UNITIINTRODUCTI ONTOCE MENTANDCONCRETE1 2

Cementandconcr
eteasb ui
ldi
ngmateri
als
.Bri
efh i
stor
yo fthei
ru s
ethroug
he xa
mp l
es.Comp o
sit
ion
,
manufa
ctur
e,prope
rtie
s,typesandusesofcement.Test
sf orcement.
Intro
ducti
ontoce mentmo r
tar
andplas
teri
ngandtheircomposi
ti
on.Conc
ret
ea nditscomposi
tion
.Mixdesi
gn.Natur
eo fa ggr
egat
es
formixinc
ludi
ngcla
ssi
f i
cat
ion,s
our
ces,sh
ape,si
ze,grad
ing,sampli
nganda n
aly
sis.
Proporti
oning
,
wate
r-c
ementrati
o,workab
ili
ty.S
tage
sinc o
ncre
tec ons
truc
tion
-f or
mwork,mixi
ng,pl
aci
n g,cu
ring
.
Cementandconcr
etefini
shesinc
lud
ingrough
cas
t,dryd a
sh,textu
red,st
ucco
.Wa t
erp r
oofingand
dampp r
oofi
ngofc o
ncrete.
Under
stand
ingofp r
oductli
terat
ure
.Sitevi
si
tswithdocumentati
onintheformo fsket
ch es
/p h
otos.

Ce
men
t,i
nge
ner
al,
 
adh
esi
ves
ubs
tan
ceso
fal
lki
nds
,bu
t,i
nan
arr
owe
rse
nse
,th
ebi
ndi
ngma
ter
ial
sus
edi
n
bui
ldi
n gan d 
ci
vilengi
neeri
ng c
onstru
ction
. Ceme nt
so ft hi
skinda ref inelygroundp owdersthat,wh enmi x
ed
wi
th water,settoah ar
dma s
s.Sett
inga ndh ar
d en
ingr esul
tf ro
mh ydration
,wh i
chi sac h
e mic
alco mbinati
onof
theceme nt 
comp o
unds 
withwaterthatyiel
d ssubmicrosco
p i
cc r
ystalso rag el
-li
k ema ter
ialwithah ighs u
rfac
e
ar
e a
. Becauseoft h
eirhydra
tingpropert
ies,constru
ctionalcement s,whichwillevens etandh ardenu nderwater
,
ar
eo f t
enc all
ed h
ydrau
liccements
.Th emo stimp o
rtanto fthesei s portl
andc ement .
Concrete
,in  
const
ruct
ion,st
ructu
ralma t
erialconsi
stingo fah ard,chemi ca
ll
yi nertp ar
ti
culatesubstance,kno
wn
as 
 aggre
g ate(usu
all
ysan d
 andgravel
),thatisb ondedt o
g e
therby  ceme nt 
an d 
wate r
.
Applica
tionsOfCe me n
t
 Ce mentsmayb euseda l
one(i.
e.
,“n e
at,”asg rout
ingma terials
),b u
tt hen or
ma luseis
in mortar
 an
d concr
etei
nwh i
cht h
ec eme ntismi xedwithin ertma ter
ialk nownas aggr
egate .Morta
ris
3
ceme ntmixedwith 
sand 
orcrusheds to
n ethatmu stb elesst hana pproxi
ma tel
y5mm( /6 
1 i
nch)insiz
e.
 Co ncr
eteisami xtu
reo fcement,sando rot herfine
 aggreg at
e ,andac oarsea g
gregatet hatf o
rmo s
t
3
pu r
p o
sesisupt o19t o25mm( /4 
to1i nc
h )insize,butt hec oars
ea ggregatema yalsobea slar
geas
150mm( 6inches)whenconcret
ei sp l
acedinl argema ss
e ss uchasd ams.Mo rt
arsa r
eu sedf orbindi
ng
bricks
,block
s,ands t
oneinwa ll
sora ss ur
facer enderi
ngs. Concreteisu sedf o
ral argevar i
etyof
construct
ion
alp ur
poses.
 Mi xturesofsoilandp or
tl
andc eme ntareus edasab as
ef o rro a
ds.Portlandceme ntalsoisu sedinthe
ma nufact
ureofb ri
cks
,til
es,shi
ngles,pipes,beams,rail
roadt ie s
,andv ari
ou sext
ru d
edp rodu ct
s.The
prod u
ctsareprefabri
cate
di nfactorie
sa nds uppli
edr ea
d yf orinstall
ation.

Ra
wMa
ter
ial
s

 cementcons
istsessenti
al
lyof compoun ds
 oflime( cal
ciumo xi
de,CaO)mixedwith
 si
li
ca 
(si
li
condioxi
de,
Si
O2)and a
lumina(
a l
uminumoxide,Al2O3).Thelimei sobtai
n edfromac a
lcar
eous(li
me-co
ntai
ning)raw
mater
ial
,andt heotheroxid
esa rede ri
vedf roma na rgi
ll
aceous(cl
aye
y)ma t
eria
l.Addi
tio
nalraw
mater
ial
ss u
cha ssil
ica
 sand
,ironoxid e(Fe2O3)
,and  
bauxit
e —con
tai
ninghydr
ateda l
uminu
m,Al(OH)3—may
beusedinsma l
lerquanti
tie
st og e
tt hed esir
edc omp os
iti
on .
 Thecommo n
e s
tc al
careou
srawma t
erialsare l
imestone a
n d 
chal
k,butoth
ers,suc
ha scor
alorshell
depo
sits
,alsoareu s
ed. 
Clay
s,
 shal
es,
 slates,ande s
tuarinemu dsarethecommona rgi
ll
ace
ousraw
mater
ial
s.
 Marl
,ac ompactcalc
areousc la
y,a nd 
cemen trockc o
ntai
nb o
ththecalca
reousandargi
ll
aceous
co
mp o
n en
tsinp roport
ionstha
ts ome ti
me sap pr
oximatec ement 
composi
ti
ons.Anoth
errawma ter
iali
s
bl
ast-
furnac
e sl
ag,whichcons
istsmain l
yo flime,sil
ica,anda l
uminaandismixedwithac al
car
eous
mater
ialofhighlimecontent.
 
Ka ol
in,awh iteclaythatc ontai
nsli
ttl
eironoxi
d e
,isusedasthe
 argi
ll
aceouscomponentf orwhiteportla
n dc eme nt
.Indust
ria
lwastes,sucha sflyasha ndcalci
um
car
bonatef r
omc hemicalma nu
factur
e,a r
eo the rpossi
blerawma t
erial
s,b u
tt hei
ru seissma l
lcompare
d
wit
ht hatofthen aturalmateri
als.
 Th ema gnesi
a( magnesi
u moxide,MgO)co ntento frawma ter
ial
smu stb elowb ecausethep er
miss
ibl
e
li
mitinp ort
landceme ntis4t o5p erc
ent. Otherimp u
rit
iesinrawma te
rial
sth atmu stbestri
ctl
y
li
miteda r
ef l
uori
nec omp ou
nds,phosphates,me taloxi
desa n
ds ul
fides,ande xc
e ss
ivea l
kal
ies.
Anot
heress
entialrawma te
rialis 
gypsum,some5p e rc
e ntofwh i
chisaddedt ot h
eb urnedc ementcli
nkerduri
ng
gri
ndingtoc o
nt r
olthes etti
ngt i
meo ft hec ement.Portl
andceme n
ta lsocanb ema d einac o
mbined
proc
esswith s
ulfur
ica ci
dusi
ngc al
ciu
ms u l
fateo r anh
ydrit
e i
np l
aceo fc a
lci
umc arbonate.The 
sul
fur
dio
xide 
p r
oducedinth ef l
uegasesonb urningi sconver
tedtos ul
furi
ca cidbyn ormalp ro
cesse
s.
 Ex tr
actionandpr ocessi
ng
Rawmateri
al
se mp l
oyedinthema nufa
ctureofc eme nta reextr
actedby 
quarrying 
inthec aseo fhar
dr oc
kssuch
asli
me sto
nes,slat
es,an dsomes hal
es,witht hea i
do fblas
tin
gwh enn ecess
a r
y.Somed epo
sit
sa r
emi n
ed
byundergrou
ndme t
hods .So
fterrockssucha s chal
kand 
cla
y c
anb edugd i
rectl
yb yexcavator
s.
Theexca
vatedma ter
ial
sa r
et ranspor
tedt othec rushi
ngp l
antbytrucks
,rai
lwa yfreig
htc ars,con
veyorbel
ts,or
rope
wa y
s.Theya l
soca nb etra
n sp
ortedinawe tstateorslur
rybyp ipeli
ne.Inreg i
onswh er
elimest
ones
ofsuffici
entl
yh i
ghlimec ontentaren otava i
labl
e,somep roc
essofb en e
fici
ati
onc anb eu s
ed.
.Fr
othflot
ati
onwi l
lremo v
ee xcesssil
icaoraluminaa nds ou pgr
adethe l
imestone,butiti sac os
tlyproc
essand
isusedonlywhenu navoidab
le

Ma
nuf
act
ureOfCe
men
t

Ma
nuf
act
urePr
oce
sso
fCe
men
t
Th
ema
nuf
act
urep
roc
edu
reso
fPo
rtl
andc
eme
nti
sde
scr
ibe
dbe
low.
1
. Mi
xi
ngo
fra
wma
ter
ial

2
. Bu
rni
ng
3. Gr
ind
ing

4. S
tor
agea
ndp
ack
agi
ng

1
.Mi
xi
ngo
fra
wma
ter
ial
Th
emajorra
wmate
ria
lsus
edinth
emanu
fact
ureofc
eme
ntareCa
lci
um,Si
li
con
,Iro
nand
Al
umi
num.The
semi
nera
lsar
euse
dind
iffer
entfo
rmaspert
heav
ail
abi
li
tyofthemin
era
ls.

Ta
bles
howst
her
awma
ter
ia
lsf
orPo
rtl
andc
eme
ntma
nuf
act
ure

Th
emi
xi
ngp
roc
edu
reo
fth
ema
nuf
act
ureo
fce
men
tisd
onei
n2me
tho
ds,

o Dr
ypr
oce
ss
o We
tpr
oce
ss
a
) Dr
yPr
oce
ss
Thebot
hcal
car
eousandarg
il
lac
eou
sr a
wmater
ial
sar
ef i
rs
tlycr
ush
edintheg
yra
toryc
rus
her
s
toget2-
5cmsi
zep ie
cesse
para
tel
y.Thec
rus
hedmate
ria
lsareaga
ing
rin
dedtogetfi
ne
par
ti
cle
sint
oballortub
emill
.

E
achfi
nelygri
ndedmater
iali
ss t
ore
dinh o
pperafte
rscre
ening
.Nowthes
ep o
wdere
dmi n
eral
s
a
remixe
di nrequ
ire
dproport
iontogetdryrawmixwhi
chisthe
nstor
edinsil
osandkept
r
eadyt
ob esentint
orota
rykil
n.Nowtherawma t
eri
al
saremixedins
peci
ficpro
port
ion
ss o
t
hatth
ea ve
ragecompo
sit
ionofthefina
lp r
oduc
tismain
tain
edp r
ope
rly
.
 Fi
g:Ma
nuf
act
ureo
fCe
men
tbyDr
yPr
oce
ss
b
) We
tPr
oce
ss
Ther
awmat
eri
al
sar
efi
rs
tlyc
rus
hedan
dmadei
ntopowd
eredfor
ma n
dsto
redins
il
os.Th
e
cl
ayi
sth
enwas
hedi
nwa
shi
ngmil
lstor
emo
vead
heri
ngorga
nicmat
ter
sfo
undincl
ay.

Thepowde
redl
imes
tonean
dwate
rwas
hedcl
ayares
enttof
lowi
nth
echa
n n
elsandtr
ans
fer
togr
indi
ngmil
lswh
ereth
eyar
ecomp
let
elymi
xedan
dt h
epas
tei
sfor
med,i
.e
.,k
nownassl
urr
y.

