
onc
hanne
lli
kec
abl
est
ocr
eat
eac
omput
erne
twor
k.
-
Ite
nabl
ese
xchangeofdat
ainane
twor
kaswe
llaspr
ovi
di
ngdat
ase
cur
it
y.
-Ne
twor
ki
ngs
oft
war
emayc
omeasi
nde
pende
nts
oft
war
eori
nte
grat
edi
nanope
rat
i
ng
s
yst
em.
Ane
xampl
eofne
twor
ki
ngs
oft
war
eisnov
elNe
twar
e.

i
i
)Appl
i
cat
ions
oft
war
e
-
Appl
i
cat
i
ons
oft
war
e,al
sok
nownasappl
i
cat
i
onpac
kage
sar
epr
ogr
amst
hatar
ede
signe
d
t
ohe
lpt
heus
erac
compl
i
shs
pec
if
ict
ask
s.
-Exampl
esofAppl
i
cat
ions
oft
war
eincl
ude:Wor
dPr
ocessor
s,Spr
eadsheet
s,Deskt
op
Publ
i
shi
ng(
DTP)
,Dat
abases,
Comput
erAi
dedDesi
gn(
CAD)
,Gr
aphi
cssof
twar
e,
Pr
esent
ati
onsof
twar
e,et
c.

Page68of68
I
CT Not
es

-Thet
abl
ebel
owgi
vesasummar
yofappl
i
cat
ionpackages.
Appl
icat
ionsof
twar
e Exampl
es Uses
Wor
dPr
ocessor
s - Mi
crosof
t wor
d, - Wor
d Usedf
ort
ypi
ngdocument
s
per
fect
,-Wor
dPr
o,-Lot
us,
etc l
i
kel
ett
ers.
Spr
eadsheet
s -Mi
crosof
tExcel
,-Lot
us123, Usedi
nper
for
ming
-Quat
tr
oPr
o,-Vi
siCal
c,- mat
hemat
ical
cal
cul
ati
ons.
Sage,
-Qui
ckBooks,
etc

Deskt
opPubl
i
shi
ng(
DTP) -Mi
crosof
tPubl
i
sher
, Used f
or desi
gni
ng
-AdobePageMaker
, publ
i
cat
ions l
i
ke
-AdobeI
nDesi
gn, Newspaper
s,Cal
endar
set
c.
-Pr
intShopEnsembl
e,
-Fr
ameMaker
,-Quar
kXPr
ess,
-I
nter
leaf
,et
c
Dat
abases -Mi
crosof
tAccess,
-FoxBASE Usedf
orkeepi
ngr
ecor
ds.
-Par
adox,
-My
SQL,
-Or
acl
e,
-Sy
base,
-Inf
ormi
x,-I
ngr
ess,
-FoxPr
o,-Dbase,
etc
Comput
erAi
dedDesi
gn -Aut
oCAD, Usedi
ntechni
cal
drawi
ng
(
CAD) -Sol
i
dWor
ks,
etc
Gr
aphi
cssof
twar
e -Cor
elDr
aw,
-Phot
oshop,
etc Usedi
ndesi
gni
ngand
mani
pul
ati
nggr
aphi
cs
Pr
esent
ati
onsof
twar
e -Mi
crosof
tPower
Poi
nt, Usedt
odev
elop
-Fr
eel
anceGr
aphi
cs,
etc pr
esent
ati
onsonsl
i
desor
ov
erheadt
ranspar
enci
es.

Page69of69
I
CT Not
es
b)Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionAc
cor
dingt
oAc
qui
si
ti
on
-
Sof
twar
eac
cor
dingt
oac
qui
si
ti
onc
anbec
ate
gor
iz
edi
nto:
i
)I
n-
hous
ede
vel
ope
dsof
twar
e
i
i
)Ve
ndorof
f-
the
-she
lfs
oft
war
e(St
andar
dsof
twar
e)
i
)In-
hous
edev
elopeds
oft
war
e
-The
sear
epr
ogr
amst
hatar
euni
que
lyde
signe
dandt
ai
lor
edt
ome
etapar
ti
cul
arus
er'
s
ne
eds
.
-Fore
xampl
e,abankmayde
cidet
omanagei
t
sbank
ingope
rat
i
onsus
ingauni
que
pr
ogr
am de
vel
ope
dbyhi
redpr
ogr
amme
rst
ojus
tme
ett
hene
edsoft
hatbankonl
yand
notot
herbank
s.
-The
sepr
ogr
amsar
enotav
ail
abl
eins
hopsandonc
ede
vel
ope
dforapar
ti
cul
ar
c
ompany
/or
gani
zat
i
on/us
ermaynotne
ces
sar
il
yme
ett
hene
edsofot
herus
ers
.

i
i
)Ve
ndorof
f-
the
-she
lfs
oft
war
e/St
andar
dSof
twar
e
-The
yar
ede
vel
ope
dbys
oft
war
eengi
nee
rs,pac
kage
dandt
henmadeav
ail
abl
efor
pur
chas
ethr
oughav
endor
,adi
st
ri
but
orordi
re
ctl
yfr
omt
hede
vel
ope
r.
-Ade
vel
ope
rmaybundl
emor
ethanonebutc
los
elyr
el
at
eds
oft
war
eint
oonepac
kaget
o
f
ormas
uit
eori
ntegr
ateds
oft
war
easoppos
edt
osi
ngl
e-
pur
pos
esof
twar
e.
-Ani
ntegr
ateds
oft
war
ecombi
ness
eve
ralge
ner
alpur
pos
eappl
i
cat
i
onsi
ntoas
ingl
e
pac
kage
.
-
Exampl
esofs
uit
esar
e:
-
Lot
usSui
t
e
-Mi
cr
osof
t-
Off
ice
-
Cor
elOf
fi
ce
Ex
ampl
esofs
ingl
epur
pos
ear
e:
-Qui
ckBook
s
-
SagePas
tel
.
Thet
erm pac
kagei
ssome
ti
mesus
edt
ore
fert
othos
ety
pesofs
oft
war
ethatar
e
pac
kage
dands
oldbyv
endor
s.
Adv
ant
agesofs
tandar
dsof
twar
e(Ve
ndorof
f-
the
-she
lf)ov
ert
hei
n-
hous
edev
eloped
s
oft
war
e
1.The
ycane
asi
l
ybei
nst
al
le
dandr
un.
Page70of70
I
CT Not
es
2.The
yar
eche
ape
rthani
n-
hous
ede
vel
ope
dsof
twar
e.
3.The
yar
ere
adi
l
yav
ail
abl
eforal
mos
tanyt
ask
.
4.Mi
norornoe
rror
ssi
ncet
heyar
ethor
oughl
yte
ste
d.
5.The
ycane
asi
l
ybemodi
fi
edt
ome
etus
er'
sne
eds
.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofVe
ndorof
f-
the
-she
lfs
oft
war
e
1.The
ymayhav
esomef
eat
ure
snotne
ede
dbyt
heus
erwhi
chmayt
akee
xtr
a
s
tor
age
.
2.The
ymayr
equi
ret
heus
ert
ochangepr
oce
sse
sandhar
dwar
eforc
ompat
i
bil
i
ty
whi
chmayi
ntur
nbee
xpe
nsi
ve.
3.
The
ymayl
acks
omef
eat
ure
sre
qui
re
dbyt
heus
er.

c
)Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
ona
ccor
di
ngt
oEnd-
Use
r-L
ice
nse(
EUL
)
-
Sof
twar
eac
cor
dingt
oEnd-
Use
r-Li
cens
e(EUL)i
scat
egor
iz
edi
nto:
i
)Ope
nsour
ce(
non-
propr
ie
tar
ysof
twar
e)
i
i
)Pr
opr
iet
arys
oft
war
e
i
i
i)Fr
eewar
e.
i
)Opens
our
ceornon-
propr
iet
arys
oft
war
e
-i
ssof
twar
ewhos
esour
cec
odei
smadeav
ail
abl
etous
ersf
orf
ree
.
-
Theus
ersmayus
e,modi
fyanddi
st
ri
but
ethemodi
fi
eds
oft
war
e.
-
Exampl
esi
ncl
ude
:Li
nuxOpe
rat
i
ngs
yst
em
i
i
)Pr
opr
iet
arys
oft
war
e
-
iss
oft
war
ewhos
esour
cec
odei
shi
dde
nfr
omus
ers
.
-
Modi
fi
cat
i
onsar
eonl
ymadebyt
hes
oft
war
emanuf
act
ure
r.
-
Propr
iet
arys
oft
war
emaybel
i
cens
edt
ous
ersataf
eeorappl
i
edf
ree
ly.
-
Exampl
esi
ncl
ude
:-Mi
cr
osof
tOpe
rat
i
ngSy
ste
m
-
Mic
ros
oftOf
fi
ce
-
AdobePage
Mak
er
-
Cor
elDr
awSui
t
e
i
i
i)Fr
eewar
e
-
Isaf
ormofPr
opr
iet
arys
oft
war
ewhi
chi
sfr
eel
ymadeav
ail
abl
etot
heus
er.
-
Mos
tfr
eewar
emaybemal
i
cious
,andt
her
efor
etak
ecaut
i
onwhe
nac
qui
ri
ngone
.
Ex
ampl
esi
ncl
ude
: -
Avas
tFr
eeEdi
t
ionAnt
i
vir
us
Page71of71
I
CT Not
es
-
AVGFr
eeEdi
t
ionAnt
i
vir
us

CRI
TERI
AFORSEL
ECTI
NGACOMPUTERSYSTEM
Be
for
epur
chas
ingac
omput
er,har
dwar
eors
oft
war
ere
sour
ces
,iti
sadv
isabl
etodoa
r
equi
re
mentanal
ysi
sofal
lther
equi
reme
ntsne
ces
sar
yinor
dert
obal
anc
ebe
twe
enc
ost
andus
erne
eds
.Re
qui
re
ment
sanal
ysi
sinv
olv
e,i
dent
i
fyi
ngus
erne
eds
,har
dwar
eand
s
oft
war
eev
aluat
i
ng.