Thegri
ndi
ngproc
esscanb
ed o
neinbal
lortub
emillorev
enboth
.Thenthesl
urr
yisle
dinto
co
ll
ect
ingbas
inwher
ecompos
it
ionca
nbeadjus
ted
.Theslu
rryc
ontai
nsar
ound38-40%wat
er
th
atissto
redinst
orag
etank
sa n
dkeptrea
dyforthero
tar
ykil
n.
 Fi
g:Ma
nuf
act
ureo
fCe
men
tbyWe
tPr
oce
ss
Co
mpa
ris
ono
fdr
ypr
oce
ssa
ndwe
tpr
oce
sso
fCe
men
tMa
nuf
act
ure
Cr
ite
ria Dr
ypr
oce
ss We
tpr
oce
ss

Ha
rdn
esso
fra
wma
ter
ial Qu
iteh
ard An
yty
peo
fra
wma
ter
ial

Fu
elc
ons
umpt
ion L
ow Hi
gh

Ti
meo
fpr
oce
ss L
ess
er Hi
ghe
r

Qu
ali
ty I
nfe
rio
rqu
ali
ty S
upe
rio
rqu
ali
ty

Co
sto
fpr
odu
cti
on Hi
gh L
ow

Ov
era
llc
ost Co
stl
y Ch
eap
er

Ph
ysi
cals
tat
e Ra
wmi
x(s
oli
d) S
lur
ry(
li
qui
d)

2
.Bu
rni
ngo
fRa
wMa
ter
ial
s
Thebu
rnin
gp r
oces
sisca
rri
edoutinth
ero
tar
yki
lnwhi
letherawmate
ria
lsar
erota
t e
da t1
-2r
pma ti
ts
l
ongi
tud
inala
xis
.Thero
taryki
lnismad
eupofst
eelt
ubeshav
ingth
ed i
amete
rof2.5-3.
0metera
ndthele
ngt
h
di
ffe
rsfrom90-12
0met
er.Thein
n e
rsi
deo
ftheki
lni
sline
dwithref
ract
orybr
ic
ks.
Thekil
nissupp
orte
do nthecol
umnsofmaso
nryorcon
cret
eandre
stedonrol
le
rbeari
nginsl
ig
htl
yin
cli
ned
po
siti
onatthegra
dien
to f1in25to1in30.Thera
wmi xofd
ryproc
essofco
rrec
tedsl
urr
yofwetproce
ssis
i
njec
tedint
othekil
nf r
omt h
eu pp
erend.
Thekil
nisheate
dwit
hthehel
po fpowd
eredco
aloroi
lorhotgas
es
fr
omt hel
owerendofthekil
nsot h
atth
elonghotfl
amesisp
rodu
ced.

Asthek
il
nposi
tio
nisinc
li
nedandi
trota
tessl
owl
y,t
hema
teri
alc
har
gedf
romuppere
ndmovestowa
rdsl
owe
r
endatt
hespee
do f15m/
hr.I
ntheu
pperpart
,wat
erormo
ist
urei
nthemat
eri
ali
seva
por
ate
da t400oCt
emp,
soth
ispr
oce
ssiskno
wnasDryin
gZone
.

Thecentra
lparti
.e
.cal
ci
nat
ionzone
,thetempe r
aturei
sa ro
und10000
C,wher
ed e
composi
ti
ono fli
mestonetak
es
pla
ce.Theremai
ni
ngma t
eri
alisi
ntheformo fsma l
llumpsknownasnodul
esafte
rtheCO2 
isr e
lea
sed.
CaCO3 
=Ca O+CO2
Thelowerpart(
cl
ink
eri
ngzone)h
avetemperatur
ei nbetwee
n1500-1
7000
Cwh er
elimeandclayarerea
ctsto
yi
eldi
ngcalc
iumal
umina
tesandcal
ci
ums i
li
cate
s .
Th i
salumi
natesandsi
li
cat
esofcalc
iumfusetog a
thertofo
rm
smal
la n
dh ar
dston
esareknownascl
in
kers.Thes i
zeoft h
ec l
ink
erisva
rie
sfrom5-10mm.

2CaO+S iO2 =Ca 2SiO4 (d

ica
lcl
ai
ms i
lic
ate(C2S))
3CaO+S i
O2 =Ca 3SiO5 (t
ric
alc
iumsil
ic
ate(C3S )
)
3Ca O+Al2O3 =Ca 3AlO6 
2 (d
ica
lci
umaluminat
e( C2A)
)
4CaO+Al2O3 +Fe
2O3 =Ca 4A l
2Fe2O10 
(te
trac
alc
iuma l
uminoferr
it
e(C4AF))
Thecl
inke
rcomi
ngfro
mt heb
urn i
ngzo
nea reveryh ot. Tobri
ngd o
wnt hetemp er
atur
eo fc l
in
kers
,airi
s
admi
ttedinc
oun
tercur
ren
tdir
e ct
iona
tt heb aseo ft her ot
aryki
ln.Thecool
e dcli
nke
rsa recol
le
ctedinsma
ll
tr
oll
eys
.

3.Gr
indi
ngofCli
nke
rs
Th
ec o
oledcl
in
ker
sarerece
ive
df r
omtheco
oli
ngpan
sa nds
entint
omil
ls
.Thecl
inke
rsaregri
ndedfi
nel
yinto
po
wderinbal
lmil
lortub
emi l
l.
Powde
redgy
psumisadd
edarou
nd2 -
3%asre
tard
ingagentdur
ingfi
nalg
rin
ding
.
Th
ef i
nalob
tai
nedpro
ductisce
menttha
tdoesno
tsett
lequi
ckl
ywhenc
omesincon
tactwit
hwater
.

Aft
erthei
nit
ials
etti
ngti
meofthec
ement
,th
ecementbec
ome
ssti
ffandtheg
yps
umret
ard
st h
ediss
olu
tio
n
oftr
i-
cal
ci
uma l
umin
atesb
yformi
ngt
ri
cal
ci
umsul
foa
lumi
nat
ewhi
chi
sin
solu
blea
ndpre
ven
tstooear
lyfur
ther
re
act
ion
sofsetti
ngandhar
den
ing
.

3Ca
O.Al
2O3 
+xCa
SO4.
7H2O=3Ca
O.Al
2O3.
xCa
SO4.
7H2O
4.
 
Sto
rag
ean
dpa
cka
gin
g
Th
egr
ind
edc
eme
nti
sst
ore
dins
il
os,f
romwh
ichi
tisma
rke
tede
ith
eri
nco
nta
ine
rlo
ado
r50
kgb
ags
.
TY
PESOFCEMENT.

Fo
ll
owi
ngsa
ret
het
ype
sofc
eme
nt:

1. Or
dinar
yPortlandCement(OPC)
2. Por
tl
andPo zzo
lanaCement(PPC)
3.Ra pi
dHa r
deningCeme n
t
4.Qu i
cksett
ingceme nt
5.L o
wHe atCeme nt
6.S u
lpha
tesresis
tingcement
7.HighAluminaCeme nt
8.Wh i
teCemen t
9.Color
edc e
me nt
10
.AirEntrai
ni
n gCeme n
t
11
.E x
pansi
veceme nt
12
.Hy dr
ophob
icceme nt

Br
iefd
esc
ri
pti
onso
fth
esec
eme
ntt
ype
swi
tht
hei
rus
esi
sgi
venb
elo
w. 

Or
din
aryPo
rtl
andCe
men
t(OPC)
Inus
ualc
ons
tru
cti
onwo
rk,Or
din
aryPo
rtl
andCe
men
tiswi
del
yus
ed.Th
eco
mpo
sit
iono
fOr
din
aryPo
rtl
and
Ceme
nt:
  Ar
gil
la
ceou
sorsi
li
cat
esofal
umi
na(c
layandsh
ale
)
 Ca
lca
reou
sorca
lci
umcar
bon
ate(
li
meston
e,ch
alk
,andma
rl)

Us
eso
fOr
din
aryPo
rtl
andCe
men
t

 I
tisu
sedforg
ene
ralco
nst
ruc
ti
onpur
pos
es.
 I
tisa
lsou
sedi
nmo s
tofthemas
onr
ywork
s.

Po
rtl
andPo
zzo
lan
aCe
men
t(PPC)
Poz
zol
ansarenat
uralorsy
nth
eti
cmater
ial
stha
tc o
ntai
ns i
li
cai
nre
act
ivefor
ms.Itre
act
swi
thca
lci
um
hy
drox
idegene
rat
edb yhyd
rat
ingce
mentt ofor
ma ddi
tio
nalce
men
tat
ionsmate
ria
lswhe
nitisfi
nel
y
di
vi
ded.Th
ecomposi
ti
onofPor
tla
ndPoz
zol
anaCement
:

 OPCcl
ink
er
 Gyp
sum
 Poz
zol
ani
cMat
eri
al
s(Fl
yas
h,v
olc
ani
cas
h,a
ndCa
lci
nedc
layo
rsi
li
caf
ume
s.
)

Us
eso
fPo
rtl
andPo
zzo
lan
aCe
men
t

 PPCi
sus
ual
lyu
sedi
nhy
dra
uli
cst
ruc
tur
es,ma
rin
est
ruc
tur
es,c
ons
tru
cti
onn
eart
hes
eas
hor
e,d
am
c
ons
tru
cti
one
tc.
 I
tisal
sous
edi
np r
e-s
tres
sedandpos
t-t
ensi
one
dconcr
eteme mb
ers
.
 Asi
tgi
vesabe
tte
rsurfa
cefin
ish
,iti
susedindec
ora
tiv
ea ndar
tstru
ctu
res
.
 I
tisal
sous
edi
nthemanufac
tur
eo fpr
ecas
tsewag
ep i
pes.

Ra
pidHa
rde
nin
gCe
men
t
Wh
enf i
nel
ygr
ound
edTr i
-c
alc
iumsi
li
cat
e(C3S
)ispr
ese
nti
nOPCwit
hhi
ghercon
tent
,itgai
nsst
ren
gth
mo
requi
ckl
ytha
nOPC.Th i
stypeofOPCiscal
le
dRapi
dHa
rde
nin
gCeme
nt.It
’si
nit
ialS
ett
ingTi
me30
mi
nut
esandFi
nalS
ett
ingTime600minu
tes
.

Us
eso
fRa
pidHa
rde
nin
gCe
men
t
 Ra
pidh
ard
eni
ngc
eme
nti
smo
stl
yus
edwh
erer
api
dco
nst
ruc
ti
oni
sne
ede
dli
ket
hec
ons
tru
cti
ono
f
p
ave
men
t.
 I
tal
sog
ive
shi
ghs
tre
ngt
h.

Qu
ickS
ett
ingCe
men
t
Qu
icks
ett
ingc
eme
nti
sth
ece
men
twh
ichs
etsi
nav
erys
hor
tti
me.
Thei
ni
ti
als
ett
ing

L
owHe
atCe
men
t
I
tisas pa
tia
lt y
peo fce
me ntwh
ichpro
duc
el o
wh e
ato
fh yd
rat
iondur
ings
etti
ng.So
mechemi
cal
c
omp
osi
ti
onofOr di
nar
yPortl
andCemen
tismo d
ifi
edtor
edu
cet h
eh e
atofhydr
ati
on.Thec
hemi
cal
c
omp
osi
ti
onoflowhea
tceme
nt:

 Al
owper
cent
age(5%)oftr
ic
alc
iumalu
mina
te(C3A)
 Ah
igh
erper
cent
age(46%)o
fd e
clai
msil
ic
ate(
C2S).
Us
eso
fLo
wHe
atCe
men
t
 I
tisu
sedfort
hecons
tru
cti
onofda
m’sla
rgefo
oti
ng,l
arg
era
fts
lab
s,a
ndwi
ndt
urb
inep
li
nth
s.
 I
tisa
lsou
sedfort
heconst
ruc
ti
onofch
emic
alpl
ant
s.

S
ulph
ate
sre
sis
tin
gce
men
t
S
ulph
etr e
sis
ti
ngcementisus
edt or
esi
stsulp
hetatta
cksi
nc o
ncr
ete
.Du etot
hel
owe
rpe
rce
nta
ge
o
f Tr
ica
lci
umalu
min
ate
,thepr
oduc
ti
ono
fcalc
iumsul
pho
-al
umi
nat
esget
sredu
ced.

Us
eso
fSu
lph
ate
sre
sis
ti
ngCe
men
t
 Co
nst
ruc
ti
oni
nco
nta
ctwi
ths
oil
sorg
rou
ndwa
terh
avi
ngmo
ret
han0
.2%o
r0.
3%g
/ls
ulp
hat
esa
lts
r
esp
ect
ive
ly.
 Co
ncr
etes
urf
ace
ssu
bje
cte
dtoa
lte
rna
tewe
tti
nga
ndd
ryi
ngs
ucha
sbr
idg
epi
ers
,co
ncr
etes
urf
ace
i
nti
dalz
one
,ap
ron
,Bu
il
di
ngn
ears
eac
oas
t.
 E
ffl
uen
ttr
eat
men
tpl
ans
,Ch
imn
ey,Ch
emi
cali
ndu
str
ies
,wa
ters
tor
age
,su
mps
,dr
ain
agewo
rks
,
Co
oli
ngt
owe
rs,Co
ast
alp
rot
ect
ivewo
rkss
ucha
sse
awa
ll
s,b
rea
kwa
ter
s,t
etr
apo
dse
tc.

Hi
ghAl
umi
naCe
men
t
Hi
ghAlu
minaceme
ntisobt
ain
edbymixi
ngcal
ci
ningba
uxi
te( i
t’
sanal
umin
iumore
)a n
dordin
aryl
i
mewit
h
cl
in
kerdu
rin
gthemanuf
act
ureofOPC.Inwhi
chtheto
talamountofa
lumi
nacont
entsho
uldnotb
ele
sse
r
th
an32%anditsh
oul
dmaint
aint
herat
iobywei
ghtofal
umi
n atoth
eli
meb e
twe
en0 .
85to1.
30.

Us
eso
fHi
ghAl
umi
naCe
men
t
 I
tisu
sedwh
erec
onc
ret
est
ruc
tur
esa
res
ubj
ect
edt
ohi
ght
emp
era
tur
esl
ik
ewo
rks
hop
,re
fra
cto
ry,
f
oun
dri
esetc
 I
tal
souse
dwher
eth
eco
ncr
etei
ssu
bje
cte
dtof
ros
tan
dac
idi
cac
ti
on.

Wh
iteCe
men
t
Wh
iteceme
ntisqui
tesi
mil
artoOrdi
nar
yPort
lan
dCe me
ntexce
ptfo
rco
lor
.Amoun
tsofiro
no x
ideand
ma
ngan
eseoxi
dea
relowi
nWh i
teCe
ment.I
tisex
pens
iveth
enOPCson
ote
cono
mic
alforo
rdi
nar
ywork.

Us
eso
fWh
iteCe
men
t
 I
tisus
ual
lyu
sedi
ndeco
rat
ivewor
k.
 I
tcanal
sous
efortr
aff
icba
rri
ers
,ti
leg
rou
ts,s
wimmi
ngp
ool
s,r
ooft
il
esp
atc
hin
gma
ter
ial
san
d
t
err
azz
osu
rfa
ces
.

Co
lor
edCe
men
t
Tomake5to10perce
ntofs u
ita
blep
igme
ntsa
reg
rin
dedwi
thOPC.Ty
peso
fpi
gme
ntsa
res
ele
cte
d
ac
cor
din
gtot
hede
sir
edcol
or.

Us
eso
fCo
lor
edCe
men
t
 Co
lor
edc
eme
nti
sus
edf
ord
iff
ere
ntd
eco
rat
ivewo
rk.
Ai
rEn
tra
ini
ngCe
men
t
Ai
r-e
ntra
ini
ngcementisaspa
tia
lty
peofcementwhi
chentr
ain
stinn
ya i
rbubb
lesi
nconc
rete
.Wh e
nwa t
er
i
nc o
ncre
teg e
tf r
izz
edduetolowtemp
erat
ure
,itexpa
nds.Whenai
r-en
tra
ini
ngceme
nt,theairvoi
dsin
co
ncre
tep r
ovi
desspacefo
rwa t
ertoexpa
ndwith
outcrac
kin
gc o
ncre
te.Butthi
styp
ec ementdoesnot
pr
ovi
dehighst
reng
thincon
cre
te.

Us
eso
fAi
r-
Ent
rai
ni
ngCe
men
t
 S
pati
al
lyiti
susedinar
easwher
ethete
mpera
tur
eisv
eryl
ow.
 I
tals
oresi
st
sS u
lphe
tatta
ck.
 I
tisuse
dwherethede-
ic
ein
gchemi
cali
sus
ed.

Ex
pan
siv
eCe
men
t
I
nt h
ehydr
ati
onpr
oce
ss,th
eexpa
nsi
vec
eme
nte
xpa
ndsi
tsv
olu
me.
Itc
anb
epo
ssi
bl
etoo
ver
comes
hri
nka
ge
l
ossbyu
sin
gexpa
nsi
vecement
.
Th
erea
ret
hre
ety
peso
fex
pan
siv
ece
men
t:

1
. KTypeex
pans
ivec
ement
2. MTy
peex
pans
ivec
ement
3.STypee
xpan
siv
eceme
nt

KTy
pee
xpa
nsi
vec
eme
nt
Ra
wma
ter
ial
soft
hes
ety
peso
fce
men
t

 Po
rtl
andce
me n
t
 An
hydro
uste
trac
a l
ci
umt r
ial
umi
nat
esu
lfa
te(
C4A3S
)
 Ca
lci
umsul
fat
e( CaSO4)

 L
ime(
CaO)
.

MTy
peEx
pan
siv
eCe
men
t
Ra
wma
ter
ial
soft
hes
ety
peso
fce
men
t

1
. Po
rtl
andc
ementcl
in
ker
s
2
. Ca
lci
umsu
lfa
te.

STy
peEx
pan
siv
eCe
men
t
Ra
wma
ter
ial
soft
hes
ety
peso
fce
men
t

1
. Po
rtl
andc
ementcl
in
ker
s
2
. Ca
lci
umsu
lfa
te(Hi
ghamou
nt)

 Tr
ic
alc
iuma
lumi
nat
e(C3A)(
Hig
hamo
unt
)

Us
eso
fEx
pan
siv
ece
men
t
 I
tisu
sedi
nth
eco
nst
ruc
ti
ono
fth
epr
e-s
tre
sse
dco
ncr
etec
omp
one
nt.
  I
tisal
souse
dforsea
li
ngjoi
ntsa
ndgro
uti
nganc
horbo
lt.
 I
nthecon
str
uct
iono
fd i
ffe
renth
ydr
aul
ics
tru
ctu
res
,thi
styp
eofc
eme
nti
sus
ed.

Hy
dro
pho
bicCe
men
t
Toresi
stthehydr
ati
onp ro
cessint h
et r
anspo
rta
tionorstor
agestage,cl
inker
sa regr
inde
dwi thwat
err e
pell
entfil
m
su
bst
ancesu
chasOlei
cAcidorSteari
cAci
d.
 Thesechemi
cal
sformal a
yeronth ecementp
arti
cl
ea nddonotall
owwate
rt o
mixan
ds t
artth
eh y
drat
ionproc
ess.Whencementandag
gregat
ea r
ethorou
ghlymixedinth
emi x
er,pr
otec
tiv
elayer
sbreak
ands
tartnor
malhy
drat
ionwithso
mea ir
-en
trai
nmentwhi
chinc
reas
eworkabi
li
ty
.

Us
eso
fHy
dro
pho
bicCe
men
t
 Us
ual
ly
,iti
sus
edi
nth
eco
nst
ruc
ti
ono
fwa
ters
tru
ctu
ress
ucha
sda
ms,s
pil
lwa
ys,o
rot
her
s
ubme
rgedst
ruc
tur
es.
 I
tisal
sous
edintheco
nst
ruc
ti
ono
fun
der
gro
unds
tru
ctu
rel
ik
etu
nne
let
c.

TES
TFORCEMENT
Che
cki
ngthequa
li
tyofcementi
simper
ati
vebec
aus
et h
es t
reng
thofthest
ruc
tur
ed e
pendsonthequa
lityofcemen
t.Li
ke
ot
herbui
ld
ingmate
ria
lsa
reimpor
tan
ta sweco
nstr
uctastru
ctu
re,c
ementfor
msthemostvi
talmate
rialth
atgoesin
to
co
nstr
uct
ion
.Whi
cheve
rbui
ld
ingmate
ria
lsco
mpanyyoubuyceme
ntfromit
sneces
sar
ytha
ty o
uc h
ecki
t’squal
it
y.

Fi
el
dte
st.
Thes
einit
iala
ndbasi
cte
sts
,wh
icha
req
uit
esi
mpl
e,c
hec
kont
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fce
men
t,wh
ichi
mpa
cti
ts
st
rengt
handq u
ali
ty
.

1
) Da
teo
fma
nuf
act
uri
ng:

Ac
cor
dingt
ostudi
es,i
tisre
veal
edth
atth
estre
ngthofce
mentred
ucesa
sti
mepass
esby
.AsperI
nte
rna
tio
nal
St
anda
rdSpec
ifi
cat
ion
scementsh
oul
dbere-
tes
tedifi
tisst
ore
df o
rmoret
hant
hreemo
nths
.

Ast
hec
eme
nta
ges
,it
squ
ali
tyd
ete
rio
rat
es.
Aft
er3mo
nth
s,i
tss
tre
ngt
hre
duc
esb
y20
%to30
%.

Af
ter6mo
nth
s,i
tss
tre
ngt
hre
duc
esb
y30
%to40
%.

Af
ter1
2mo
nth
sit
sst
ren
gthr
edu
cesb
y40
%to50
%

2
)Lu
mpf
orma
tio
n:
L
umpf
orma
tio
n

Y
ouwil
lobs
ervesomel
ump
sinth
eceme
ntandt
hishapp
ensdu
et ot
hepr
ese
nceofmoi
st
urei
nit.Lu
mpsi
n
c
ementar
eformedwhe
nitun
der
goe
sche
mic
alr
eact
ionasi
treac
tswi
tht
heatmo
sph
eri
cmois
tur
e.Thi
spr
oce
ss
i
sca
ll
edhydra
tio
n.

Whenmoi
st
uree
nte
rsc
eme
ntt
heq
ual
it
yofc
eme
ntd
ete
rio
rat
es.
Ceme
ntb
eco
mesu
sel
essa
fte
rhy
dra
tio
nwi
th
wa
ter.

S
o,y
oun
eedt
obee
xtr
eme
lyc
are
fula
bou
thy
dra
tio
nofc
eme
nt.

Te
stb
ypu
tti
ngy
ourh
andi
nce
men
t:

Te
stb
ypu
tti
ngy
ourh
andi
nce
men
t

Onesi
mpletes
tf o
rhydr
ati
oniswhe
ny o
up u
tyourh
andintheceme
ntba
gitsho
uldgi
veyouacoo
lfeel
in
g.Ifi
t
gi
vesacoolfee
li
ngitmeansthatth
ec e
mentisofgoo
dq ual
it
y.I
fitgi
vesawarmfee
li
n gi
tme a
nsthatth
e
ce
mentishyd
rate
d,whi
chis
n’tgo
odaswe’v
esha
redear
li
er.

4)Co
lou
r:

Cemen
tshoul
dbeun
ifo
rmi
nco
lou
r.I
ftheceme
ntisgra
yincol
ourwi
thgre
eni
shsha
deitme
anst
hati
tisof
qua
li
tygood
.Ify
ouas
kwha
tdo
estheco
lou
rofcemen
tindi
cat
e?Itin
dic
ate
sexce
ssli
meorcl
aya
ndthede
gree
ofbur
nin
g.
5)Hy
dra
uli
cCe
men
t:

Hy
dra
uli
cCe
men
t

Ceme
ntisa
lsor
efe
rre
da sHydr
aul
icCe
menta
sitse
tsun
derwat
er.I
fyouwan
ttot
estt
heq
ual
it
yofc
eme
nt
ta
ke100
gmofce
mentandpre
pareasti
ffp
ast
eouto
fitbyad
din
gs o
mewat
er.

Af
terth
isp
repa
reace
mentc
akewi
thsh
arpedg
es,whi
chy
ounee
dtopla
ceonag
las
spl
att
er.
Now,i
mme
rset
his
pl
atei
nawate
rbuc
ket
.Th
eshap
esho
uld
n’tg
etdist
urb
edwhi
lei
tse
ttl
es.

Go
odq
ual
it
yce
men
tse
tsa
nda
tta
inss
tre
ngt
hinwa
ter
.

6)Ru
bbi
ngc
eme
nt:
Go
odqua
li
tyceme
ntwi
llf
eels
moo
thwh
eny
our
ubi
twi
thi
nyo
urf
ing
ers
.Ifi
tisr
oug
hito
nlyme
anst
hats
andi
s
mi
xedwi
thit
.

7)Ex
ami
ni
ngt
hes
tre
ngt
h:
Ma
keab
loc
kofc
eme
ntwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngd
ime
nsi
ons
:

2
5mmx2
5mma
nd2
00mml
ong

No
w,i
mmer
seth
atblo
ckinwat
erfor7day
s.The
npl
acet
hisi
mmers
edb
loc
konsu
ppo
rts1
500
0mma p
art
.Th
en
l
oadi
twi
thawei
ghtof340N.Th
isblo
ckthaty
ouh
avemade
,sh
oul
dno
tshowa
nysi
gnoffa
il
ure
.

8)Fl
oatt
est
:
Th
rowah
and
fulo
fce
men
tinab
uck
etf
il
le
dwi
thwa
ter
.Its
hou
ldf
loa
tfo
rso
met
imeb
efo
rei
tsi
nksi
nwa
ter
.

9)S
mel
lte
st:
S
mel
lap
inc
hofc
eme
nt.
Ifi
tha
sane
art
hys
mel
l,i
tme
anst
hati
tco
nta
inst
oomu
cho
fpo
und
edc
laya
nds
il
t.

L
abo
rat
oryt
est
Th
efo
ll
owi
ngt
est
sar
eco
ndu
cte
donc
eme
nti
nth
ela
bor
ato
rya
rea
sfo
ll
ows
:

1
. Finen
essTest
2. Co
nsi
sten
cyTest
3. Se
tti
ngTimeTest
4. St
ren
gthTest
5. So
undne
ssTest
6. He
atofHydra
tio
nTe st
7. Te
nsi
leStr
eng
thTe st
8.Chemi
calCompo
sit
ionTest
.

Fi
nen
esst
esto
nce
men
t
Thefi
nene
ssofcemen
tisres
pons
ibl
eforth
erateofh
ydr
ati
on,r
ateofe
vol
uti
ono
fheatandther
ateo
fga
in
ofst
ren
gth.Fi
nert
hegra
insmor
eisthesu
rfac
eare
aandfas
terthed
eve
lop
mentofs
tren
gth.