HARDWARECONSI
DERATI
ONS
The
rear
eanumbe
roff
act
orsy
oune
edt
oputi
ntoc
ons
ide
rat
i
onbe
for
eac
qui
ri
nga
c
omput
erorhar
dwar
eac
ces
sor
ie
s.
1)Mi
cropr
oces
sort
ypeands
peed
-Thepr
oce
ssi
ngpowe
r,s
pee
dandc
ostofac
omput
ermai
nl
yde
pendsont
het
ypeofa
mi
cr
opr
oce
ssorandi
t
scl
ocks
pee
d.
-
Cons
ide
ranac
cept
abl
espe
edt
hatme
etst
heus
err
equi
reme
ntsataf
airpr
ic
e.
2)Me
mor
yCapac
it
y
-Theme
mor
ycapac
it
yofac
omput
erde
ter
mine
swhatope
rat
i
ngs
yst
em andappl
i
cat
i
on
pr
ogr
amsc
anbei
nst
al
le
d.
-
Acomput
ermi
ghtbehav
ingaPr
oce
ssorwi
t
hve
ryhi
ghs
pee
d,buti
tmaype
rfor
mpoor
ly
i
fi
thasl
owme
mor
ycapac
it
y.
-
Whe
npur
chas
ingaComput
erorme
mor
ymodul
esf
orupgr
adec
ons
ide
rthef
oll
owi
ng:
:
a)Thet
ypeofme
mor
ypac
kagee
.g.
DDR,
DDRI
I
b)Av
ail
abi
l
it
yofe
mpt
yme
mor
ysl
ot
c
)Capac
it
yofme
mor
ymodul
ese
.g.
128MB,
256MBe
tc
d)Compat
i
bil
i
tywi
t
hot
herModul
esi
ncas
eofupgr
ade
3)War
rant
y
-Thi
sist
heagr
eeme
ntbe
twe
ent
hes
ell
erandt
hebuy
ert
hats
pel
l
soutt
het
ermsand
c
ondi
t
ionsofmai
ntai
ni
ng/r
epl
aci
ngt
hepr
oduc
taf
ters
ale
.
-
Agoodwar
rant
yshoul
dcov
er:
a)
.Sc
opeofc
ove
re.
g.Si
xmont
hs,
oney
ear
,et
c
b)
.Cal
l
outr
espons
eandl
i
abi
l
it
yagr
eeme
nt–r
epai
rorr
epl
acec
ost
.
c
).Pr
eve
nti
vemai
nte
nanc
e.
Page72of72
I
CT Not
es
4)Cos
t
-I
tisi
mpor
tantt
omak
eamar
kets
urv
eyf
rom Ne
wspape
rs,
Magaz
ine
s,andVe
ndor
sto
c
ompar
epr
ic
esbe
for
epur
chas
ingac
omput
er.
-I
tisi
mpor
tantal
sot
oknowwhatk
indofc
omput
ery
ouar
ebuy
ing,i
.
e.i
sitabr
ande
d
c
omput
erorac
lone
.
-Abr
andedc
omput
er;
all
it
scompone
ntsar
efr
om onemanuf
act
ure
randi
thasnotbe
en
t
ampe
redwi
t
h.Somebr
andsar
eIBM,
Compaq,
HPe
tc.
-A Cl
oneComput
er;i
t
scompone
ntshav
ebe
enas
sembl
edt
oge
the
rpe
rhapsf
rom
di
ff
ere
ntmanuf
act
ure
rs.Ac
lonemaywor
kwe
ll
,butt
hec
ompone
ntsar
enotopt
i
miz
ed
t
owor
kwi
t
heac
hot
her
.
-
Clone
sar
eus
ual
l
yche
ape
rthanBr
ande
dcomput
ers
.
-
Thec
ostofac
omput
erde
pendson:
a)ThePr
oce
ssorSpe
ed
b)TheRAMCapac
it
y
c
)TheHar
dDi
skCapac
it
y
d)Whe
the
riti
saCl
oneorBr
ande
d
e
)It
sPor
tabi
l
it
y–Lapt
opsar
emor
eex
pens
ivet
hanDe
skt
ops

5)Upgr
adabi
l
it
yandCompat
ibi
l
it
y
Thehar
dwar
eboughtmus
tbec
ompat
i
bleac
ros
spl
atf
ormsande
asi
l
yupgr
adabl
e.

6)Por
tabi
l
it
y
Cons
ide
rift
hec
omput
erc
anbee
asi
l
ymov
edf
rom onepoi
ntt
oanot
her
.Lapt
opsc
an
e
asi
l
ybemov
edar
oundt
hanDe
skt
ops
.

7)Us
erne
eds
Cons
ide
rhowt
hec
omput
erwi
l
lbeus
edandi
fsomephy
sic
all
ychal
l
enge
dpe
opl
ewi
l
l
us
eit
,i
tmus
thav
efe
atur
esf
ors
uch.
E.g.
Brai
l
leKe
yboar
dfort
heBl
i
nd.

8)Moni
tor
-Cons
ide
rthet
ypeofmoni
t
ory
oune
edde
pendi
ngons
ize
,re
sol
uti
onandt
echnol
ogy
us
edoni
t
.Whe
the
riti
sCRTorTFTe
tc.
Page73of73
I
CT Not
es

9)Mul
ti
medi
acapabi
l
it
y
-Mul
t
ime
diar
efe
rst
otheabi
l
it
yforac
omput
ert
opr
oce
ssandout
putt
ext
,sound,
vide
o
andpi
ct
ure
s.-Amul
t
ime
dias
yst
em wi
l
lcons
istofs
peak
ers
,CD/
DVDdr
iv
e,s
oundc
ards
andaSVGAmoni
t
or.

Ot
herc
ons
ider
ati
ons
The
sei
ncl
udeav
ail
abl
epor
ts,
wir
el
essc
onne
cti
vi
tyandt
hes
yst
em uni
tde
sign(
Towe
ror
De
skt
op)
.

SOF
TWARECONSI
DERATI
ONS
Thef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orss
houl
dbec
ons
ide
redwhe
nse
lec
ti
ngs
oft
war
e:
1)Aut
hent
ic
it
y
-
Thi
sist
hege
nui
nene
ss,
val
i
dit
yand/orl
egi
t
imac
yofani
t
em.
-Anor
igi
nal
copyofs
oft
war
eisac
compani
edbyt
hede
vel
ope
r’
sli
cens
eandc
ert
i
fic
ateof
aut
hent
i
cit
y.
-
Iti
sil
l
egal
topr
oduc
epi
rat
edc
opi
esofs
ome
body
’ss
oft
war
e.

2)Doc
ument
ati
on
I
tre
fer
stot
hemanual
s/book
letpr
epar
edbyt
hede
vel
ope
rhav
ingde
tai
l
sonhow t
o
i
nst
all
,us
eandmai
ntai
nthes
oft
war
e.

3)Us
erne
eds
Us
erne
edsdi
ct
ate
sthet
ypeofope
rat
i
ngs
yst
em andappl
i
cat
i
onpr
ogr
amsones
houl
d
hav
e.E.
g.wene
edMi
cr
osof
tOf
fi
cei
nsc
hool
sforl
ear
ning,
Bank
swi
l
lre
qui
reac
count
i
ng
s
oft
war
efort
hei
rac
ti
vi
ti
es,phy
sic
all
ychal
l
enge
d pe
opl
e mayr
equi
res
oft
war
eto
r
ecogni
zev
oic
einput
,et
c.

4)Rel
i
abi
l
it
yands
ecur
it
y
-Agoods
oft
war
eshoul
dhav
ese
cur
it
yme
chani
smt
opr
ote
ctdat
afr
om i
l
legalac
ces
s.
E.
g.abl
etous
epas
swor
dsandl
og-
i
nac
count
s.
-
Dat
ase
cur
it
yispar
amount
.Cons
ide
rse
cur
it
yfe
atur
esoft
hes
oft
war
e.
Page74of74
I
CT Not
es

5)Us
erf
ri
endl
i
nes
s
-
Thi
sisame
asur
eofhowe
asi
l
ytheus
erc
anope
rat
ethec
omput
er.
-
Agoods
oft
war
ewi
l
lhav
etheWI
MPf
eat
ure
;i.
e.
W –HasaWi
ndow(
AFr
amel
i
keI
nte
rfac
e)
I
–HasI
consr
epr
ese
nti
ngc
ommands
,Fi
l
esorf
olde
rs.
M–HasaMenuofc
ommandst
ochoos
efr
om
P–Us
esaPoi
nti
ngde
vic
etos
ele
ctc
ommands
6)Cos
t
Thec
ostmus
tbec
ons
ide
redbe
for
ebuy
ingapr
ogr
am agai
nstt
hebe
nef
it
sthati
ti
sli
kel
y
t
obr
ing.
7)Compat
ibi
l
it
yands
yst
emc
onf
igur
ati
on
As
oft
war
epr
oduc
tmus
tbec
ompat
i
blewi
t
hthee
xis
ti
nghar
dwar
e,ope
rat
i
ngs
yst
em or
appl
i
cat
i
onpr
ogr
amsands
houl
dbeupgr
adabl
e.
8)Por
tabi
l
it
y
Sof
twar
epor
tabi
l
it
yist
hec
apabi
l
it
yoft
hes
oft
war
etobei
nst
al
le
dinmor
ethanone
c
omput
er.

Page75of75
I
CT Not
es
OPERATI
NGSYSTEM (
OS)
-TheOSi
sthemai
npr
ogr
ammet
hatcont
rol
stheexecut
ionofuserappl
i
cat
ions
andenabl
est
heusert
oaccesshar
dwar
eorsof
twar
eresour
ces.
-TheOS t
her
efor
esuper
visesal
ltheot
herPr
ogr
ammesi
nthecomput
erand
managesaccesst
othehar
dwar
e.

User(
RunsAppl
i
cat
ionPr
ogr
ams)

Appl
icat
ionSof
twar
e(Sendsuserr
equest
stoO.
S)

Oper
ati
ngSy
stem (
Recei
vesandexecut
esr
equest
s)

Har
dwar
e(Recei
vesandper
for
msO.
Scommands)

Resour
cesundert
heCont
rolofOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
O.S)
1.Pr
ocessor
2.Mai
nMemor
y(R.
A.M)
3.I
nput
/out
putdev
icesandpor
ts.
4.Communi
cat
iondev
icesandpor
ts
5.Secondar
yst
oragedev
ices

1.Pr
ocessor
-I
texecut
est
askscal
l
edpr
ocesses.
-TheOSar
rangest
het
asksaccor
dingt
opr
ior
it
yandhast
heabi
l
ityt
ost
opa
par
ti
cul
art
askt
oal
l
owt
hepr
ocessort
oser
viceanot
herone.

Page76of76
I
CT Not
es
2.Mai
nmemor
y
-TheOSdet
ermi
neswhi
cht
askwi
l
lremai
ninmai
nmemor
yawai
ti
ngexecut
ionand
whi
chonewoul
dbesentbackt
osecondar
yst
oraget
owai
t.
-TheOSi
susual
l
yinst
all
edi
nthehar
ddi
skandmustbel
oadedt
oRAM dur
ingt
he
boot
ingpr
ocess.
NB:I
tisonl
yasmal
lspeci
alpar
toft
heOSt
hati
sloadedt
oRAM dur
ingboot
ing
pr
ocessbecausei
tcont
ainst
hemostnecessar
ycommandsandpr
ocedur
esf
ort
he
boot
ingpr
ocess.
Thi
sspeci
alpar
tiscal
l
edt
heker
nel
.

3.I
nput
/out
putdev
icesandpor
ts
-TheOScont
rol
sal
lthedat
ainputandi
nfor
mat
ionout
putt
asks.
-TheOScont
rol
sthef
low ofdat
afr
om t
het
imeofi
nputt
othet
imet
heuser
r
ecei
vesi
tasi
nfor
mat
ion.
-I
tal
soensur
est
hatt
her
ightdat
areachest
hepr
ocessoratt
her
ightt
ime.
-TheOSal
sodef
inest
hev
ari
ousi
nput
/out
putpor
tsf
oundont
hecomput
ere.
g.t
he
pr
int
erpor
t,USBpor
tet
c.