Th
efi
nen
esso
fce
men
tca
nbed
ete
rmi
nedb
ySi
eveTe
sto
rAi
rPe
rme
abi
li
tyt
est
.

Si
eveTest
: 
Air
-setlu
mp sarebro
ken,a
ndthecementi
ssi
eve
dc o
nti
nuou
slyinaci
rc
ula
randve
rti
calmoti
onf
or
aperi
odof15mi n
utes
.Th ere
sid
ueleftonth
es i
evei
swei
ghe
d,anditsh
o u
ldno
texcee
d10%forord
ina
ry
c
ement.Th
istestisra
relyuse
df orfi
nen
ess
.

Bl
ai
ne’
sAi
rPe
rme
abi
li
tyTe
stAppa
rat
us

Ai
rPer
meabi
li
tyTe
st:
 
Blai
ne'sAi
rPe
rme
abi
li
tyTe
stisus
edtofin
dt h
es p
eci
fics
urf
ace,wh
ichi
sex
pre
sse
das
th
eto
tals
urfa
cear
eain 
sq.
cm/g.
ofc
emen
t.Thes
urf
acear
eaismoreforfi
nerpa
rti
cl
es.

Co
nsi
ste
ncyt
esto
nce
men
t
Thi
stes
tisc
ond
uct
edt
ofi
ndt
hes
ett
ingt
ime
sofc
eme
ntu
sin
gas
tan
dar
dco
nsi
st
enc
yte
sta
ppa
rat
us,Vi
cat
's
ap
para
tus
.

Co
nsi
st
enc
yTe
stAppa
rat
us

Stan
dardco
nsi
sten
cyofce
mentpas
tei
sd e
fin
edastha
twaterc
ont
entwhic
hwil
lpermi
taVica
tp l
ung
erof1
0
mmd ia
meteran
d50mml eng
thtopen
etra
tedept
hsof33-35mmwithi
n3-5minu
tesofmix
ing.
Thetes
tha
s
tounder
gothr
eetime
s,e
achti
methece
mentismix
edwit
hwate
rvary
ingfro
m24t o27%ofthewei
ghto
f
cement
.

Th
ist
ests
hou
ldb
eco
ndu
cte
datac
ons
tan
tte
mpe
rat
ureo
f25°
Cor2
9°Ca
nda
tac
ons
tan
thu
mid
ityo
f20
%.
S
ett
ingTi
meo
fce
men
t
Vi
cat
'sa
ppa
rat
usi
sus
edt
ofi
ndt
hes
ett
ingt
ime
sofc
eme
nti
.
e.
,i
ni
ti
als
ett
ingt
imea
ndf
ina
lse
tti
ngt
ime
.

I
nit
ialSet
tin
gTime:
 Fort
histes
t,anee
dleof1mmsq
uar
es i
zeisuse
d.Thene
edl
eisa
ll
owe
dtopene
trat
ein
to
t
hep as
te(amix
tur
eo fwat
erandcementaspe
rth
econs
is
tenc
yt e
st)
.Theti
metak
entope
net
rat
e33-35mm
d
epthisreco
rde
dast h
eini
tia
lsett
ingt
ime.

Vi
cat
’sAppa
rat
us

Fi
nalS
ett
ingTi
me:
 Af
tert
hepa
steha
sa t
tai
nedh
ard
ness
,th
ene
edl
edoe
snotp
enet
rat
et h
epast
emo r
ethan
0.
5mm.Theti
meatwhi
chth
enee
dledoe
sn o
tpen
etr
atemor
eth
an0.
5mmista
kenasthefi
nals
ett
ingti
me.

S
tre
ngt
hte
sto
fce
men
t
Thestr
engt
ho fce
mentca
nno
tbedefi
neddi
rec
tlyo
nthece
men
t.I
nst
eadth
estr
engt
ho fc
ementi
sind
ire
ctl
y
def
inedoncement
-mo
rta
rof1:
3.Th
ecompr
ess
ivest
ren
gtho
fth
ismor
tari
sthes
tre
ngthofce
mentata
sp
ecif
icper
iod.

S
oun
dne
sst
esto
fce
men
t
Thi
ste
sti
sco
ndu
cte
dinL
eCh
ate
li
er'
sap
par
atu
stod
ete
ctt
hep
res
enc
eofu
nco
mbi
nedl
imea
ndma
gne
siai
n
ce
ment
.

He
ato
fHy
dra
tio
nTe
st
Dur
ingthehy
dra
tio
nofce
ment,hea
tisp
rodu
cedduet
ochemi
calr
eac
ti
ons
.Thi
sheatmayr
ais
ethet
emp
erat
ure
ofco
n c
ret
etoah i
ght
emper
atur
eof50°
C.Toavo
idth
ese
,inl
argesc
alec
ons
tru
cti
onsl
ow-
heatc
eme
ntha
sto
beus
ed.

Hy
dra
tio
nTe
stAppa
rat
us
Thi
stesti
sca
rri
edoutu
sin
gac a
lor
ime
terad
opti
ngthepr
inc
ipl
eofde
ter
min
inghea
tga
in.
Itisc
onc
lud
edtha
t
Lo
w-he
atceme
ntsho
uldno
tg e
ner
ate65cal
ori
esperg
ramofcemen
tin7day
sa n
d75cal
ori
espe
rgramof
ce
mentin28day
s.

Te
nsi
leS
tre
ngt
hofCe
men
t
Th
ist
esti
scar
ri
edoutu
sin
gacement
-mort
arbri
que
ttei
natensi
let
est
ingma
chi
ne.
A1:
3ce
men
tsa
ndmo
rta
r
wi
tht
hewat
ercon
ten
tof8%ismix
eda n
dmo u
ldedin
toabr
iqu
ettei
nthemou
ld.

Thi
smixt
urei
scu
redf
or2
4ho
ursa
tat
emp
era
tur
eof2
5°Co
r29°
Can
dina
nat
mos
phe
rea
t90
%re
lat
ive
hu
midi
ty
.

Th
eav
era
ges
tre
ngt
hfo
rsi
xbr
iqu
ett
est
est
eda
fte
r3a
nd7d
aysi
sre
cor
ded
.

Ch
emi
calCo
mpo
sit
ionTe
st
Di
ffer
entte
stsa
recond
uct
edtode
ter
min
eth
eamo
unto
fva
rio
usc
ons
ti
tue
ntso
fce
men
t.Th
ere
qui
reme
ntsa
re
ba
sedonIS
:269-
1998,i
sasfo
ll
ows
:

 Ther
ati
oofthep
ercen
tageofalu
min
atothatofi
ronoxi
des
hou
ldno
tbeles
st h
an0.
66.
 Li
meSat
ura
tio
nFact
or(LS
F),i
.e
.,t
herat
ioo
ft h
eperce
nta
getoth
atofa
lumi
na,i
ronox
idea
nds
il
ic
a
sh
oul
dnotbeles
st h
an0.66andnotbegreat
ertha
n1 .
02.
 Tota
llo
ssonig
niti
onshoul
dnotbegrea
terthan4%.
 Tota
lsul
phu
rcont
entshoul
dn o
tbegreate
rthan2.
75%.
 Wei
ghtofin
sol
ubl
eresi
dueshoul
dnotbeg r
eate
rthan1.
50%.
 Wei
ghtofmagne
siasho
uldnotbegre
aterthan5%.

Ce
men
tmo
rta
rist
hemo
stc
ommo
nlyu
sedb
uil
di
ngma
ter
ial
sfo
rpl
ast
eri
ng.
Thema
ini
ngr
edi
ent
sofc
eme
nt
mo
rta
rar
e c
eme
nt 
and
 sa
nd.
It’
spr
epa
redb
ymi
xi
ng 
ceme
nt,
 
san
d,a
nd 
wat
er.

Forwa
ll
: 
Ag o
odsol
idsur
facei
sr ec
ommen
dedtor
edu
cewat
erbei
ngabs
orb
edbyth
emor
tarmix
.Add3par
ts
san
dand1p a
rtmas
o n
rycemen
t .
Ifthewa
lli
sgoi
ngt
ob ee
xpo
sedtolo
tsofwi
ndandr
ainy
ou'
lln
eedt
hemix
tobest
rong
er,s
ouse1partcementto1
/2par
tli
meand4par
tssan
d.

Fo
rpl
ast
eri
ng:
 
The
rei
sdi
ffe
ren
tra
tioo
fce
men
t-mo
rta
rfo
rpl
ast
eri
ng.

1
:3-Veryri
chmort
armi
x.Notr
eco
mme
nde
dfo
rge
ner
alu
sag
eats
it
es.
Cana
cta
sar
epa
irmo
rta
rwi
tha
wat
erp
roof
ing/
bon
dinga
gent
.

1
:
4-Fo
rEx
ter
nalPl
ast
era
ndf
orc
eil
in
gpl
ast
er.

1
:
5-Br
ic
kwo
rkMo
rta
ran
dfo
rIn
ter
nalp
las
ter(
Ifs
andi
sno
tfi
neFi
nen
essMo
dul
as>3)
.

1
:
6-Fo
rIn
ter
nalPl
ast
er(
iff
ines
andi
sav
ail
abl
e).

Forfl
oor
ing
: 
Nonmo
nol
it
hicfl
oor
ingi
ntwol
aye
rs:
-Inth
isme
tho
dlowe
rc o
ncr
etel
aye
rof1:
2:
4andupp
erl
aye
r
of1:
2rat
ioofce
men
tands a
ndmorta
rof5mmt o10mmismade
.Int
hispol
is
hca
nb ed
onelat
er.
CONCRETE
Conc
reteisacomposi
tema t
eri
alinwhi
c habind
ingma t
eri
almix
edinwa t
eronsol
id
ifi
cat
ionbi
ndstheiner
tp a
rti
cl
esof
wellgr
adedfineandcoar
sea g
gregat
es.Cementandlimearegene
ral
lyusedasb
indi
ngmateri
al
s,wher
eassandci
nderis
usedasfineaggr
egate
sandc ru
shedsto
n es,g
rav
e l
,br
okenbri
cks
,cl
inker
sareus
edascoars
ea g
grega
tes
1
. CONCRETEFr es
hlyprepa
redconcret
etilli
th a
snotyetsetiscal
le
dwetorgree
nc o
ncret
e.Afte
rithasthor
ough
ly
setandf u
ll
yharden
editiscall
edsetcon c
reteorju
stconc
ret
e.
2. Co n
creteanditsc omposit
ion

Wa
ter
Thewat
erinthecon
cret
emixshou
ldbec
lea
nan dfr
e eo
fimpuri
ti
es.
Theamounto
fwate
rrel
ati
vet
otheamo
untof
ce
mentchang
eshoweasi
lyth
econc
ret
efl
ows,b
utalsoaff
ect
sthefin
alst
reng
thofth
econc
ret
e.Mo
rewat
ermak
esfor
ea
sie
rflowi
ngcon
cret
e,butal
somake
sfo
rlowerst
rengt
hconc
ret
eu p
oncur
in.
g

Po
rtl
andCe
men
t
Ceme
ntha
rde
nswhenmi
xedwi
thwate
r,wh
ichbi
ndsal
lofthei
ngr
edi
ent
sto
geth
er.Po
rtl
andceme
ntisth
emostcommon
ce
mentu
sedandi
scomp
osedo
fa l
umin
a,s
il
ica
,li
me,i
ron,a
ndgyp
sum.S
mal
lamoun
tsofothe
ringr
edi
ent
sar
ea l
soinc
lud
ed.

Ag
gre
gat
es
Themajo
r i
tyofacon
cret
emixtu
reismadeupofbothcoa
rseandfi
neaggr
egat
es,wh
ichh
elpi
ncr
easeth
estreng
thoft
he
co
ncre
teb ey
ondwha
tcementcanpr
ovid
eo ni
tsown.Sa
nd,gra
vel
,an
dc r
ushe
dstonear
euseda
saggreg
ates
.Recy
cle
d
mate
ria
ls,i
ncl
udi
ngbla
stfurn
acesl
ag,gl
ass(
mos
t l
yfordeco
rati
vepu
rpos
es)
,andgro
und-
upco
ncre
tearestar
ti
ngtobe
us
edasc onc
ret
eaggr
egate
s.

Ai
r

Thefo
urthmaining
redi
entofc
oncr
etei
sent
rai
nedai
r.Whi
lei
tusua
ll
yisn
'tco
nsi
der
edanin
gre
dien
t,t
hefac
tisth
ata
co
ncr
etemixincl
udesan
ywhe
refro
m1 %t
o9%e nt
rai
nedai
r.Hi
ghe
rquan
tit
ieso
fairsh
oul
dbein
clu
dedwhe
ntheco
ncre
te
wi
llb
ee x
p o
sedtoveryco
ldorfr
eezi
ngc
ond
iti
ons
.
Ad
mix
tur
es

Admixtu
resacco
mp l
is
hav ar
ietyofg o
als.
Thiscanbeassi
mpleasaddi
ngap i
gmentt ocol
ortheconc
rete
.Otheradmix
tur
es
ar
eu sedforfast
erc u
rin
gtimesinc o
ldwe a
ther
,cr
eati
ngextr
emel
yh i
gh-
str
engthconcr
ete,orfo
rincr
easi
ngtheflowab
le
na
tu r
eo fconc
retewit
houtcompromis
ingthestr
eng
th.Unfo
rtu
nate
ly,a
dmixt
urescang e
nerat
eu n
wantedres
ult
ss u
chas
po
o radhes
ionoff i
ni
sh-f
loo
ring.
Fo rth
isreas
on,manyst
ruc
tur
alengi
neer
sanda rc
hit
ectsarehes
ita
nttou s
ead mi
xtut
res
.

Ag
gre
gat
esf
orCo
ncr
ete

Ke
ypo
int
s
•‘
Aggr
egate’i
satermfora
nypart
ic
ula
temat
eri
al.I
tinc
lud
esgra
vel
,cr
usheds
ton
e,s
and
,sl
ag,r
ecy
cle
dco
ncr
etea
nd
ge
osy
nthe
ticaggr
ega
tes
.Agg
reg
atemaybena
tura
l,manu
fact
ure
dorrecy
cle
d.

•Ag
gre
gat
esma
keu
pso
me60-
80%o
fth
eco
ncr
etemi
x.Th
eyp
rov
idec
omp
res
si
ves
tre
ngt
han
dbu
lkt
oco
ncr
ete
.

•Agg
reg
atesi
nanyp
art
ic
ula
rmi
xofc
onc
ret
ear
ese
lec
tedf
ort
hei
rdu
rab
il
it
y,s
tre
ngt
h,wo
rka
bil
it
yan
dab
il
it
yto
re
cei
vefi
ni
she
s.

•Fo
rag o
odc
oncr
etemi
x,agg
reg
atesn
eedtobec
lea
n,ha
rd,st
rongpa
rti
cl
esfre
eofa
bso
rbe
dch
emi
cal
sorc
oat
ing
s
ofc
laya
ndot
herfi
nemate
ria
lsth
atco
uldc
aus
ethedet
eri
ora
tio
no fc
onc
rete
.

•Ag
gre
gat
esa
red
ivi
dedi
ntoe
ith
er‘
coa
rse
’or‘
fi
ne’c
ate
gor
ies
. 

- 
Coa
rse
 agg
reg
ate
sarep
art
ic
ula
test
hata
reg
rea
tert
han4.
75mm.
Theu
sua
lra
ngee
mpl
oye
disb
etwe
en
9.
5mma nd37.
5mmindi
amet
er.

-
 Fi
ne 
agg
reg
ate
sar
eus
ual
lys
ando
rcr
ush
eds
ton
eth
ata
rel
esst
han9.
55mmi
ndi
ame
ter
.

•Typi
cal
lythemo
stc
ommo
nsi
zeo
fag
gre
gat
eus
edi
nco
nst
ruc
ti
oni
s20
mm.
Ala
rge
rsi
ze,40
mm,i
smo
rec
ommo
nin
mas
sconcre
te.
•L
arg
era
ggr
ega
ted
iame
ter
sre
duc
eth
equ
ant
it
yofc
eme
nta
ndwa
tern
eed
ed.

2
0mma
ggr
ega
te

Co
mmo
nag
gre
gat
es

•Cr
ush
edS
ton
ean
dMa
nuf
act
ure
dSa
nd
S
ton
eisquarr
ied
,cr
ush
eda
ndg
rou
ndt
opr
odu
ceav
ari
etyo
fsi
zeso
fag
gre
gat
etof
itb
oth‘
co
ars
e’a
nd‘
fi
ne’
s
pec
ifi
cat
ion
s.

•Gr
ave
l

Gr
ave
lisf
orme
dofr
ock
sth
ata
reu
nco
nne
cte
dtoe
acho
the
r.

‘
Gra
velisc
ompos
edofunc
onsol
id
atedr
ockfr
agme
ntst
hath
aveag
ene
ralp
art
ic
les
izer
ang
ean
din
clu
des
izec
las
ses
f
romg r
anu
le-t
obou
lde
r-s
ize
df ra
gmen
ts.
’
•S
and
S
andocc
ursna
tura
ll
ya n
disco
mpose
doffi
nerockmat
eria
landmi
nera
lpar
ti
cle
s.I
tsco
mposi
ti
oni
sva
ria
ble
d
epen
dingonthesou
rce.
Iti
sdef
inedb
ysi
ze,b
eingf
inertha
ngra
velan
dcoar
sert
hansi
lt
.

•L
igh
twe
igh
tAg
gre
gat
es

Ve
rmi
cul
it
e

Gl
assa
ggr
ega
te
 

Li
ght
weigh
taggr
ega
tescanbef
romna
tur
alr
eso
urc
es,o
rtheyca
nbeman-
made.
Thema
jorn
atu
ralre
sour
ceisvo
lca
nic
mate
ria
lwhil
sts
ynt
heti
cagg
reg
ate
sar
eprod
uce
dbyat h
ermalt
het
her
maltr
eatme
nto
fmater
ial
swit
he x
pans
ive
pr
opert
ies
.

 
Thes
ema t
eri
al
scanb
ed i
vi
dedi
nthr
eegro
ups—n
atur
almat
eri
al
s,su
chasp
erl
it
e,ver
mic
uli
te,cl
ay,s
hal
e,a
nd
s
lat
e; 
in
dus
tri
alpr
odu
cts
,suc
hasgl
ass
;an
d i
ndus
tri
alby
-pr
odu
cts
,suc
hasfl
yash,e
xpan
deds l
agcin
der
,andb
eda
sh.

(
rea
dmo
rea
bou
tre
cyc
leda
ggr
ega
tes
)
•Re
cyc
ledCo
ncr
ete

Rec
ycl
edc
oncr
eteisc
rea
tedbybr
eaki
ng,re
mov
ing
,andc
rus
hin
gex
ist
ingc
onc
ret
etoap
ref
err
eds
ize
.Iti
sco
mmo
nly
us
edasabas
elaye
rforoth
erco
nstr
uct
ionmat
eri
al
s.

Rec
ycl
edc
onc
ret
ecanbeus
edasaggr
egat
einne
wc o
ncre
te,pa
rti
cul
arl
yth
eco
ars
epo
rti
on.
Whe
nus
ingt
her
ecy
cle
d
co
ncr
etea
saggr
ega
te,t
hefol
lo
win
gshou
ldbet
akenin
tocons
ider
ati
on:

•Rec
ycl
edc o
ncre
teasaggr
egatewi
lltypi
cal
lyhavehi
gherabs
orpti
onandlowe
rs pe
cif
icgra
vit
ythanna
tura
l
ag
greg
ateandwillpr
odu
ceconcr
etewithsl
ig
h t
lyhig
herdryi
ngshri
nka
gea ndc
r e
ep.Thes
ediffe
renc
esbec
ome
gr
eat
erwithinc
reas
inga
mountsofrecy
cle
df ineaggr
egate
s.
•Thechl
ori
deconte
ntofrecy
cledaggr
egat
esisofc onc
ernifthemater
ialwi
llbeuse
dinreinf
orc
edconc
rete
.
Theal
kal
iconte
ntandtypeofaggre
gateinthesystemisprob
abl
yu n
known,a
n dth
erefo
reifmixe
dwith
un
sui
tabl
ema t
eri
als
,ari
skofa l
kal
i-
si
li
careacti
onispossi
bl
e.

Ag
gre
gat
eex
tra
cti
on
Agg
regat
esar
eextr
act
edfro
mn at
ura
lsa
ndo
rsa
nd-
and
-gr
ave
lpi
ts
,ha
rd-
roc
kqu
arr
ies
,dr
edg
ings
ubme
rge
dde
pos
it
s,
ormin
ingun
derg
rou
ndsed
iment
s.

Ro
ckq
uar
ri
es
Th
ep r
oces
sofextr
acti
onfr
omr o
ckq u
arri
esusua
ll
yinvo
lvese
xplo
siv
estos
hif
tther
ockfr
omthewor
kin
gf ac
e.Roc
k
i
scru
shedandpas
sedthr
oug
has er
iesofscre
ens.Theout
putisarang
eofsi
zeso
frockp
rodu
cedtos
pecif
iedsi
zes
.
Cr
ush
edrockist
rans
port
edfro
mq uarr
iesbyroa
do rra
il
.
S
anda
ndg
rav
elq
uar
ri
es/‘
pi
ts’

Refl
ecti
ngtheess
enti
alnat
ureoft h
ema te
ria
l,s
andandgra
velqua
rri
es,bo
thworki
nganddefunc
t,ar
eac ommon
fe
atureoftheUKlandsc
ape,par
ti
cula
rlyi
nt h
eE a
stofEngl
and.Pi
tsar
el o
cate
di nare
aswhe
reglac
ier
sleftbeh
ind
cl
eandepos
it
so fsan
da ndsto
ne.Someti
mesthegrav
eli
sdeeperth
anth egr
oundwat
ertab
leandthegra
velis
ex
trac
tedthrou
ghpumping-lea
vingbehi
ndpondsandla
kes
.

Ma
rin
eag
gre
gat
e

Muchoftod
ay’
sseabedwasdrylan
d2 0,000yearsag
owh e
nsealeve
lswereupto100
mlower
.Af t
ert hel
astIc
eAge
seale
vel
sbegantori
sea n
de xi
st
ingri
v erval
le
ysbear
ingsan
da ndgra
velde
posi
tedbygl
aci
ersbecamesubmer
ged.
Event
ual
lyse
alevel
srosetoesta
bli
shtod a
y’
scoast
li
ne.Thefor
merriv
ersedi
menthasb
eenre-work
e dbytheac
ti
on
oftheseatole
aveclea
na ndwel
l-s
ort
e daggre
gates
.
Bet
ween2
0and30p u
rpo
se-
bui
ltd
red
gin
gve
sse
lswo
rk2
4/7t
oex
tra
ctma
rin
eag
gre
gat
e.Th
erea
ret
wot
ype
sof
dr
edgi
ngt
ech
niq
ue:

Wa
 ter
 

Ag
gre
gat
ewa
shi
ng

 
Waterisc
ri
tic
ali
nthemak
ingofco
ncre
te.
Ad d
ingwat
ertothemixs
etsoffachemic
alre
act
ionwhe
nitc
omesi
nto
co
ntac
twit
ht h
eceme
nt.Th
ewaterus
edinthemixi
ngofcon
cret
eisus
ual
lyofap ot
abl
estan
dard
.Usi
ngn
on-
dri
nki
ng
wat
erorwate
rofunk
nownpur
it
yris
ksthequ
ali
tyandwor
kabi
li
tyoft
heconcr
ete
.
 

Th
eImpo
rta
nceo
fWATERCEMENTRATI
O
I
nco
ncr
ete
,th
esi
ngl
emo
sts
ign
ifi
can
tin
flu
enc
eonmo
sto
ral
loft
hep
rop
ert
iesi
sth
eamo
unto
fwa
teru
sedi
nth
emi
x.

I
nco
ncr
etemi
xdesi
gn,t
hera
t i
oofth
ea moun
tofwate
rtoth
eamounto
fcementu
sed(b
othbywe
igh
t)i
sca
ll
edt
hewa
ter
t
oce
mentra
tio(
w/c
).Th
esetwoin
gre
die
n t
sarer
esp
onsi
bl
eforb
ind
ingev
ery
thi
ngto
get
her.

Thewatertocementra
tiola
rgel
ydete
rmin
esthestr
engt
ha n
dd ur
abi
li
tyo
fthecon
cre
tewh
enitiscu
redpr
oper
ly
.Th
ew/c
ra
tiorefe
rstotherat
iooft h
eweig
htsofwatera
ndcementusedinth
econc
ret
emix.
Aw/cra
tioof
 0.
4 
meanst
hatf
or
ev
e r
y 
100lbso
fc ement
 use
dintheconc
ret
e, 
40lbsofwate
r i
sadded
.
Typi
calWater
-CementRatio
sinConcr
eteMixe
s.
Ty
pic
alw/
cra
tio
sar
easf
oll
ows
:

 Nor
malforord
inar
ycon
cret
e(sid
ewal
ksa
ndd r
iv
eways
):0
.6t
o0.
7
 Sp
ecif
iedi
fah ig
herqu
ali
tyco
ncret
eisd
esi
red:0.
4
Th
eprac
tic
alra
ngeofthew/crat
ioisfr
omabo
ut0.3toove
r0.
8.

 Ar ati
oof0.
3isveryst
iff(u
nle
ss 
supe
rpl
ast
ic
izer
s 
areuse
d).
 Ar ati
oof0.
8makesawe tandfai
rl
yweakconc
ret
e.
Typi
cal
 c
ompr
ess
ives
trengt
hs 
whencon
cre
teispro
perl
ycure
da r
e:
Impl
ic
ati
onsofWate
r-CementRati
oVari
ati
ons
Thesi
mp l
estwa
ytothin
ka b
outth
ew/cra
tioi
stothin
kth
att
hegre
ate
rtheamoun
to fwat
erinaco
ncr
etemix
,themor
e
di
lut
ethecementpas
tewil
lbe.Th
isn
otonlya
ffect
sthec
omp
res
si
vestr
eng
th,i
tals
oa f
fect
sthet
ensi
lean
dflex
ura
l
st
rengt
hs,t
heporo
sit
y,th
eshri
nka
geandth
ecolo
r.
 E
xpl
ai
nedmor
et e
chni
cal
ly
,morewat
erres
ult
sinla
rge
rsp
aci
ngo
fth
ece
men
tpa
rti
cl
es.
Ast
hec
rys
tal
sgr
ow,t
heya
ret
oo
f
arapa
rtt
oknittog
ethe
ra n
df o
rmstr
ongbond
s.