4.Communi
cat
iondev
icesandpor
ts
-TheOScont
rol
stheov
eral
lcommuni
cat
ionpr
ocessbet
weenv
ari
oust
asksand
comput
ers.
-Communi
cat
ioncanei
therbeext
ernalori
nter
nalwher
ebyt
hecomput
ersy
stem
sendsandr
ecei
vesmessagesf
rom v
ari
ousdev
icesandPr
ogr
ammes.
-Ext
ernalcommuni
cat
ioncanbeachi
evedbyconnect
inganext
ernaldev
icet
oa
communi
cat
ionpor
tusi
ngcabl
esorwi
rel
esscommuni
cat
ion.

5.Secondar
yst
oragedev
ices
-TheOSmanagest
hest
orageandr
etr
iev
alofdat
aonsecondar
yst
oragedev
ices.
-I
tal
sout
il
izest
hef
reespaceonhar
ddi
skst
oenhancet
heper
for
manceoft
he
comput
erby t
empor
ari
l
y hol
ding t
asks on i
tthatwer
ein R.
A.M r
eady f
or
pr
ocessi
ngbuthav
etowai
tforsomet
ime.

Page77of77
I
CT Not
es

Page78of78
I
CT Not
es
FUNCTI
ONSOFOPERATI
NGSYSTEM (
OS)
1.JobSchedul
i
ng
2.JobSequenci
ng
3.Er
rorHandl
i
ng
4.I
nput
/Out
putHandl
i
ng
5.I
nter
ruptHandl
i
ng
6.Resour
cecont
rol& Al
l
ocat
ion
7.Memor
yManagement

1.Jobschedul
ing/Pr
ocessorschedul
ing
-TheOSdet
ermi
neswhi
cht
askt
obepr
ocessedf
ir
standmakessur
ethatt
heone
whi
chi
scur
rent
lybei
ngpr
ocessedi
scl
osel
ymoni
tor
edt
oav
oidwast
ingt
imei
n
t
hepr
ocessor
.
-TheOSschedul
es,cont
rol
sandmoni
tor
sthet
askssubmi
tt
edf
orexecut
iont
o
ensur
ethemostef
fi
cientpr
ocessi
ng.
-TheO.
Sschedul
esj
obsaccor
dingt
opr
ior
it
ies;t
hehi
ghert
hepr
ior
it
y,t
hehi
gher
t
hel
i
kel
i
hoodofbei
ngal
l
ocat
edCPUt
ime.

2.Jobsequenci
ng
-TheOSkeepsal
i
stofj
obsort
askscur
rent
lybei
ngr
unandcl
ockst
hem i
nandout
oft
hepr
ocessor
.
-I
tar
rangest
heset
asksi
napar
ti
cul
aror
dert
omakei
teasyf
ort
hepr
ocessort
o
execut
ethem andt
oknowhowandwhent
ofet
chi
nst
ruct
ionsf
oreacht
ask.

3.Er
rorhandl
ing
-TheOSpr
ovi
deser
rorcor
rect
ionr
out
inest
oensur
esmoot
hoper
ati
onswi
thi
nthe
C.
P.Uandpossi
blymakesuggest
ionsonhowt
ocor
rectt
heer
ror
s.
-TheOSdoest
hisbymoni
tor
ingt
hest
atusoft
hecomput
ersy
stem andper
for
ming
er
rorchecksonbot
hthehar
dwar
eandsof
twar
e.

4.I
nput
/out
puthandl
ing
-TheOSco-
ordi
nat
est
hei
nputorout
putdev
icesandot
herper
ipher
alsmaki
ngsur
e
Page79of79
I
CT Not
es
t
hatdat
afl
owspr
oper
lybet
weent
hem andsor
ti
ngoutanypossi
bleconf
usi
on.
-TheOSal
sogov
ernst
hei
nputandout
putofdat
aandt
heal
l
ocat
ion,st
orageand
r
etr
iev
als.

5.I
nter
rupthandl
ing
-Ani
nter
rupti
sabr
eakf
rom nor
malsequent
ialpr
ocessi
ngofi
nst
ruct
ionsi
na
pr
ogr
amme.
-TheOSdet
ermi
nest
hecauseoft
hei
nter
ruptandt
ransf
erst
hecont
rolt
othemost
appr
opr
iat
epr
ogr
amme.
-Anext
ernalr
equestcausest
hepr
ocessort
ost
opexecut
ingcur
rentt
asksanddo
somet
hingel
sebef
orer
etur
ningt
hecont
rolbackt
othepr
ocesst
hatwasi
nit
ial
l
y
i
nter
rupt
ed.
-Eachhar
dwar
edev
icecommuni
cat
est
othepr
ocessorusi
ngaspeci
aluni
que
numbercal
l
edI
RQ(
Int
err
uptRequestNumber
)

6.Memor
ymanagement
-Al
lthedat
aandi
nst
ruct
ionsmustbet
empor
ari
l
yhel
dint
hemai
nmemor
ybef
ore
andaf
terpr
ocessi
ng.
-TheOSt
her
efor
eor
gani
zest
hemai
nmemor
yint
obl
ocksofsi
zescal
l
edpage
f
rames.
-Pr
ocessesar
edi
vi
dedequal
l
yint
opi
ecest
hatcanf
iti
ntof
ramescal
l
edpages.
-TheO.
Sswaps/exchangespagesbet
weent
hemai
nmemor
yandt
hesecondar
y
st
orage.
-Whent
hehar
ddi
ski
susedt
ohol
dthepagesi
tisr
efer
redt
oasav
irt
ual
memor
y.
-The OS const
ant
ly assi
gns t
he mai
n memor
y st
orage pages t
o dat
a and
i
nst
ruct
ions.
-Toaccessapi
eceofdat
aori
nst
ruct
iont
heOSknowshowt
ofi
ndeachpi
eceof
dat
aori
nst
ruct
ionsasl
ongast
hecor
rectaddr
essort
hepagei
sused.

7.Resour
cecont
rolandal
locat
ion
-Resour
cecont
rolandal
l
ocat
iondet
ermi
neswhi
cht
askusesapar
ti
cul
arr
esour
ce
andatwhatt
ime.
Page80of80
I
CT Not
es
-I
nor
derf
ort
hepr
ocessort
orecogni
zeandpr
ior
it
izet
heuseandr
equestf
or
r
esour
cesi
tgi
veseachr
esour
ceauni
quei
dent
if
icat
ionnumbercal
l
edanI
nter
rupt
Request(
IRQ)
.
-TheO.
Susest
heI
RQnumbert
oident
if
yther
esour
cebei
ngr
equest
ed.
-Whent
wot
asksr
equestt
ouset
hesamer
esour
ceatt
hesamet
imet
henonewi
th
hi
gherpr
ior
it
yint
err
upti
sgr
ant
edcont
rol
.
-Whent
woormor
etasksr
equestf
orasi
ngl
eresour
ceatt
hesamet
ime,
aconf
li
ct
occur
sleadi
ngt
odeadl
ock.
-Deadl
ocki
sasi
tuat
ionwher
eashar
edr
esour
cei
sbei
ngr
equest
edbyt
woormor
e
pr
ocessesatt
hesamet
ime.
-Conf
li
ctoccur
swhent
woormor
eresour
ceshav
eacommonI
RQ.
-NB:exampl
esofr
esour
cest
hatcanbeshar
edi
ncl
ude:Pr
ocessor
,Memor
yar
eas
pr
otect
edagai
nstmodi
fi
cat
ion,
Readonl
yfi
l
eset
c.

TYPESOFOPERATI
NGSYSTEM (
OS)
OScanbecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
o:
1.Numberoft
asks
2.Numberofuser
s
3.UserI
nter
face

1.CLASSSI
FICATI
ONACCORDI
NGTONUMBEROFTASKS
a)Si
ngl
e-Taski
ngOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
Singl
ePr
ogr
am OS)
-TheOSal
l
owsonl
yonepr
ogr
am atat
imet
oruni
nthecomput
er.
-Thi
smeanst
hatt
heusercanonl
yrunonei
nter
act
ivepr
ogr
am atat
ime.Theuser
mustex
itf
rom t
hepr
ogr
am bef
orel
oadi
ngandr
unni
nganot
herpr
ogr
am e.
g.MS
DOS(
Micr
osof
tDi
skOper
ati
ngsy
stem)

b)Mul
ti
-Taski
ngOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
Mul
ti
-pr
ogr
ammi
ngOS)
-I
tal
l
owsasi
ngl
eCPUt
oexecut
emor
ethanonepr
ogr
am att
hesamet
ime.
-TheC.
P.U swi
tchesi
tsat
tent
ionbet
weenpr
ogr
amsasi
trecei
vesr
equest
sfor
pr
ocessi
ng,execut
ingst
atement
sfr
om onepr
ogr
am t
henf
rom anot
herpr
ogr
am
usi
ngt
heconceptofgi
vi
ngat
imesl
i
cef
oreachpr
ogr
am.
Page81of81
I
CT Not
es
-Thi
sswi
tchi
ngofat
tent
ioni
ssof
astt
hati
tappear
sasi
fthepr
ogr
amsar
ebei
ng
execut
edsi
mul
taneousl
y.
-MostGr
aphi
cal
UserI
nter
facesar
emul
tit
aski
nge.
g.Wi
ndowsVer
sions
(
95/
98/
2000/
2003/
XP/
Vist
a,7)
,Li
nuxet
c.

2.CLASSI
FICATI
ONACCORDI
NGTOTHENUMBEROFUSERS
a)Si
ngl
e-UserOper
ati
ngSy
stem
-I
tal
l
owsonl
yoneuseratat
imet
oaccesst
hecomput
er.E.
g.MSDOS.
b)Mul
ti
-UserOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
Mul
ti
-accessoper
ati
ngsy
stem)
-I
tal
l
owsmor
ethanoneusert
oint
eract
ivel
yaccessacomput
eratt
hesamet
ime.
-Exampl
esoft
hesear
e:Nov
ell
,UNI
X,Li
nux,
andWi
ndowsNT/
2000

3.CLASSI
FICATI
ONACCORDI
NGTOUSERI
NTERFACE

-Thet
erm UserI
nter
facer
efer
stot
hemet
hodofi
nter
act
ionbet
weencomput
erand
t
heuseranddet
ermi
neshoweasi
l
ytheusercanoper
atet
hecomput
er.

Cur
rent
ly,
ther
ear
e3mai
nty
pesofuseri
nter
face:
a)Commandl
inei
nter
face
-Theuseri
nter
act
swi
tht
hecomput
erbyt
ypi
ngacommandatt
hepr
omptf
oundon
acommandl
i
ne.
-Acomput
err
eadsi
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom t
hecommandl
i
neandexecut
est
hem.Af
ter
t
hecor
rectcommandi
sty
pedt
heusermustpr
esst
heent
erkeyf
ort
hecommand
t
obeexecut
ed.Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:Ear
li
erVer
sionsofMS-
DOS,
PC-
DOS,
OS/
2AND
UNI
X.
-Commandl
i
nei
nter
faceoper
ati
ngsy
stemshav
ebecomeunpopul
arbecause:
i
.it
’sdi
ff
icul
ttor
emembert
hecommands

i
i
.Itcannotpr
ocesscompl
exgr
aphi
cs

i
i
i.I
tdoesnotmakeuseofemer
ginghar
dwar
eandsof
twar
etechnol
ogi
es.

b)Menudr
iveni
nter
face
-Thi
sty
peofi
nter
facepr
ovi
dest
heuserwi
tht
heli
stofopt
ionst
ochoosef
rom.
Page82of82
I
CT Not
es
-Thi
sint
erf
acet
her
efor
eissui
tabl
eforbegi
nner
swhomayhav
edi
ff
icul
ti
esi
n
r
ecal
l
ingcommands.
-Theuseri
spr
esent
edwi
thasi
ngl
emenuorasubmenuorasophi
sti
cat
edmenut
o
choosef
rom.Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:
DOSedi
torandDOSshel
l
.