Pr
obl
emsCa
use
dbyHi
ghWa
ter
-Ce
men
tRa
tio
Conc
ret
ewithahig
h e
rw/crat
ioisal
somoresu
scept
ibl
etocrac
kingan
ds h
rin
kag
e.Sh
ri
nkag
eleadstomic
ro-
cra
cks
,whichar
e
zo
nesofwe a
kne
ss.Onceth
efreshc
oncr
eteispl
aced
,exce
sswateriss
queez
edoutofthepa
stebythewei
ghtofthe
agg
rega
teandthecementpas
teits
elf
.Whenther
eisalargeexc
essofwater
,th
atwate
rble
edsoutont
othesurf
ace.The
mic
rochan
nelsa
ndp ass
age
sthatwer
ec r
eat
edins
idetheconc
ret
et oal
lo
wt h
atwat
ertofl
owb e
comeweakzon
esandmi c
ro
-c
rac
ks.

Usi
ngaloww/crat
ioisth
eu s
ualwaytoachi
eveah i
ghstreng
tha n
dh i
ghqual
it
ycon
cret
e,bu
titdoesno
tguara
nteetha
t
th
eresul
ti
ngconc
reteisa
lway
sa p
propri
ateforconc
retecount
ertops
.Unl
essthea
ggreg
ategr
ada
tio
nandp r
opor
tio
na r
e
ba
lanc
edwitht
hecorre
ctamountofcementpaste
,excess
iveshr
inka
ge,cr
acki
ngan
dc u
rli
ngcanr
esu
lt.
Goodconc
rete
re
sul
tsfromgoo
dmi xdes
ign
,andal o
ww/ crati
oisjus
to nepartofag o
odmixdesi
gn.

Wo
rka
bil
it
yofCo
ncr
ete
Work
abi
li
tyo
fcon
cret
eisthepro
per
tyo
ffres
hlymix
edcon
cre
tewhi
chdet
ermi
nest
heeas
eandhomo
gen
eit
ywi
thwh
ichi
t
ca
nb emi
xed
,pl
ace
d,con
sol
ida
tedan
dfi
nis
hed
’a sd
efin
edbyACIS
tand
ard11
6R-
90(ACI1
990
b).

+Th
eworka
bil
it
yofconc
ret
ed e
pendsonman
yf a
cto
rswhi
chareexpl
ai
nedin 
fac
tor
saffec
tin
gwo r
kabi
li
tyo
fconcr
ete
.
Wat
erceme
ntrati
ohasmuchef
fec
ti nth
ework
abi
li
ty.Wo
rka
bil
it
yisdir
ect
lypro
por
tio
nalt
owa t
ercementr
ati
o.An
i
ncr
eas
einwater
-ce
mentra
tioi
ncr
easest
hewor
kabi
li
tyofco
ncret
e.

Ty
peso
fWo
rka
bil
it
yofCo
ncr
ete

Wo
rka
bil
it
yofc
onc
ret
eca
nbed
ivi
dedi
ntof
oll
owi
ngt
hre
ety
pes
:

1
. Un
wor
kab
leCo
ncr
ete

2
. Me
diu
mWo
rka
ble

3. Hi
ghl
yWo
rka
bleCo
ncr
ete
1.
Unwor
kab
leConc
rete–Hars
hCo n
cret
e
Anunwo
rka
blec
oncr
etecana
lsobecal
le
dash
ars
hco
ncr
ete
.Iti
sac
onc
ret
ewi
thv
eryl
it
tlea
mou
nto
fwa
ter
.Th
eha
nd
mixi
ngofs
uchco
ncre
teisno
te a
sy.

S
uchtyp
eo fco
ncr
eteha
shighs
egre
gati
onofag
grega
tesascementpas
tei
snotl
ubr
ic
atedp
rop
erl
ytost
ic
ktot h
e
a
ggre
gates
.Iti
sver
ydif
fic
ultt
oma i
nta
inth
ehomogene
ityo
fc o
ncre
temixan
dcompac
ti
onofco
ncr
eter
equi
resmuc
h
e
ffor
t.Waterc
ementr
ati
oofsuchco
ncr
eteisb
elo
w0 .
4.
 2.
Me d
iumWor
kabl
eConcret
e
Thi
stypeo
fconc
retework
abi
li
tyi
sus
edinmosto
ft h
eco
n s
tru
cti
onwor
ks.
Thi
sco
ncr
etei
sre
lat
ive
lye
asyt
omi
x,t
ran
spo
rt,
pl
aceandc
ompac
twitho
utmu c
hse
gre
gat
iona
ndlos
sofhomoge
nei
ty.

Thi
stypeofc o
n c
ret
ewor
kabi
li
tyi
sgen
eral
lyu
sedi
nallc
onc
ret
econs
tru
cti
onwi
thl
igh
trei
nfo
rce
ment(s
paci
ngof
re
info
rce
me ntiswhi
cha
ll
owsthec
onc
retetob
ecompa
cte
deffec
ti
vel
y)
.Waterc
eme
ntrat
iofo
rme d
iumwor
kabl
econ
cre
te
i
s0 .
4to0.55.

3.Hig
hlyWorkabl
eConcr
ete
Ahigh
lywork
a b
leconc
ret
eisver
yeasytomix
,tran
spor
t,p
lac
eandcompac
tinstr
uct
ures
.Suc
hco
ncr
eteisu
sedwhe
re
ef
fecti
vecompacti
onofcon
cre
teisnotpos
si
bleorinmas
sconc
ret
e.Su
chconc
ret
ef l
oweas
il
yan
dsettl
edownwi
tho
ut
mucheffo
rt.Butther
eishi
ghcha
nce
so fse
grega
tio
nandlos
sofhomog
enei
tyinth
iscas
e.

Thecoa
rsea
ggreg
ateste
ndtosettl
eatth
eb o
ttomandtheco
ncre
tepa
steco
mesup.
Suchcon
cre
teisu
sedincas
eofhea
vy
re
inf
orce
mentisuse
dwherevi
bra
tio
nofconc
retei
snotposs
ibl
e.Ex
amp
leofhi
ghl
ywor
kabl
econc
ret
eisse
lf-
compac
ti
ng
co
ncr
ete.Wa
tercementr
ati
oofsuchco
ncr
eteismor
et h
an0.
55.

Work
abi
li
tyr
equi
reme
ntofcon
cre
teva
rie
swithea
chty
peofcon
str
uct
ionan
dc ompa
cti
onmet
hoduse
d.Fo
rex
amp
le,
co
ncre
tewor
kab
il
ityr
equ
ire
dforasl
abcons
tru
cti
onc
anbesa
mea samasscon
cret
ef o
oti
ngc
onst
ruc
ti
on.

Work
abi
li
tyr
equi
reme
ntwh
envi
bra
tor
sareus
edforc
onst
ruc
tio
naredi
ffer
entfr
omwh
env
ibr
ato
rsa
ren
otu
sed
.Si
mil
arl
y,
co
ncre
tewor
kab
il
ityu
sedi
nth
icks
ect
ioni
snotwo
rka
blewhe
nu s
edint
hinsec
ti
ons
.

Fa
cto
rsAf
fec
tin
gWo
rka
bil
it
yofCo
ncr
ete

Th
ewo
rka
bil
it
yre
qui
reme
ntsf
orac
onc
ret
eco
nst
ruc
ti
ond
epe
ndso
n:

o Wa
terc
eme
ntr
ati
o

o Ty
peo
fco
nst
ruc
ti
onwo
rk

o Me
tho
dofmi
xi
ngc
onc
ret
e

o Th
ick
nes
sofc
onc
ret
ese
cti
on

o E
xte
nto
fre
inf
orc
eme
nt

o Me
tho
dofc
omp
act
ion

o Di
st
anc
eoft
ran
spo
rti
ng

o Me
tho
dofp
lac
eme
nt

o E
nvi
ron
men
talc
ond
iti
on
Wor
kabi
li
tyVs.
Stren
gthofCo
ncr
ete
Th
ef o
ll
owin
gfigu
reexpl
ai
nst
herel
ati
onb
etwe
enwo
rka
bil
it
yan
dco
mpr
ess
ives
tre
ngt
hofc
onc
ret
e:

Asyoucanse
efromfig
ure,t
hest
ren
gthofconc
retedec
rea
seswi
thin
creas
einwat
erce
ment
ra
tio
.Theinc
rea
seinwate
rceme
ntrati
oind
ica
tesinc
rea
seinwor
kab
il
ityofco
ncr
ete
.Thu
s,t
he
st
rengt
ho fc
onc
ret
einver
sel
ypr
opor
tio
naltothewor
kab
il
it
yo fc
onc
rete.

Therea
sonfo
rthisre
lat
ionisth
atwaterfromtheconc
ret
ed r
iesu
pa ndleav
esvoi
dswhe
n
se
tti
ngofconc
ret
eo c
cur
s.Themo r
ethewateris
,themorewil
lbethenumberofvo
ids
.Thus
,
i
ncre
aseinnu
mberofvoid
sd ec
reas
esthecompres
si
vestre
ngthofco
n c
rete
.Thusi
tis
i
mp o
rta
nttobal
anceth
es t
rengt
ha n
dwo r
kabi
li
tyreq
uir
ementforc
oncret
ewo r
k.

Thewor
kabi
li
tyofconc
ret
ec a
nb eenha
ncedbyus
eo frou
ndedaggreg
atesandbyt
heuseof
wor
kab
il
it
ye n
hanc
ingadmix
ture
s.Withth
eu s
eofadmixt
uresuc
ha sai
r-e
n t
rai
ni
ngadmi
xtu
res
,
th
eworka
bil
it
yinincr
ease
dwithou
tincr
easeinwa
ter-
cementra
tio
. Th
ishel
psinat
tai
ni
ng
re
qui
redst
rengt
handwo r
kabi
li
tyforco
ncret
ework

DES
CRI ONOFWORKGRADEOFCONCRETEM
PTI I
XDES
IGN
Conc
reteinc o
lumns,beams
M25c oncre
temix=1:
1:
2
Waterr et
aini
ngstruct
ures,Pi
les
,pre
cas
tworkorden
se
M201:1
.5:
3Co ncr
ete.
RCCb eams,sl
abs,co
lumns
M151:
2 :
4
Foundati
onsforbu i
ld
ings
,
M10=1
:3:6Massreinfo
rcedwo r
ks.
Formassc
oncr
etewor
k.1
:
4:8

Addi
ngtomu
chwa
terwi
llr
edu
cethes
tre
ngthofc
oncr
eteandc
ancaus
esegg
rega
tio
n.Forn
orma
l
c
ons
tru
cti
ont
hewa
terce
mentr
ati
oisus
ual
ly0.
5I nthep
repa
rat
ionofc
oncr
etethewa
terc
ementr
ati
ois
v
eryi
mpo
rta
ntWATE
RCE
MENTRATI
O

Fo
rdiffe
rentr
ati
oofcon
cre
tet
heamoun
tofwate
rfo
r50k
gofce
menti
sCo
ncr
eter
ati
oWa
terq
uan
tit
y1:
3:
6
34li
ter1
:2:
430li
ter1
:
1.
5:
327li
ter1
:
1:
225li
ter
WATERCE
MENTRATI
O 

3. TY
PESOFCONCRE TEANDITSUS ES
Co
ncret
earec
las
si
fie
dintodiff
ere
nttyp
e s
:1.Acc
ordi
ngtob
ind
ingma
ter
ialu
sedi
nco
ncr
ete
.2.
Acc
ord
ingt
o
de
sig
no fc
onc
ret
e.3.Ac
cordi
ngtopur
poseofc o
ncre
te.

TY
PESOFCONCRETEANDI
TSUS
ESCL
ASS
IFI
CATI
ONACCORDI
NGTOBI
NDI
NGMATERI
AL:
Acc
ordi
ngtobi
ndingma
ter
ialu
sedc
onc
ret
ear
ecl
ass
ifi
edi
ntot
wot
ype
s.
(1
)Cementco
ncre
te
(
2)li
meconcr
ete.
CEMENTCONCRETE
Theco
ncr
eteco
nsis
ti
ngofcement
,sanda
ndcoa
rseagg
regat
esmi
xedi
nasui
tab
lepro
port
ion
sinadd
iti
onto
wat
erisc
all
edcementco
ncr
ete
.Inthi
sty
peofconc
ret
ec e
menti
suse
dasabi
ndin
gma t
eri
al,s
anda
sfine
ag
greg
ate
sandgravel
,cr
ush
edsto
nesasc
oar
seaggr
egat
es.