Page83of83
I
CT Not
es
c)Gr
aphi
caluseri
nter
face(
GUI
)
-Thi
sty
peofi
nter
facer
epr
esent
scommandsassmal
lpi
ctur
esont
hescr
eencal
l
ed
i
cons.
-Ani
coni
sagr
aphi
calr
epr
esent
ati
onofacommandoraf
il
eoraf
olderoran
appl
i
cat
ionwhi
chi
ssel
ect
edusi
ngapoi
nti
ngdev
icel
i
keamouse.
-GUIhasbecomet
hel
atestef
for
tto makeuseri
nter
facemor
euserf
ri
endl
y.
Exampl
esofGUIar
eLi
nux,
Appl
eMaci
ntoshandMi
crosof
tWi
ndowset
c.

Feat
uresofaUserFr
iendl
yOper
ati
ngSy
stem

Thef
eat
uresar
egi
venanacr
ony
m WI
MP:

a)W -Wi
ndow–i
sar
ect
angul
arwor
kar
eawher
edi
ff
erentpr
ogr
amsoff
il
es
ar
edi
spl
ayed.

b)I-I
con-i
sagr
aphi
calr
epr
esent
ati
onofacommandoraf
il
eoraf
olderor
anappl
i
cat
ion.

c)M -Menu–al
i
stofopt
ionsi
nfor
m ofcommandst
ochoosef
rom.

d)P-Poi
nti
ngDev
ice–Adev
icet
hatenabl
essomeonet
osel
ecti
consof
menusont
hedi
spl
ayscr
een.

Fact
orst
oConsi
derwhenChoosi
nganOper
ati
ngSy
stem

1.Har
dwar
econf
igur
ati
onoft
hecomput
ersuchasmemor
ysi
ze,har
ddi
sk
capaci
tyandpr
ocessorspeed.
2.Userf
ri
endl
i
nessoft
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem i
.e.i
sitcommand-
li
neormenu
dr
ivenorGUI
.
3.Basi
cdesi
gnoft
hecomput
eri
.e.i
sitanI
BM compat
ibl
eoranappl
e
comput
er.
4.Av
ail
abi
l
ityi
nthemar
kete.
g.Mi
crosof
twi
ndowsbasedOSi
sver
ycommon.
5.Thecostoft
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem.
6.Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
.e.cani
trunwi
thoutcr
ushi
ngorhangi
ng
7.Thenumberofuser
sitcansuppor
t.

Page84of84
I
CT Not
es
8.Theappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
eint
endedf
ort
hecomput
er
9.Thedocument
ati
onav
ail
abl
e.

DI
SKMANAGEMENTUSI
NGWI
NDOWS
Wi
ndowspr
ovi
dest
heuserwi
tht
ool
sthathel
ptheusermanagest
oragedev
ices
andmedi
a.

Thesedi
skmanagementact
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
ude:

1.For
mat
ti
ngofdi
sks

2.Scanni
ngofSt
oragedev
icesf
orpr
obl
ems

3.Def
ragment
ingdi
sks

4.Compr
essi
ngdi
sks

5.Scanni
ngofSt
oragedev
icesf
orv
iruses

6.Backi
ngupdat
a

7.Cr
eat
ingSt
art
up(
Bootup)di
sk

8.Par
ti
ti
oni
ngdi
sks

1.For
mat
ti
ngDi
sks
For
mat
ti
ngadi
ski
sthepr
ocessofpr
epar
inganewdi
skf
orusebyi
mpr
int
ingempt
y
sect
orsandt
racksont
hesur
faceoft
hedi
sk.

Thef
ormat
ti
ngi
sdonesot
hatt
heOScanr
ecogni
zeandbeabl
etoaccesst
hedi
sk.

For
mat
ti
ngdel
etesal
lthecont
enti
nthedi
sk.

Ot
herdr
iveswhi
char
enotdi
skscanal
sobef
ormat
tedsoast
ocr
eat
eaf
il
esy
stem
ont
hem.Af
il
esy
stem i
sanef
fi
cientwayofor
gani
zi
ngi
nfor
mat
iononast
orage
dev
ice.

Mi
crosof
tWi
ndowsoper
ati
ngsy
stemsusest
hef
oll
owi
ngf
il
esy
stems:

 FAT(
Fil
eAl
l
ocat
ionTabl
e)

 NTFS(
NewTechnol
ogyFi
l
eSy
stem)

Appl
e’
sMacOper
ati
ngSy
stemsusest
hef
oll
owi
ngf
il
esy
stems:
Page85of85
I
CT Not
es
 HFS(
Hier
archi
cal
Fil
eSy
stem)

 HFS+(
Hier
archi
cal
Fil
eSy
stem Pl
us)

Pr
ocedur
e
1.I
nser
tthedi
ski
ntot
hedr
ive
2.Doubl
ecl
i
ckmycomput
eri
con
3.Ri
ghtcl
i
ckt
hedr
ivet
hensel
ectf
ormat
4.Sel
ectt
hedi
skcapaci
tye.
g.1.
44MB.
5.Sel
ectaFi
l
eSy
stem e.
g.FAT32orNTFS
6.Sel
ectt
hef
ormatt
ypei
.e.ei
therqui
cker
aseorf
ull
.
7.Gi
vet
hedi
sket
teani
nter
nal
name(
label
)
8.Cl
i
ckst
artt
obegi
nfor
mat
ti
ng
9.Oncet
hepr
ocessi
sov
ercl
i
ckcl
ose.

2.SCANNI
NGASTORAGEDEVI
CEFORPROBLEMS
Wi
ndowshasadi
skmanagementt
oolcal
l
edt
hescandi
skt
hathel
pst
heuser
checkup and r
epai
rmi
norst
orage pr
obl
ems such as l
ostst
orage l
ocat
ion or
damagedsur
faces.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Doubl
ecl
i
ckMyComput
eri
con.
2.Ri
ghtcl
i
ckadr
iveofi
cone.
g.3½f
loppydi
sk(
A:)
.
3.Fr
om t
heshor
tcutmenucl
i
ckpr
oper
ti
est
hencl
i
ckTool
stab.
4.Cl
i
ckt
hechecknowbut
ton.
5.A pr
omptappear
srequest
ingt
heuseofspeci
fyi
ngscandi
skopt
ionsl
i
ke
whet
herer
ror
sfoundshoul
dbecor
rect
edaut
omat
ical
l
y.
6.Oncescandi
ski
scompl
ete,wi
ndowswi
l
lgi
veasummar
yofst
ati
sti
cson
er
ror
sencount
eredi
fany
.

Page86of86
I
CT Not
es
3.DI
SKDEFRAGMENTATI
ON
Di
skDef
ragment
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofr
ear
rangi
ngscat
ter
edf
older
sandf
il
esi
na
st
oragemedi
a.

Themai
nreasonofdef
ragment
ati
oni
stospeedupaccesst
ofi
l
esandf
older
sin
st
oragemedi
a.

Def
ragment
ati
oni
sdoneusi
ngadi
skdef
ragment
ert
ool
.Thi
senabl
est
her
ead/
wri
te
headnott
owast
eti
mel
ooki
ngf
ort
hesamei
tem al
l
overt
hedi
sk.

Fr
agment
ati
oni
sacondi
ti
oni
nwhi
chf
il
esandf
older
sar
escat
ter
edal
l
overi
nthe
st
oragesur
faceoft
hedi
sk.Thi
str
ansl
atesi
ntowast
ageoft
imewhenr
etr
iev
ing
dat
aandal
sowast
ageofdi
skspace.

Fr
agment
ati
onoccur
snat
ural
l
ywheny
ouuseadi
skf
requent
lyespeci
all
ywhen
cr
eat
ing,
del
eti
ngormodi
fyi
ngf
il
es.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Doubl
ecl
i
ckmycomput
eri
con.
2.Ri
ghtcl
i
ckadi
skdr
ivei
cone.
g.3½f
loppydi
sk(
A:)
3.Fr
om t
heshor
tcutmenu,
cli
ckpr
oper
ti
est
hencl
i
ckTool
stab
4.Cl
i
ckdef
ragmentnowbut
tont
hencl
i
ckdef
ragment
,apr
ogr
essst
atusbari
s
di
spl
ayed.
5.Wai
tfort
hepr
ocesst
ocompl
etet
hencl
oset
hedef
ragment
er.

4.DI
SKCOMPRESSI
ON
Di
skCompr
essi
oni
sthepr
ocessofdecr
easi
ngt
heamountofspaceoccupi
edby
f
il
esandf
older
sst
oredi
nthedi
sk.

Thi
spr
ocesscr
eat
esmor
espacei
nthedi
skf
ormor
efi
l
est
obest
ored.

Mi
crosof
tWi
ndowspr
ovi
dest
heuserwi
tht
wocompr
essi
ont
ool
snamel
y:

1.Compr
essi
onagent
2.Dr
ivespace

Page87of87
I
CT Not
es
Pr
ocedur
e
1.Doubl
ecl
i
ckMyComput
eri
con
2.Ri
ghtcl
i
ckadr
ivei
cone.
g.3½ f
loppydi
sk
ckPr
3.Cl
i oper
ti
es,
ify
ouar
eusi
ngwi
ndowsXPsel heCompr
ectt essdr
ivet
osav
e
di
skspacecheckboxandcl
i
ckOKt
ost
artt
heZi
ppr
ocess.
4. Conf
ir
m At
tri
but
eChanges;
sel
ectt
heopt
ionst
haty
ouwanti
.e.whet
hert
ozi
p
t
hef
olderonl
yort
heent
ir
econt
entandt
hencl
i
ckOK.

5.SCANNI
NGFORVI
RUSES
Acomput
erv
irusi
samal
i
ciouspr
ogr
am ai
medatconduct
ingunwant
edoper
ati
ons
l
i
kedamagi
ngdi
sk,
dat
aorcausi
ngamal
funct
ion.

Vi
rusat
tackmayr
esul
tincompl
etesy
stem f
ail
ure.

Comput
erv
irusesmaybespr
eadt
hroughst
oragedev
icesort
hroughe-
mai
land
i
nter
net
.

To pr
otecta comput
eragai
nstv
irus at
tack speci
alpr
ogr
ams cal
l
ed ant
ivi
rus
sof
twar
ear
einst
all
edi
nthecomput
er.Theant
ivi
russof
twar
echeckst
hecomput
er
f
orknownv
irusesander
adi
cat
est
hem.

Someoft
heant
ivi
russof
twar
eav
ail
abl
eint
hemar
ketar
e:Nor
tonant
ivi
rus,PC-
Ci
l
li
n,McAf
ee,
AVG-
Gri
sof
t,NOD32,
Avi
ra,
Avast
,Ker
spasky
,Qui
ckHeal
etc.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Doubl
ecl
i
ckMyComput
eri
con
2.Ri
ghtcl
i
ckdr
ivei
con
3.Sel
ectt
henameoft
heant
ivi
ruspr
ogr
am e.
g.Nor
ton,
Ker
spasky
,Qui
ckHeal
4.Fol
l
owt
hei
nst
ruct
ionsdi
spl
ayedont
heant
ivi
ruspr
ogr
am t
ost
artscanni
ng.

6.BACKI
NGUPDATA
Backi
ng up dat
aist
he cr
eat
ion ofdupl
i
cat
ecopi
esofdat
a and pr
ogr
ams
especi
all
yonasepar
atest
oragedev
ice.
Theai
m ofbacki
ngupdat
aist
oav
oidl
osi
ngi
mpor
tantdat
aandpr
ogr
am f
il
esi
n

Page88of88
I
CT Not
es
caset
heor
igi
nal
stor
agedev
iceort
hecomput
erf
ail
s.
I
tist
her
efor
e,agoodpr
act
icet
okeept
hebackupsofdat
aawayf
rom t
he
comput
err
oom t
oensur
esecur
it
yoft
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
ncaseofacal
ami
tysuch
asf
ir
e.
Mi
crosof
tWi
ndowscomeswi
thabackuput
il
it
ywhi
chenabl
est
heusert
ocr
eat
e
copi
es.

Pr
ocedur
eofCr
eat
ingaBackup
1.Cl
i
ckSt
artbut
ton,poi
ntt
oAl
lPr
ogr
ams,Accessor
ies,Sy
stem Tool
s
t
henCl
i
ckBackup.
2.Fol
l
owt
heonscr
eeni
nst
ruct
ions(
Wizar
d)t
ofi
nisht
hepr
ocess.

7.STARTUPDI
SK(
BOOTUPDI
SK)
ABootupdi
ski
sadi
skt
hathasboot
ingi
nst
ruct
ions.TheBootupdi
ski
susual
l
y
af
loppydi
skt
hati
scr
eat
edusi
ngt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem.
TheBootupdi
ski
smai
nlyusedwhent
hecomput
erf
ail
stobootort
hecomput
er
haspr
obl
emsi
nboot
ing.
TheBootupdi
skal
l
owst
hesy
stem t
oboott
oanMS-
DOSCommandPr
ompt
.
Tobootupt
hecomput
erusi
ngt
hebootupdi
sk,i
nser
tthest
art
updi
ski
nthe
f
loppydr
ive,t
henswi
tchont
hecomput
er.Thecomput
err
eadst
hebootup
i
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom t
hedi
skt
hendi
spl
aysacommandpr
ompt(
A:>)t
hatenabl
es
t
heusert
oty
pet
hecommandsi
nor
dert
odi
agnoset
hepr
obl
em t
hatmi
ghthav
e
l
edt
othebootf
ail
ure.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Doubl
ecl
i
ckMyComput
eri
con,
thencl
i
ckCont
rol
Panel
.
2.Sel
ectAdd/
Remov
epr
ogr
amme.
3.Cl
i
ckSt
art
updi
sk,
thensel
ectcr
eat
edi
sk.
4.Thest
artupdi
skcr
eat
ionpr
ogr
esswi
l
lbedi
spl
ayed.

Page89of89
I
CT Not
es
8.PARTI
ONI
NGADI
SK
Par
ti
ti
oni
ngr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessofdi
vi
dingal
argephy
sicaldi
ski
ntot
woormor
e
par
ti
ti
onscal
l
edl
ogi
cal
dri
ves.
Al
ogi
caldr
ivei
sadr
ivet
hatcanbeaccessedasi
fiti
sasepar
atedi
skbuti
nact
ual
sensei
tisapar
ti
ti
onofonel
argephy
sicaldi
sk.EachPar
ti
ti
onorLogi
caldr
ivei
s
t
reat
edl
i
keasepar
atedi
skdr
ive.

Reasonsf
orpar
ti
ti
oni
ngadi
sk
1.Fort
hepur
poseofbackupont
hesamedi
sk.Thi
smeanst
hatbackupi
n
di
ff
erentpar
ti
ti
onssot
hati
fonepar
ti
ti
onf
ail
stheot
herwi
l
lst
il
lbewor
king
2.Whent
heuseri
ntendst
oinst
all
mor
ethanoneoper
ati
ngsy
stem ont
hesame
di
skbutonasepar
atepar
ti
ti
on.
Bef
orepar
ti
ti
oni
ngadi
sk,y
ouneedt
oknow whi
chf
il
esy
stemsar
eusedi
nyour
oper
ati
ngsy
stem:
1.FAT(
Fil
eAl
l
ocat
ionTabl
e)–wasmai
nlyusedi
nMSDOSandWi
ndows95
2.FAT32(
Fil
eAl
l
ocat
ionTabl
e32bi
t)–wasmai
nlyusedi
nWi
ndows98and
Wi
ndowsMe.Wi
ndowsXPal
sousesFAT32.
3.NTFS(
NewTechnol
ogyFi
l
eSy
stem)–i
smai
nlyusedi
nWi
ndowsNT,2000,
XP,
2003,
andVi
sta.

Pr
ocedur
e
Bef
orepar
ti
ti
oni
ngadi
sky
oumusthav
east
artupdi
sk.
1.I
nser
tthest
artupdi
skandswi
tchont
hecomput
er
2.Sel
ectSt
artwi
thCDROM suppor
tifnecessar
y
3.Lett
hecomput
erboott
oA:
\>pr
ompt
4.Ty
peFDI
SKcommandandt
henpr
essent
erkey
5.Apr
ompt“
Doy
ouwi
sht
oenabl
eal
argedi
sksuppor
ti
ng”appear
s.Pr
ess(
Y)
t
oenabl
ethecomput
ersuppor
tal
argecapaci
tyofhar
ddi
skofmor
ethan
500MBot
her
wisepr
ess(
N)
6.Choose1t
ocr
eat
edi
skpar
ti
ti
onorl
ogi
cal
diskdr
ive.
7.Fr
om t
hesubmenudi
spl
ayed:
Page90of90
I
CT Not
es
(
i) Choose1t
ocr
eat
epr
imar
yDOSpar
ti
ti
onwhi
chi
str
eat
edast
he
boot
abl
edi
skordr
iveC.
(
ii
) Choose2t
ocr
eat
eext
endedDOSpar
ti
ti
ons
(
ii
i) Choose3t
ogi
vey
ourext
endedDOSpar
ti
ti
onsdr
ivel
abel
s.

NB:Oncey
ouf
ini
shpar
ti
ti
oni
ngt
hedi
sk,
re-
boott
hecomput
erf
ort
hechangest
obe
ef
fect
edt
henf
ormatt
hedr
ivecr
eat
ed.

I
NSTALLI
NGANDCONFI
GURI
NGWI
NDOWSOPERATI
NGSYSTEM
Si
nceOSi
sthesuper
visorf
oral
lot
hercomput
erpr
ogr
amsi
tmustbei
nst
all
edi
nto
t
hecomput
erhar
ddi
skbef
orei
nst
all
i
nganyot
herpr
ogr
am.
I
nst
all
ati
onr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessofcopy
ingpr
ogr
am f
il
esi
ntot
hehar
ddi
sk.
I
nst
all
ati
ondi
ff
ersf
rom copypast
epr
ocessi
nthatI
nst
all
ati
oni
sspeci
fi
cal
l
ymeant
t
ocopyex
ecut
abl
efi
l
esi
naf
ormatt
hatal
l
owst
hecomput
ert
orunt
hepr
ogr
am.
Tocor
rect
lyi
nst
allanOS,
car
eful
l
yst
udymanuf
act
urer
’sdocument
ati
on(
readmeor
ht
mlf
il
e)i
nor
dert
ogett
hecor
recti
nfor
mat
iononi
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocedur
esand
sy
stem r
equi
rement
s.
Toi
nst
all
Windows98Mi
crosof
trecommendst
hef
oll
owi
ngmi
nimum r
equi
rement
s:
1.Atl
east486-
66MHzofpr
ocessor
2.Atl
east16MBofRAM
3.Atl
east170MBofhar
ddi
skspace
4.CD-
ROM dr
ivebecausewi
ndows98comeswi
thaCD-
ROM.

Pr
ocedur
eforI
nst
all
ingWi
ndowsXP
Weshal
llookatCl
eanI
nst
all
ati
onwher
eacomput
ercomeswi
thoutanoper
ati
ng
sy
stem.
Toper
for
m Cl
eanI
nst
all
ati
on,t
hecomput
erBI
OSshoul
dbesetupt
obootf
rom CD
ROM dr
ive.
1.I
nser
ttheCD/
DVDwi
tht
heOSi
ntheCD/
DVDdr
ive.
2.Tur
nont
hecomput
er.Ther
estoft
hei
nst
all
ati
oni
sbywi
zar
d.
3.Par
ti
ti
ont
hedi
ski
fnecessar
y.
4.Wi
ndowsXPcopi
esal
lthef
il
esi
ntot
hehar
ddi
skandr
ebootsev
eralt
imes
Page91of91
I
CT Not
es
dur
ingt
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocess.
5.OnceWi
ndowsXPi
ssuccessf
ull
yinst
all
ed,y
oumayber
equi
redt
osetup
Useraccount
s.

TROUBLESHOOTI
NGWI
NDOWSRELATEDPROBLEMS
Tr
oubl
eshoot
ingr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessofdi
agnosi
ngandt
ryi
ngt
oresol
veorf
ix
har
dwar
eandsof
twar
erel
atedpr
obl
ems.
Whenusi
ngWi
ndows,
youmayex
per
iencesomepr
obl
emssuchas:
-
1.Fai
l
uret
oloadt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem dur
ingt
heboot
ingpr
ocess.
2.Thecomput
erhangi
ng(
notr
espondi
ngt
ocommands)of
ten.
3.Abnor
mal
rest
art
ingt
othecomput
er
4.Di
spl
ayi
ngabl
uescr
eenwi
tht
hemessagesuchas:f
atalexcept
ioner
rorhas
occur
red,
etc.
Theabov
epr
obl
emsmayr
esul
tfr
om:-
1.I
nval
idsy
stem di
sk–t
hisoccur
sasar
esul
tofmi
ssi
ngsy
stem f
il
esi
nthe
pr
imar
ypar
ti
ti
onneededt
oloadt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem.Ensur
ethatt
heact
ive
par
ti
ti
oni
ssel
ect
edast
hest
artupdr
iveorr
e-i
nst
all
theoper
ati
ngsy
stem.
2.Mi
ssi
ng Oper
ati
ng Sy
stem – Mi
ssi
ng sy
stem f
il
essuch asHI
MEM.
SYS,
CONFI
G.SYSet
c.dur
ingt
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocess.Thi
smayl
eadt
obootf
ail
ure.
Usest
artupdi
skorr
escuedi
skorr
e-i
nst
allt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
ocount
er
t
hepr
obl
em.
3.Cor
rupt
edsy
stem r
egi
str
y-Regi
str
yisadat
abasewher
eWi
ndowsst
oresal
l
i
tsSy
stem sof
twar
eandappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
einf
ormat
ioni
nst
all
edi
nthe
comput
er.I
fther
egi
str
yiscor
rupt
ed,
repai
ritusi
ngemer
gencyr
epai
rdi
sk,
or
r
est
oret
her
egi
str
ybackuporr
e-i
nst
all
theoper
ati
ngsy
stem.
4.I
nfect
ionbymal
war
e–t
hismayl
eadt
ofai
l
uret
oloadt
heGUIdeskt
opduet
o
mi
ssi
ngorcor
rupt
eddi
spl
aydr
iver
sbyv
iruses.Thev
irusesmayal
soat
tack
Page92of92
I
CT Not
es
t
hehar
ddi
skbootsect
orandl
eadt
obootf
ail
ure.Locat
ethemal
funct
ioni
ng
dev
icei
nthedev
icemanageranddi
sabl
eitorst
artt
hesy
stem i
nsaf
emode
orscanf
orv
iruses.
5.Runt
imepr
obl
ems–t
hisi
shangi
ngoft
hesy
stem wher
eitdoesnotr
espond
t
ocommands.Rest
artt
hesy
stem bypr
essi
ngt
her
est
artkey
s(Cr
tl
+Al
t+Del
)
i
nor
dert
odi
spl
ayt
heTaskmanagerandt
ermi
nat
enon-
respondi
ngpr
ogr
ams.
Shut
downt
hecomput
erandt
urni
tonagai
nift
hepr
obl
em abov
eper
sist
s.
6.Har
dwar
econf
li
ctori
ncompat
ibi
li
tycausedbyI
RQ.I
RQconf
li
ctt
hati
sift
wo
ormor
edev
icesar
eshar
ingt
hei
nter
ruptr
equestnumber
.
7.I
nsuf
fi
cientsy
stem memor
yordamagedsy
stem memor
y.