I
nceme
ntcon
cre
teu
sef
ulp
rop
ort
ion
sofi
tsi
ngr
edi
ent
sar
e1p
artc
eme
nt:
1
-8p
arts
and
:2-
16p
art
sco
ars
e
a
ggr
ega
tes
.

 
LIMECONCRETETheconcr
etec
ons
is
ti
ngo
fli
me,f
inea
ggr
ega
tes
,an
dco
ars
eag
gre
gat
esmi
xedi
na
s
uit
abl
epropo
rti
onswi
thwa
teri
scal
le
dlimecon
cre
te.I
nthist
ypeofc
oncr
eteh
ydrau
li
climeisg
ene
rall
yus
ed
a
sab i
ndi
ngmateri
al
,sa
ndandc
ind
erareuse
dasfineagg
rega
tesa
ndbro
kenbr
ic
ks,gra
velca
nbeusedas
c
oars
eaggr
egat
es.

PLACINGOFLIMECONC RETE: Pl
aci
ngofco
ncr
etesha
llb
ecompl
ete
dwith
inth
reeh
our
so fad
din
g
wat
erinca
seo
fco
ncr
etei
spr
epa
redwi
thhyd
rau
li
cli
me.Con
cre
tesho
uldb
ewellc
ure
dforaper
iodofatl
eas
t
1
0d a
ys.

TY
PESOFCONCRETEANDI
TSUS
ESCL
ASS
IFI
CATI
ONACCORDI
NGTODES
IGNOFCONCRETE
(
1)Pl
ai
ncementcon
cre
te.
(
2)Rei
nfo
rcedceme
ntcon
cret
e(RCC).
(3)Pr
e-s
tre
ssedce
mentcon
crete
(PCC).

PLAINCEMENTCONCRETEThecementc
onc
ret
einwh i
chnor
einf
orc
ementispro
vid
ediscal
le
dp l
ai
ncemen
t
co
ncret
eo rmas
scementco
ncr
ete
. Th
ist
ypeofconc
retei
sst
ronginta
kin
gc o
mp r
essi
ves
tres
sesbu
tweaki
n
ta
kingtensi
les
tre
sse
s.US
ES:Pl
ai
nc e
mentco
ncre
teiscommo
nlyuse
dinforfounda
tio
nworkandfl
oor
ingo
f
bu
ild
ings
.

 
REI RCC)Th
NFORCEDCEMENTCONCRETE( ece
men
tco
ncr
etei
nwh
ichr
ein
for
ceme
nti
semb
edd
edf
ort
aki
ng
t
ensi
lest
ressiscall
edrei
nfor
cedcementco
ncre
te.Inthi
stypeofc on
cret
etheste
elrei
nfor
cementi
stobe
u
sedgener
all
yi nthefor
mo froun
db a
rs,
6mmt o32mmd ia
.Thi
sc o
ncret
eisequa
ll
ystro
ngintaki
ngtens
il
e,
c
ompres
si
vea nds h
earst
ress
es.Us
ualpr
opor
tion
so fin
gredi
entsinar e
inf
orc
edconcr
etear
e1partofce
me n
t:
1-
2
part
sofs a
n d
:2-4par
tsofcrus
hedsto
nesorgrave
l.USES
:RCCi scommonl
yusedforcon
str
uct
ionofsl
abs,
b
eams,c
olu
mn s,found
ati
on,pr
ecas
tconcr
ete.

PRE-
STRES
S PCC)Th
EDCEMENTCONCRETE( ece
men
tco
ncr
etei
nwh
ichh
ighc
omp
res
si
ves
tre
sse
sar
ear
ti
fi
ci
al
ly
i
nduc
edbefor
et h
eirac
tua
lusei
scall
edpre-s
tre
ssesce
mentconc
ret
e.i
nthist
ypeofcementcon
c r
ete,t
hehig
h
c
ompres
siv
estres
sesar
eindu
cedbypre-
tensi
oni
ngtherei
nfo
rce
mentbefo
repla
cin
gtheconcr
ete,andthe
r
ein
forc
ementisrel
eas
edwhenfi
nalset
tin
go ftheco
ncre
tetak
ep l
ace
.Uses:
Thi
scon
cret
ec a
nt ak
eu phig
h
t
ens
il
eandco
mpres
si
vest
ress
eswi
tho
utdev
elo
pme
nto
fcr
ack
s.
Theq
uan
tit
yofr
ein
for
ceme
ntc
anb
e
c
ons
ide
rab
lyr
edu
cedbyu
sin
gt h
isc
onc
ret
e.
TYPESOFCONCRETEANDI TSUS ESCLAS S
IFICATIONACCORDINGTOPURPOS E
Acco
rdingtop ur
poseconcr
eteiscl
a s
sif
iedintofoll
owin
gt ype
s.
a.
Vacuumc onc
rete:Thecementconcr
etef r
omwh ic
he nt
rain
eda i
rande xces
swa t
erisremovedafterplac
ingit,bysuc
ti
on
wi
tht h
eh elpofv a
cuump u
mpi scall
edvacuumc o
ncret
e.Inthiscon
cretetheexcesswate
rwh i
chisaddedtoincreas
e
worka
bil
itybutnotrequi
redfortheh y
drati
onofc ementofc o
ncret
ei sremove
db yformi
n gvacu
umc ha
mbe r
b.Ai
re ntrai
nedconcret
eTh econc
retepreparedbymixingalu
minumi nitiscal
ledairentr
aine
d,cell
ul
arora e
r a
ted
co
n c
rete.Inthi
sconcret
eb u
bbl
esofh ydr
o g
eng asareli
berat
edwh i
chf or
msc e
llandma k
et heconc
retecel
lul
ar.USES:
Thi
s
co
n c
reteisusedf o
rlini
ngwall
sandr oofsforheatandsoundinsul
ationpurpo
se.
 
c.Ligh
twe ightconcr
eteTheconcr
e t
ep repar
edb yusi
ngc o
keb r
eeze,ci
nderorslagascoars
ea ggr
egatei
sc al
ledli
ght
weig
htcon c
rete.
Theconcr
eteisli
ghtinwe i
ghtandp os
sesheatinsu
lati
ngp ro
perti
es.USESThisconc
reteisusedinmakin
g
pr
e c
aststruct
uraluni
tsforparti
ti
ona ndwallli
ning.

Pl
ast
eri
ng 
i
sap
roc
essb
ywh
ichc
oar
ses
urf
ace
sofwa
llo
rce
il
in
gro
ofsa
rec
han
gedo
rtu
rne
dorr
end
ere
dto
p
rov
idesmo
othn
ess.
Atthebeg
inni
ng,wetmate
ria
lsarespr
eadove
rthebl
ocko
rbri
ckwor
ksa
ndth
ensui
tab
le
e
qui
pmenti
susedtomaketh
es u
rfaces
moothlev
el.
t
hepri
mepurpo
seofpla
ste
rin
gistoo b
tai
nhardands mo
othsu
rfac
etha
tcoul
dbepai
nte
dandp
rovi
deni
ce
a
est
heti
capp
eara
nces
.

Re
centl
y,wal
lsu
rfa
cesi
nmoder
nh o
use
sa r
ef i
ni
she
dwi
thb
ric
kso
rbl
ock
sora
est
het
ic
all
y
pl
eas
ingsto
nestosh
owbea
uti
fula
ppear
ances
.

Wetmat
eri
al
sthats
prea
do v
erwallo
rroofs
urf
acess
hou
ldno
tbemoret
han0.
3cm.Howe
ver
,
th
erea
resur
fac
estha
tirr
egul
ari
ti
esaremor
ethan3c
m.Int
hisc
aseu
nde
rcoa
twhic
hislo
w
c
ostco
ars
eg r
ainmat
eri
alisus
edt
ore
nde
rth
esu
rfa
cef
oll
owe
dbyf
ini
shc
oatt
hati
sth
in
l
aye
roffinegrai
nmate
ria
ls.

Mor
eove
r,wal
lsc
ons
tru
cte
df r
omirr
egul
ara
nddi
ffer
ents
izes
ton
esmi
ghtre
qui
reth
ree
co
ati
ng.Thi
sisb
eca
useth
ickund
ercoa
tten
dtosagduet
owei
ghtoft
hic
kwetpl
ast
er.

Thati
swhys
prea
dingthi
nla
yeran
dpe
rmit
tin
gt ohar
denfo
ll
owe
dbyempl
oyi
ngsec
ondunde
r
co
atisth
ebes
tp r
acti
ceass
howni
nFi
gur
e1.Fin
all
y,fi
ni
shco
ati
sapp
li
edforth
esurfa
ce.

Fi
gur
e-1
:Ad
van
tag
eso
fTwoUn
derCo
ato
fPl
ast
er
Type
sofPla
ste
rba
sedo
nMa
ter
ialUs
ed
Li
mePla
ste
r
L
imemixt
urecons
ist
sofs a
ndandlin
ethatar
emixedby1sa
n dt o3o fli
mebyvolu
me.Not
o
nlyth
ismixt
ureisus
edf o
runderco
atbutal
sou
sedasfini
shc oat
.Li
mep la
ste
rmightbe
s
hri
nkafte
rd r
yi
ngsoanimalh
airofabo
ut5Kgisusedfor1m 2
toavoi
dlimepla
stercr
acki
ng
a
ndshri
nki
ng.Li
mep l
ast
ercou
ldbeusedfora
nci
entst
ruc
turere s
tora
tio
na n
drehabi
li
tat
ion
.
Ce
men
tPl
ast
er
Gr
eypowderPor
tl
andce
menti
smix
edwit
hwaterb
ythera
tioof1
ceme
ntto3or4cle
an
wa
she
ds a
ndb yvo
lumea
sanun
dercoa
tforh
ardbac
kgr
oun
df o
rexamp
leb
ric
kbl
ockwal
lsa
nd
pa
rti
ti
ons
.

Mix
tur
eo fsandan
dc e
mentmigh
tbeplas
ti
candreq
uir
ee x
per
ienc
edandsk
il
lla
borth
ere
for
e
pla
sti
ci
zerorli
meisaddedt
othemixt
ureus
ual
lyb
yv o
lumera
tioof1
ceme
nt:
0.
25li
me:3san
d
or1cementto4sandwit
hpla
sti
ci
zer
.

Pl
ast
ic
ize
risal
iq
uidt
hata
dde
dtot
hemi
xtu
ret
oea
sep
las
ters
pre
adi
ngo
vert
hes
urf
ace
.

Gy
psu
mPl
ast
er
Gyps
umplas
teriswi
del
yus
edplas
termat
eri
al
stha
tcoul
dbemi
nednat
ura
ll
yo rpr
odu
ceda
sa
by
-pro
duc
t.So,i
mpor
tan
tgyps
ump l
ast
erth
atise
mp l
oye
dasu
nderc
oat
,fin
ishco
at,a
nd
re
plac
edli
mea n
dc e
mentb
road
ly.
Mor
eov
er,s
malle
xpan
sio
nofg
yps
umi
sco
nsi
der
eds
ign
ifi
can
tpr
ope
rti
edt
hatp
rev
ent
sh
ri
nka
gesandcr
ack
s.

Ther
earevari
ousty
pesofgyps
ump la
sterthatareprod
ucedbyheat
inggyp
sumtoaspec
ifi
c
deg
reeforexa
mp l
eanhy
dro
usgypsumma nufa
ctur
edb yhea
tin
ggypsumupt o1
70C,
o

he
mihyd
rate
sgypsumpro
duce
db yheat
ingg y
psummo reth
an170C.
o

Fur
ther
more,d
ependi
ngonappl
ica
tio
nsf orwall
sorceil
in
gsgyps
ump las
ter
scanbeca
teg
ori
zed
su
chascast
ing
,under
coa
t,fi
ni
sh,onecoatandma ch
ineappl
iedpl
ast
er.
Ba
ckg
rou
ndS
urf
ace
sfo
rPl
ast
er
Typeofpla
steranditsap
pli
cat
ionvar
iesdep
endin
go nt
hesurf
aceofthewal
lorcei
li
ngwh
ich
ar
es e
ttobep la
ster
ed.Br
ick
sorb l
ock
swithro
ughandsol
idsu
rfac
espos
sessmean
sof
mecha
nic
aladh
esio
nwh enpl
ast
erisappli
edtothebac
kgr
oundwal
lsorc
eil
in
gs.

Themech
ani
calke
yswhi
chadhe
rehar
dene
dp l
ast
ertothesur
fac
esi
scr
eat
edaft
ersp
rea
dwe
t
un
derc
oatpla
ste
risdr
ied.
Plast
erkey
sli
mitorres
tra
insh
ri
nkageo
fth
eceme
nttha
tis
pr
inc
ipa
lcompone
ntofunder
coatp
las
ter
.