Page93of93
I
CT Not
es
HOW ANOPERATI
NGSYSTEM ORGANI
ZESI
NFORMATI
ON
Mostoper
ati
ngsy
stemsor
gani
zei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthr
ee-
ti
erhi
erar
chynamel
y:

1.Fi
l
es

2.Fol
der
s

3.Dr
ives

1.FI
LES
Af
il
eisacol
l
ect
ionofr
elat
eddat
ast
oredi
nast
oragemedi
aandgi
venauni
que
namet
hatenabl
est
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
oident
if
yitdur
ingst
orageandr
etr
iev
al
pr
ocess.

Af
il
emusthav
ethef
oll
owi
ngdet
ail
s.

1.Auni
quenameandanext
ensi
onoft
hreechar
act
erse.
g.LOVE.
DOC
LOVEi
sthef
il
enamewhi
l
eDOCi
stheext
ensi
on.Thef
il
enameand
t
heext
ensi
onar
esepar
atedbyaPer
iod/Ful
lst
op(
.)
.

2.Thesi
ze,
dat
e,andt
het
imet
hef
il
ewascr
eat
edormodi
fi
ed.

TYPEOFFI
LES
a)Sy
stem f
il
es
b)Appl
i
cat
ionf
il
es
c)Dat
afi
l
es

a)Sy
stem f
il
es
These ar
efi
l
es t
hatcont
ain cr
it
icali
nfor
mat
ion necessar
yfort
he comput
er
oper
ati
on e.
g.Sy
stem.
ini
,Aut
oexec.
bat
,command.
com,msdos.
sys,user
.dat
,
sy
stem.
datet
c

b)Appl
icat
ionf
il
es
Theyar
eal
socal
l
edpr
ogr
am f
il
esbecauset
heyhol
dpr
ogr
am orappl
i
cat
ionf
il
es.

Theyhav
eext
ensi
onsuchas.
exewhi
chr
epr
esent
sanexecut
abl
efi
l
e.

Page94of94
I
CT Not
es
c)Dat
afi
les
Dat
afi
l
esar
euserf
il
est
hatcont
ainuser
s,cr
eat
eddat
a.E.
g.l
ett
er,
repor
ts,
memos.

Thet
abl
ebel
owshowsf
il
esext
ensi
onsandt
hef
il
ety
pes.

Ext
ensi
on Fi
let
ype Descr
ipt
ion

.
doc Dat
a AMi
crosof
twor
ddocumentf
il
e

.
tf
t Dat
a A gr
aphi
cfi
l
ecr
eat
edusi
nganappl
i
cat
ionsuchas
AdobePhot
oshop

.
txt Dat
a Apl
aint
extf
il
ecr
eat
edusi
ngnot
epad

.
exe Appl
i
cat
ionf
il
e An execut
abl
e f
il
e t
hat l
aunches a par
ti
cul
ar
appl
i
cat
ion

.
bat Sy
stem f
il
e Fi
l
econt
aini
ngaser
iesofcommandsl
oadeddur
ing
bootup

.
sys Sy
stem f
il
e Sy
stem f
il
ethatper
for
m cr
it
icaloper
ati
ons i
na
comput
er

2.FOLDERS(
Dir
ect
ory
)
Af
olderoradi
rect
oryi
sanamedst
oragel
ocat
ionwher
erel
atedf
il
esar
est
ored.

Af
olderenabl
eseasyaccessoff
il
essi
ncet
heyar
egr
oupedt
oget
her
.

Af
olderi
smeantt
ohel
ptheuserdi
vi
deal
argest
oragemedi
aint
osmal
land
manageabl
est
oragel
ocat
ions.

Al
lfol
der
s/di
rect
ori
esor
igi
nat
efr
om ar
ootdi
rect
ory
/rootf
older
.Ar
ootdi
rect
ory
/
r
ootf
olderi
saspeci
aldi
rect
orywher
eal
lfol
der
sor
igi
nat
efr
om.

Af
older
/di
rect
orycanbecr
eat
edi
nsi
deanot
herf
olderordi
rect
ory
;suchaf
olderi
s
cal
l
edasubf
olderorasubdi
rect
ory
.

Page95of95
I
CT Not
es
3.DRI
VES

Adr
ivei
sawayi
nwhi
cht
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem r
ecogni
zesst
oragedev
ices.Usual
l
y,
dr
ivesar
egi
venl
abel
ssuchasl
ett
ers(
A-Z)t
oident
if
y.

Thet
abl
ebel
owshowshowMi
crosof
toper
ati
ngsy
stem i
dent
if
iesdr
ives.

St
oragedev
ice Dr
ivel
abel Descr
ipt
ion

Fl
oppydi
sk AandB Fl
oppydr
ivesar
eassi
gnedl
ett
ersAandB.

Har
ddi
sk C,
D,E,
F Anyhar
ddi
ski
nthecomput
erwi
l
ltakel
ett
er
st
art
ingf
rom C–F.

Opt
ical
disks D,
E,F,
G AnyCD/DVDat
tachedt
othecomput
ermay
t
akeanyl
ett
erf
rom D–Z.

Ot
her r
emov
abl
e D,
E,F,
…Z Anyr
emov
abl
edr
iveat
tachedt
othe
dev
ices comput
ermayt
akeanyl
ett
erf
rom D–Z.

Net
wor
kdr
ives Logi
cal Net
wor
kdr
ivest
akesD – Zdependi
ngon
t
henumberofphy
sical
dri
vesat
tached

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowshowi
nfor
mat
ioni
nthehar
ddi
ski
sor
gani
zed.Thef
older
sy
stem i
shi
erar
chi
calandf
ormsat
reel
ikest
ruct
urecal
ledaf
oldert
ree.To
accessacer
tai
nfi
le,t
her
ightpat
hshoul
dbef
oll
owedf
rom t
her
ootf
older
.Int
his
case,
ther
ootf
olderi
sC:
\>. C:
\>

Fol
der1 Fol
der2 Fol
der3

Subf
olde Subf
olde Subf
olde Subf
olde Subf
olde
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5
Page96of96
Fi
l
e6
 I
CT Not
es

Fi
l
e8
Fi
l
e1 Fi
l
e2 Fi
l
e3 Subf
olde Fi
l
e7
r6
Fi
l
e9
Fi
l
e4

Fi
l
e5 Fi
l
e10

-Fori
nst
ance,
toopenFi
l
e1,
fol
l
owt
hepat
h:C:
\Fol
der1\
Subf
older1\
Fil
e1.

-ToopenFi
l
e5,
fol
l
owt
hepat
h:C:
\Fol
der2\
Subf
older3\
Subf
older6\
Fil
e5.

-Tr
ythesamet
oot
herf
il
esi
nthehi
erar
chy
.

SOMECOMMONFEATURESI
NWI
NDOWSOPERATI
NGSYSTEMS
Mi
crosof
tWi
ndowsOper
ati
ngsy
stem i
soneoft
hewor
ld’
smostpopul
aroper
ati
ng
sy
stem i
nuset
oday
.Ithasev
olv
edgr
adual
l
ythr
oughupgr
adi
ngoft
hepr
evi
ous
v
ersi
onsi
n or
dert
o makei
tmor
euser
-f
ri
endl
y.Someoft
her
ecentMi
crosof
t
Wi
ndowsOper
ati
ngsy
stemsav
ail
abl
eint
hemar
kett
odayi
ncl
ude:Wi
ndows2000,
Wi
ndowsNT,Wi
ndowsXP,Wi
ndowsVi
sta,andWi
ndows7.Ear
li
erv
ersi
onsi
ncl
ude:
Wi
ndows95andWi
ndows98.
Al
lthesev
ersi
onsofWi
ndowshav
esomef
eat
uresi
ncommon,
whi
chi
ncl
ude:
1.Theyal
lhav
esi
mil
aruserst
ruct
urei
nter
face.
2.Theyal
lsuppor
tmul
ti
plet
asksandmul
ti
pleuser
s.
3.Var
iousv
ersi
onsofwi
ndowsoper
ati
ngsy
stem aut
omat
ical
l
yaccept
new har
dwar
eoncei
tisconnect
edt
othecomput
er.Thi
sfeat
urei
s
cal
l
edPnP(
PlugandPl
ay)
.
4.Theyhav
eabi
l
ityt
ohandl
elongf
il
enamesofupt
o255char
act
ers
i
ncl
udi
ngspaces.

FEATURESOFWI
NDOWSDESKTOP
Adeskt
op:Adi
spl
ayont
hecomput
erscr
eent
hatappear
saf
tert
heOShasbeen
l
oadedi
nthemai
nmemor
yoft
hecomput
er.
Thedeskt
opconsi
stsof
;Icons,
taskbarandt
hebackgr
ound.
I
cons:Smal
lpi
ctur
es t
hatr
epr
esentcommands,f
il
es,f
older
s and st
orage
l
ocat
ions.Thesei
consar
emani
pul
atedbypoi
nti
ngdev
ices.
Page97of97
I
CT Not
es
Commoni
consont
hedeskt
opar
e:MyComput
er,
MyDocument
s,Recy
cleBi
n,
I
nter
netExpl
oreret
c.
Taskbar
:Abart
hatenabl
eonet
oeasi
l
yswi
tchbet
weendi
ff
erentpr
ogr
amst
hat
ar
ecur
rent
lyr
unni
ng.(
Mul
ti
-t
aski
ng)
.At
askbarconsi
stof3par
ts:
St
artbut
ton:
Displ
ayst
hest
artmenu.
TaskManager
:a pl
ain st
ri
pthatdi
spl
aysbut
tonsofal
lcur
rent
ly
r
unni
ngt
asks.
Sy
stem t
ray
: Di
spl
ays i
cons of appl
i
cat
ions/
progr
ams t
hat
aut
omat
ical
l
yst
artandr
uni
nthebackgr
ound.E.
g.Ti
me,
cal
endar
,ant
i-
v
iruspr
ogr
am,
vol
umecont
rol
,et
c.
Backgr
ound:Thepar
toft
hedeskt
opt
hatappear
sbehi
ndt
hei
consont
hescr
een.

COMMONI
TEMSATTHESTARTMENU
i
) Pr
ogr
ams/Al
lpr
ogr
ams:Di
spl
aysal
i
stofal
lpr
ogr
amsi
nst
all
edi
nthe
comput
er.Thi
smenuhasasmal
lsol
i
dar
row cal
l
edasi
deki
ckmenu
whi
chwhencl
i
ckedondi
spl
aysal
i
stofot
hermenus.
i
i
) Document
s/MyRecentDocument
s:Di
spl
aysal
i
stof15mostr
ecent
ly
accessedf
il
es.
i
i
i) Set
ti
ngs/cont
rolPanel
:Itpr
ovi
dest
ool
sfr
om whi
cht
heusercansel
ect
andmakechangest
othecomput
ersetup.N/
B:Nev
ert
amperwi
tht
his
menuasy
oumayi
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hecomput
er'
sfunct
ional
i
ty.
i
v) Fi
nd/Sear
ch:I
tenabl
est
heusert
osear
chf
oraf
il
e,f
older
,pi
ctur
eorev
en
musi
cincaset
heuserf
orget
sthenameandl
ocat
ion.
v
) Hel
p/Hel
p&Suppor
t:Onecanl
ear
nmor
eaboutt
heOSusi
ngt
hismenu.
I
tal
sogi
vesdet
ail
edi
nfor
mat
iononhow t
otr
oubl
eshootapr
obl
em i
n
caset
hecomput
erf
ail
stof
unct
ionpr
oper
ly.
v
i) Run:I
tenabl
eonet
o:
a)I
nst
all
progr
amsont
hehar
ddi
sk.
b)Openf
il
esandf
older
sfr
om ast
oragel
ocat
ion.
c)Runpr
ogr
amsf
rom ar
emov
abl
est
oragemedi
a.
v
ii
) Logon/l
ogOf
f
a)Logon:I
sasecur
it
ymeasur
ethatr
est
ri
ctsonef
rom accessi
ngt
he
Page98of98
I
CT Not
es
comput
erunl
essonehasauserI
Dandpasswor
d.
b)Logof
f:Exi
ti
ngf
rom one'
suseraccounti
nor
dert
omov
etoal
og
onwi
ndow.
v
ii
i) Shutdown:Enabl
esonet
otur
nof
f,r
est
art
,st
andbyorhi
ber
nat
ethe
comput
er.
a)Tur
nof
f:Shut
sdownt
heOSsot
hatonecansaf
elyt
urnof
fthe
comput
er.
b)Rest
art
:Shut
sdownt
heOSandst
art
sitagai
n.
c)St
andby
:Itput
syourcomput
eri
nlowpowerst
atesot
haty
oucan
qui
ckl
yresume wi
ndows sessi
on.I
tdoes notswi
tch of
fthe
comput
er.
d)Hi
ber
nat
ion:I
swher
eacomput
erst
oreswhat
everi
thasi
nmemor
y
t
oyourhar
ddi
skandt
henshut
sdownt
hecomput
erbutwi
l
lthen
r
esumet
oit
spr
evi
ousst
atewhenputon.

MANAGI
NG/
MANI
PULATI
NGFI
LESANDFOLDERSWI
THTHEOS
Fi
l
esandf
older
scanbemanagedormani
pul
atedusi
ngWi
ndowsExpl
orerorMy
Comput
eri
con.
Ei
theroft
het
wol
etsy
out
ovi
ewt
hear
rangementofst
oragedev
ices/t
hei
rst
orage
l
ocat
ions,
fil
esandf
older
s.
a)Wi
ndowsExpl
orer
:
I
tdi
spl
aysf
il
es,
fol
der
sanddr
ivesi
nahi
erar
chy
/tr
eest
ruct
ure.
Thecomput
ert
reehasanupsi
dedownt
reest
ruct
urewi
tht
hehi
ghestl
evel
bei
ngt
her
oot(
deskt
op)
.
Tol
auncht
heExpl
orerwi
ndow:
 Cl
i
ckonSTARTmenut
hencl
i
ckonALLPROGRAMS.
 Cl
i
ckonACCESSORI
ESt
hensel
ectWI
NDOWSEXPLORER
 TheExpl
orerwi
ndowappear
sthatdi
vi
dest
hewi
ndowi
ntot
wopanes:
a Thel
eftpane:Di
spl
aysat
reest
ruct
ureconsi
sti
ngofst
oragel
ocat
ions
i
.e.dr
ives,
fil
esandf
older
s.
Ther
ightpane:Di
spl
aysal
i
stoff
il
esandsub-
fol
der
scont
ainedi
nan
opendr
iveorf
older
.
Page99of99
I
CT Not
es
I
nwi
ndowsExpl
orerwi
ndow,
somei
temshav
eapl
us(
+)ormi
nus(
-)si
gn
Pl
ussi
gn:Meanst
hei
tem hassomeot
herl
oweri
tems.Ther
efor
e,t
o
di
spl
ayt
hem,
justcl
i
ckont
hepl
ussi
gn.
Mi
nussi
gn:Meanst
hatal
lsub-
fol
der
sint
hatl
evelhav
ebeenaccessed.
Cl
i
ckoni
ttor
educe(
col
l
apse)t
het
ree.
b)MyComput
eri
con
I
tdi
spl
ayst
hedi
ff
erentdr
ivesandf
older
sfoundi
nthecomput
er.E.
g.dr
ives,
cont
rol
panel
andot
herr
esour
ces.
Todi
spl
ayf
il
esandf
older
sinapar
ti
cul
ardr
ive:
 Doubl
ecl
i
ckt
hedr
ivei
cone.
g.C
Awi
ndow appear
shav
ingf
il
esandf
older
sst
oredi
nther
ootoft
he
dr
ive.
 Doubl
ecl
i
ckt
hef
oldert
odi
spl
ayi
tscont
ent
.

i
)Cr
eat
ingaf
older
/di
rect
ory
I
nwi
ndows:
i
)Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,sel
ectt
hel
ocat
ionf
ort
henew
f
older
.
i
i
i) Fr
om Fi
l
eMenu,
cli
ckonNEW,
thencl
i
ckonFOLDER.Anewf
olderwi
th
at
empor
arynameNEW FOLDERappear
s.
i
v) Ty
peanew namef
ort
hef
oldert
orepl
acet
het
empor
arynameand
pr
essENTERkey
.
I
nDOS:
ThecommandMD(
MakeDi
rect
ory
)isusedt
ocr
eat
eadi
rect
ory
.
C:
\>MDdi
rect
orynameThenPr
essEnt
er e.
g.C:
\>MDj
aneThenPr
essEnt
er
Tocr
eat
easub-
fol
der
,fol
l
ow t
hesamepr
ocedur
e,butchooseaf
oldert
obei
ts
st
oragel
ocat
ion.

i
i)Openi
ngaf
older
/di
rect
ory
I
nwi
ndows:
i
) Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
Page100of100
I
CT Not
es
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,cl
i
ckt
hepl
ussi
gnagai
nstt
he
st
oragel
ocat
iont
hatcont
ainst
hef
oldery
ouwi
sht
oopen.
i
i
i) Fr
om Fol
dert
ree,
sel
ectt
hef
older
.It
scont
ent
swi
l
lbedi
spl
ayedont
he
r
ightpane.
I
nDOS:
ThecommandDI
R(Di
rect
ory
)isusedt
odi
spl
ay/v
iewal
i
stoff
il
esanddi
rect
ori
es.
C:
\>DI
Rdi
rect
orynameThenPr
essEnt
er e.
g.C:
\>DI
RJaneThenPr
essEnt
er

i
ii
)Cr
eat
inganewFi
le
I
nwi
ndows:
i
)Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,
sel
ectt
hel
ocat
ionf
ort
henewf
il
e.
i
i
i) Fr
om Fi
l
eMenu,cl
i
ckonNEW,
thencl
i
ckonTEXTDOCUMENT.Anew
f
il
ewi
that
empor
arynameappear
sont
her
ightofExpl
orewi
ndow.
i
v) Ty
peanewnamef
ort
hef
il
etor
epl
acet
het
empor
arynameandpr
ess
ENTERkey
.
I
nDOS:
Wecr
eat
eaf
il
eusi
ngei
therCOPYCONorEDI
Tcommand.
a)COPYCON
AtC-
prompt
,ty
peCOPYCONf
oll
owedbyt
hef
il
ename.
C:
\>COPYCONf
il
ename.Ext
ensi
on ThenPr
essEnt
er e.
g.C:
\>COPY
CONJob.
DOCThenPr
essEnt
er
Tocr
eat
eadocumentf
il
ecal
l
edJohnwi
tht
het
ext"
Homei
sthesweet
est
pl
acet
ost
ay"t
ype C:
\>COPYCONJohn.
DOC
Homei
sthesweet
estpl
acet
ost
ay
<Ct
rlZ>
b)EDI
Tcommand
Thi
sist
hel
atestv
ersi
onofDOSt
hathasanedi
torscr
eenf
orcr
eat
ingt
ext
f
il
es.I
tisaf
ullscr
eenedi
tort
hatal
l
owsonet
ocr
eat
e,edi
t,sav
eandpr
int
f
il
es.
Tocr
eat
eaf
il
eusi
ngEDI
T
C:
\>EDI
TFi
l
enameThenPr
essEnt
er
Page101of101
I
CT Not
es

i
v)Renami
ngaFi
le/f
older
I
sthechangi
ngoft
hepr
evi
ousnameofaf
il
eorf
oldert
oanewone.
I
nwi
ndows:
i
)Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,sel
ectf
il
e/f
oldery
ouwi
sht
o
r
ename.
i
i
i) Fr
om Fi
l
eMenu,
cli
ckonRENAME,
i
v) Ty
peanewnamef
ort
hef
il
e/f
olderandpr
essENTERkey
.

Page102of102
I
CT Not
es
I
nDOS:
ThecommandREN(
Rename)i
susedt
orenamef
il
esorf
older
s.
C:
\>RENOl
dName NewName ThenPr
essEnt
er e.
g.C:
\>RENJane Job
ThenPr
essEnt
er

v
)Sav
ingchangest
oaFi
le/f
older
Sav
e:Sav
esaf
il
ewi
thex
ist
ingname
Sav
eAs:Sav
esaf
il
ewi
thadi
ff
erentnameandl
ocat
ion.
Tosav
eaf
il
e:
 Cl
i
ckonFI
LE,
thenSAVEAS
 I
ntheSav
eAsdi
alogbox,
sel
ectwher
ethedocumenti
stobesav
ed.
 Ty
pei
tsnamet
hencl
i
ckonSAVEbut
ton.

v
i)Del
eti
ngFi
les/Fol
der
s
I
nwi
ndows,i
fyoudel
eteani
tem f
rom t
hehar
ddi
sk,i
tist
empor
ari
l
yhel
dint
he
r
ecy
clebi
n.
Ar
ecy
clebi
n:I
sast
oragepl
acewher
edel
etedobj
ect
s(f
il
es,f
older
sorpr
ogr
ams)
ar
etempor
ari
l
yhel
d.Thei
temsi
nther
ecy
clebi
ncant
henbedel
etedcompl
etel
yor
r
est
oredi
fnecessar
y.
Recy
clebi
nisadef
aul
ticonont
hedeskt
opwhi
chcannotber
emov
ed.
N/
B:Nev
erat
temptt
odel
etesy
stem andappl
i
cat
ionf
il
esf
rom t
hehar
ddi
sk.
I
temsdel
etedf
rom r
emov
abl
edev
icesar
enev
erhel
dint
her
ecy
clebi
nbutar
e
compl
etel
ylost
.
Todel
eteaf
il
einwi
ndows
i
) Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,sel
ectf
il
e/f
oldery
ouwi
sht
o
del
ete.
i
i
i) Fr
om Fi
l
eMenu,
cli
ckonDELETE.
Amessageappear
sont
hescr
eenpr
ompt
ingy
out
odel
ete.
i
v) Conf
ir
m bycl
i
cki
ngony
es.

Page103of103
I
CT Not
es
I
nDOS:
Thecommandf
ordel
eti
ngaf
il
eisDEL(
Del
ete)
.
C:
\>DELJob.
txt
,ThenPr
essEnt
er Del
etesaf
il
eindr
iveCcal
l
edJobwi
tht
he
ext
ensi
on.
txt
.
Thecommandf
ordel
eti
ngaf
olderi
sRD(
Remov
eDi
rect
ory
)
e.
g.C:
\>RDDi
rect
oryname ThenPr
essEnt
er e.
g. C:
\>RDJane,Then
Pr
essEnt
er Del
etes/Remov
esadi
rect
orycal
l
edJanei
ndr
iveC.

v
ii
)Rest
ori
ngDel
etedFi
les/Fol
der
s
Tor
est
ore/
empt
ydel
etedf
il
es/f
older
sfr
om t
her
ecy
clebi
n;
i
)Doubl
ecl
i
ckt
her
ecy
clebi
nont
hedeskt
op
i
i) ChooseEmpt
yther
ecy
clebi
norsel
ectt
hedel
etedf
il
es/
fol
der
sthen
cl
i
ckonRest
oreAl
lit
ems.
i
ii
) ChooseYesi
fpr
ompt
edt
oempt
yther
ecy
clebi
n.

v
ii
i)Copy
ing/Mov
ingFi
lesandFol
der
s
Copy
ing:Cr
eat
ing a dupl
i
cat
efi
l
e orf
olderi
n anot
herst
orage l
ocat
ion.The
commandCOPY/
PASTEi
sused.
Mov
ing:Changi
ngt
hel
ocat
ionoff
il
esandf
older
s.ThecommandCUT/
PASTEi
s
used.
Wheny
oucutorcopyaf
il
e/f
older
,iti
stempor
ari
l
yhel
dinst
oragel
ocat
ioncal
l
ed
t
heCl
ipboar
d.
I
nwi
ndows:
Tocopyaf
il
eorf
older
i
)Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,
sel
ectf
il
e/f
oldery
ouwi
sht
ocopy
.
i
i
i) Fr
om EDI
TMenu,
cli
ckonCOPY,
i
v) Sel
ectt
hef
olderordr
ivey
ouwanti
tcopi
ed
v
) Fr
om EDI
TMenu,
cli
ckonPASTE
A copydi
alogboxwi
l
lbedi
spl
ayedshowi
ngt
hatt
hei
nfor
mat
ion/i
tem i
sbei
ng
copi
edi
nanewl
ocat
ion.
Tomov
eaf
il
eorf
older
Page104of104
I
CT Not
es
i
)Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,
displ
ayt
heExpl
orewi
ndow
i
i
) Fr
om t
hef
oldert
reeont
hel
eftpane,sel
ectf
il
e/f
oldery
ouwi
sht
o
mov
e.
i
i
i) Fr
om EDI
TMenu,
cli
ckonCUT,
i
v) Sel
ectt
hef
olderordr
ivey
ouwanti
tmov
edt
o.
v
) Fr
om EDI
TMenu,
cli
ckonPASTE
Amov
edi
alogboxwi
l
lbedi
spl
ayedshowi
ngt
hatt
hei
nfor
mat
ion/i
tem i
sbei
ng
mov
edt
oanewl
ocat
ion.
I
nDOS:
ThecommandCOPYi
susedt
ocopyf
il
esorf
older
s.
C:
\>COPYSour
ceFi
l
e Dest
inat
iondr
ive
e.
g.C:
\>COPYJane.
txtA:ThenPr
essEnt
er Copi
esaf
il
eJane.
txtwhi
chi
sin
dr
iveCt
odr
iveA.
Tocopyaf
il
etoaf
oldere.
g.j
ane.
txtt
oaf
oldernamedJobi
ndr
iveC,C:
\>COPY
Jane.
txtJob
i
x)Changi
ngFi
lesandFol
der
s
I
nwi
ndows,t
ochangef
rom onef
oldert
oanot
her
,si
mpl
ycl
i
ckorsel
ectt
hef
older
y
ouwi
sht
ochanget
oint
hewi
ndowsExpl
orer
.
I
nDOS:WeuseCD(
Changedi
rect
ory
)command
C:
\>CDDi
rect
oryname,
ThenPr
essEnt
er

x)Sor
ti
ngFi
lesandFol
der
s
Sor
ti
ng:Ar
rangi
ngf
il
esandf
older
sinapar
ti
cul
aror
der
.i.
eei
theral
phabet
ical
l
y,by
si
ze,
ordat
eofl
astmodi
fi
cat
ionorcr
eat
ion.
Tosor
taf
il
eorf
older
:
i
)Opent
hest
oragel
ocat
iont
hatcont
ainst
hef
il
es/
fol
der
syouwantsor
ted.
i
i
) UnderVI
EW menu,
poi
ntt
oAr
rangeI
conBy
i
i
i) Chooset
hemet
hodofsor
t.i
.e.byname,
Dat
emodi
fi
edorsi
zeet
c

xi
)Sel
ect
ingMul
ti
pleFi
lesandFol
der
s
I
fyouwantt
omani
pul
atemul
ti
plef
il
esandf
older
sormul
ti
plenon-
cont
inuousf
il
es
andf
older
s,y
oucansel
ectt
hem bycl
icki
ngeachi
tem asy
ouhol
ddownCTRL
Page105of105
I
CT Not
es
(
Cont
rol
)KeyorSHI
FTkey
.
Tosel
ectal
lfi
l
esi
nanopenf
older
:
i
)Opent
hef
older
,thencl
i
ckEDI
Tmenuandcl
i
ckonSELECTALL.
OR
i
i
) Pr
essCt
rl
+Aont
hekey
boar
d.
xi
i)Sear
chi
ngf
orFi
lesandFol
der
s
I
tisusedwhenonei
snotsur
eoft
henameofaf
il
eorf
olderandi
tsl
ocat
ion.
Tosear
chf
orf
il
esandf
older
s:
i
)Fr
om t
heSTARTmenu,
cli
ckSEARCH.
i
i
) I
ntheSear
chdi
alogbox,
typet
henameoff
il
eorf
olderandi
tsl
ocat
ion
i
i
i) Cl
i
ckSear
ch.

THEAPPLI
CATI
ONWI
NDOW
Ar
ect
angul
arar
eaont
hescr
eenwher
etextorgr
aphi
cal
imagesar
eent
ered.
Youcanopenanappl
i
cat
ionf
il
eby
:
i
)Doubl
ecl
i
cki
ngaf
il
eiconf
rom t
hest
artmenu/deskt
op.
i
i
) Usi
ngMyComput
eri
con,di
spl
ayt
heExpl
orerwi
ndow,t
henf
rom Fi
l
e
menu,
cli
ckonNEW t
henMi
crosof
tWor
ddocument
.
Par
tsoft
heAppl
icat
ionWi
ndow:
i
. Ti
tl
ebar
:Abarl
ocat
edatt
het
opoft
hewi
ndowt
hatdi
spl
ayst
henameoft
he
act
iveappl
i
cat
ionpr
ogr
am
I
tcont
ainst
het
it
leoft
hewi
ndow'
scont
ent
s.Thet
it
lebarhas3but
tons:
 Mi
nimi
zebut
ton:Reducesawi
ndowt
oani
con.
 Maxi
mize /
Rest
ore but
ton:St
ret
ches t
he wi
ndow t
o cov
ert
he ent
ir
e
deskt
oporr
est
orei
ttoi
tsor
igi
nal
size.
 Cl
osebut
ton:Ex
itsanappl
i
cat
ion.
i
i
. Menubar
:Abarl
ocat
edbel
ow t
het
it
lebart
hatpr
ovi
desal
i
stofcommands
t
hatcanmani
pul
ateat
ask.E.
g.FI
LE,
VIEW,
EDI
T,I
NSERT,
FORMATet
c.
i
i
i. Toolbar
:Ar
eiconswhi
char
eshor
tcut
stomenucommands.Ther
ear
esev
eral
t
ool
bar
s
 For
mat
ti
ngt
oolbar
:Cont
aini
consf
orf
ormat
ti
ngadocument
.

Page106of106
I
CT Not
es
 St
andar
dtoolbar
:Cont
aini
consf
ormaki
ngcer
tai
nchangest
oadocument
.
 Pi
ctur
etoolbar
:Forwor
kingwi
thpi
ctur
esi
nadocument
.
 Aut
oshapet
ool
bar
:wor
kingwi
thpr
efor
mat
tedshapes.
 Tabl
eandbor
der
stoolbar
:Wor
kingwi
tht
abl
es
i
v. Wor
kar
ea:Anar
eawher
etextorgr
aphi
calobj
ect
sar
einser
ted.I
thasan
i
nser
ti
onpoi
nter
.
v
. St
atusbar
:Ani
nter
act
ivest
ri
patt
hebot
tom oft
hewi
ndow t
hatdi
spl
ays
act
ivi
ti
esoft
hepr
ogr
amst
hatar
ecur
rent
lyr
unni
ng.E.
g.Ready
,Sav
ing,Cur
sor
posi
ti
onet
c
v
i. Scr
ollbar
:Ar
ehor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
bar
sthatt
heuserdr
agst
omov
eupwar
ds,
downwar
ds,
rightorl
eftoft
hedocument
.
v
ii
. Rul
ers:Ar
ever
ti
calandhor
izont
alonscr
eenr
uler
sthatenabl
etheusert
o
posi
ti
ont
extorobj
ect
sint
hei
rri
ghtposi
ti
on.I
tisusedt
oadj
ustcol
umnwi
dth,
changepagemar
gins,sett
abset
c.i
fiti
snotv
isi
ble:Cl
i
ckonVI
EW,t
henon
dr
opdownmenucl
i
ckonRULER.

Page107of107
I
CT Not
es

Page108of108