Mach
inepre
sse
db r
ic
kswit
hhighden
sit
yands moo
thsurf
acesabso
rbsui
tab
lea
mou
ntofwa
ter
th
atwillh
elpadh
eri
ngpla
ste
rstosurf
aces
.Th ede
greeofwaterabs
orp
tio
nbyde
nses
moot
h
su
rfac
eb r
ic
kswhi
chass
is
tinplas
teradhe
sio
ni sc
all
edsuct
ion
.

Bl
ock
sp r
oduc
edbyli
ghtweigh
tcon
cret
eh a
vela
rgesuc
ti
onst
hatpr
even
tatta
chi
ngpl
aste
rsto
su
rfa
cespro
perl
y.Th
erefo
re,i
tisadv
ise
dt od
ecre
asewat
erab
sor
pti
ondeg
reebyei
the
rliqu
id
pr
imerorsp
rayi
ngwate
rbeforepl
ast
eri
ng.

Ther
ea r
etwod i
fferen
ts o
lut
ion
sf o
rsurfac
eswithlo
ws uc
ti
onincl
udePVAbondi
ngagentand
po
lymerbond
ingagent.I
nt h
ef o
rmerme t
hod,po
lyvi
nylac
etat
eisbrus
hedonthesurf
aceand
pl
aste
rissprea
do verwhenthePVAissti
llsti
ckywhi
chcrea
tesbon
d.Inthel
atter
,sur
fac
es
ar
et r
eate
db yco
mb i
nati
onofs i
li
casan
da ndpol
ymera n
dt h
eb o
ndisprov
ide
db ysi
li
casan
d
gr
ainafte
rthep o
lymerisdri
ed.

The
reareva
ri
ousty
pesofgal
vani
zeds
tee
lbeadsandst
opswhi
charep
rod
ucedtoemp
loywi
th
pl
ast
erandpl
ast
erb
oardasan
gleands
toprei
nfor
cement
.Thebea
dsar
eusedatth
ejunc
ti
on
ofwal
ltoce
il
in
gp l
ast
erandpla
ste
rtooth
ermateri
al
s.

Ga
lva
niz
edste
eluti
li
zedass
top
stocre
ateper
fec
tfini
she
satjun
cti
onsofpl
ast
ert
oan
oth
er
mat
eri
alata
ngle
s,ar
oundwi
ndo
wsan
dd oo
rs,a
ndski
rt
ingass
howninFig
ure2.
 Fi
gur
e-2
:Me
tal
li
cBe
adsa
ndS
topf
orPl
ast
ers
Pl
ast
erFi
ni
she
stoTi
mbe
rJo
ist
san
dSt
uds
Pl
aste
rsprea
dingonti
mberlat
hisanoldandtra
dit
ion
alt
echn
iqu
et h
atuse
dtocr
eat
eleve
l
fi
ni
shedsur
facetoth
et i
mberfl
oorce
il
ingandroo
fsandst
udparti
ti
ons
.Thi
smet
hodtoa
l
argedeg
reerepl
ace
db ygyp
sumplas
ter
boar
dt h
atiswhyf
urt
herdeta
il
in
gisnotp
rov
ide
d.

Gy
psu
mpl
ast
erb
oar
disma
deo
fha
rdg
yps
ump
las
tert
hatb
ond
edt
otwoh
eav
ypa
per
swh
ich
pr
eventdamag
esresu
lte
dfromhandl
in
ga ndins
tal
li
ngofthegyp
sumpla
ste
r.Iti
s
manu
fact
uredwit
hvari
oust
hic
knes
sesforexa
mp l
e0.95cm,1
.2
5cm,1.
5cm.and1.
9cmt
hat
ap
pli
edasd r
ylin
ingoraspl
ast
erback
grou
ndind i
ffer
entsi
zeboa
rds
.

Gy
psumpla
ste
rboa
rdiswide
lyuti
li
zedince
il
in
gsoft
imb
erfl
oorsandr
oofsasl
in
ing
s.
Pl
ast
erb
oar
disco
nsi
dera
blycos
teffect
ivea
ndcou
ldb
eins
tal
le
da n
dp l
ast
ere
deasi
ly
.
 An
oth
erout
sta
ndingad
van
tag
ei sr
esi
st
anttofir
ebecau
seitisi
nco
mbust
ibl
e.Non
eth
ele
ss,
po
orsou
ndins
ula
tio
nandmovemen
torvib
rat
ioncra
cksar
ed r
awb
ackso
fp l
asterb
oar
ds.

S
kir
tin
gan
dAr
chi
tra
ves
S
kir
tsa
renarr
owba
ndmadearo
undwa
llb
aseatwal
landfl
oori
nte
rse
cti
onan
dma
nuf
act
ure
d
s
tro
ngeno
ughtor
esi
sth
its
.Its
erv
estoe
mp h
asi
zewal
lan
df l
oorj
unc
tio
n.

Th
erear
evari
oustyp
esofski
rt
ingsu
chastimber
,met
al,t
il
e,a
ndmagn
esi
te.
Arc
hit
rav
esare
mo
ldorfor
mswh i
chareu
sedforde
cora
tiv
ep u
rpos
esi
nsta
ll
edaro
unddo
orsa
ndwindo
ws.

Ty
peso
fPl
ast
erFi
ni
she
sus
edi
nBu
il
din
gCo
nst
ruc
tio
nar
e:
Di
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fpl
ast
erf
ini
she
swi
thd
iff
ere
nta
ppe
ara
nce
sar
eav
ail
abl
easf
oll
ows
.

o S
moo
thc
astf
ini
sh

o Ro
ughc
astf
ini
sh

o S
andf
ace
dfi
ni
sh

o Pe
bbl
eda
shf
ini
sh

o S
cra
ppe
dfi
ni
sh

o De
pet
erf
ini
sh

o Te
xtu
redf
ini
sh

S
moo
thCa
stPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Toobta
insmoot
hcastfi
ni
sh,mor
tarusedsho
uldbeinther
ati
o1:3[ c
ement:
sand
].Fi
neS
and
sh
oul
db eta
kentoprep
arethemort
ar.Forspr
ead
ingthemort
ar,s
kimmingfl
oatorwo
odfl
oat
i
sbestsui
tab
letoo
l.He
nce,smo
othandleve
ll
edsurf
aceiso
btai
nedf i
nal
ly
.
Ro
ughCa
stPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Roug
hcastfi
nis
hisals
oca
ll
edasspa
tte
rda
shf
ini
sh.
Morta
rusedtoge
trou
ghcas
tfi
ni
sh
co
nsi
stcoar
seaggr
egat
eal
ongwi
thceme
nta
ndsa
nd.The
irrat
ioisa
bou
t1:
1.
5:3.
Thesi
zeof
co
arsea
ggrega
teusedi
s3mmto12mm.

La
rgequ
anti
tyo
fmo rt
ari
stak
enb
ytrowe
landi
tisda
she
din
toth
esurf
acean
dlevel
le
dus
ing
wo
odenfl
oat
.Usu
all
ythi
sty
peofpl
ast
erfi
ni
shi
spre
ferr
edfo
rex
ter
nalre
nder
ing
s.

S
andFa
cedPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Toge
tsandfac
edf i
ni
shtwocoat
so fpl
ast
eri
ngisr
equi
red
.Forf
irs
tco
at,1
2mmth
icklay
erof
ce
mentsa
ndmortari
n1:4rati
oisp r
efe
rre
d.Thefi
rs
tcoatsh
oul
dbepro
vid
edinz
igza
gline
s.
Andt
heniti
sall
owedforcu
rin
gf or7da
ys.

Aft
erthat8mmt hi
ckl
aye
ro fse
condcoa
twi
thcementandsan
din1:
1ra
tioisappl
ie
d.Lev
el
th
esurfa
ceusin
gs p
ong
e.Fin
all
ytakeso
mesandandscr
eene
dittoobt
ainunif
ormgrai
nsiz
e.
Thesc
reene
ds a
n di
sappl
ie
do nthese
condc
oatus
ingski
mmingfl
oato
rwo o
d e
nfloat
.Fi
nal
ly,
sa
ndfacedfin
ishwi
thuni
for
mg ra
insi
zeofsan
disobtai
ned
.
Pe
bbl
eDa
shPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Pe
bbleda
shfin
ishr
equi
resmort
arla
yerof1
2 mmthi
ckn
esswi
thcementan
ds a
ndintherat
ioof1:
3.Aft
er
pl
ast
eri
ngpebb
leso
fs i
ze10mmto20mma r
ed a
she
do ntoth
ep l
ast
eredsu
rfac
e.The
np r
essth
emintoth
e
pl
ast
ere
ds u
rfa
ceusi
ngwoodenfl
oatsl
owl
y.Aft
erhar
deni
ngthe
yp r
ovi
deaest
heti
cappe
aran
cetothest
ruc
tur
e.

S
cra
ppe
dPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Toobt
ainsc
rap
pedfi
nis
h,a
ppl
yfina
lcoa
tof6to12mmt
hic
knes
sandal
lo
wedittodry
.Afte
rsometi
meu
sin
g
st
eelb
ladeorpl
ates
cra
pthepl
ast
eredl
aye
rupt
o3mmdepth
.Scr
app
edfini
shi
sles
slia
bletoc
rac
ks.
De
pet
erPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Th
isi
sal
sos
imi
la
rtop
ebb
led
ashf
ini
sh.
Buti
nth
isc
asep
iec
eso
fgr
ave
lorf
li
ntsa
reu
sedi
npl
aceo
fpe
bbl
es.

Te
xtu
redPl
ast
erFi
ni
sh
Tex
tur
edfi
nis
hisob
tai
nedfro
mth
est
ucc
opl
ast
eri
ngi
nwh
ichd
iff
ere
ntt
ext
ure
sors
hap
esa
rema
deo
nth
e
fi
nalc
oatu
sin
gsui
tab
leto
ols
.
S
tuc
cot
ext
ure
s
spa
nt heg
amutf r
oms i
mpl
ewavest os
mooth,f
latsur
faces
,tofac
esmadet
ol o
oklik
eb r
ic
kan
ds t
one
.
Addi
tio
nal
ly
,stu
ccowall
sca
nalsob epai
nte
d,stai
nedwit
hf i
ni
sh,o
rmix
edwithpig
me ntfo
rafre
shlo
ok.
That
’salo
to fopti
onstoc
ons
ider,sowi
thou
tf u
rthe
ra d
o, 

Si
dingahomei nst
uccoisaprettylab
or-
int
e n
siveproc
ess
.Ifwal
lsaremadeoutofconc
ret
e, 
bri
ck,
 
stone
,or
anyoth
ert y
peo fmason
ry,t
hes tu
ccowil
ladheredire
ctl
ytothewall
s.
Afte
rthat,th
ey’
llge
neral
lya
pp l
yt h
reela
yersofs t
ucc
o.Thefi
rs
tlayeradh
ere
sthestu
ccotothebui
ldi
ngwal
l.
Theseco
ndc oa
t,ca
ll
edt h
ebrown,even
soutt h
es ur
face
,andth
elastcoati
swher
ethey’
l
laddthefini
sh.
Text
ureisappli
edeit
herbyhandusin
gat ro
wel,orspra
yedwi
thastuccosp
ray
ercon
nect
edtoa nai
r
co
mp r
esso
r. 
Th
eFi
ni
she
s
Ontopofal
lth
echoi
cesf
ortex
tur
e,yo
uc a
na ddco
lort
oyo
urs
tuc
cowa
ll
s,t
oo,u
sin
gpr
e-c
olo
redmu
dora
cry
li
c
pl
ast
er,o
rbypai
nti
ngita
fte
rthesur
facedri
es.

 Co
lor
edS
tuc
co.
 
For
gett
heb
eig
esa
ndb
rown
s.Mo
der
nst
ucc
oca
nmi
xedi
nawi
der
ang
eofp
igme
nts
,
f
romd us
kys a
getoslat
eg raytobri
ghtyell
ow.Thecolo
rin
ga ge
nti susua
llymixe
di nt
oawh i
teorgray
b
asebyyourcontr
act
or.And,ofcours
e,pigmentedstu
ccowil
lsavey o
ut i
mea ndmo ne
yp a
int
ingthe
s
idi
nginye a
rstocome.
 Pa
intorWh i
tewas
h. 
Foramo recla
ssi
callook
—andawi de
rr a
ngeo fcolo
rs—homeowner
softenchoo
se
t
o p
aintstuc
cosidi
ng.Lat
exe xt
eri
orpaintcanbeap p
li
edt oeventextur
edf i
nishe
switharoll
eranda
b
asecoatofp r
imer
.Anothercommonap pr
oachistowhit
ewashthes u
rfac
e,inf a
ct,whi
chgiv
esitthat
t
radi
ti
onal,ado
belook
.Keepi nmindthatp a
int
ingwil
lrequi
realoto fupkeep—stuc
cousua
ll
yd e
velo
ps
s
mallcra
cksasthehousesettl
esoverti
me ,soi
twillneedtobet ouc
hedu peveryfi
vetoteny e
ars.

Ex
ter
nalRe
nde
rin
gofBu
il
din
gs.
Gene
ral
ly,ext
erna
lfa
ceofbui
ldi
ngsco
nstr
uct
edfromconc
ret
eo rcl
ayblo
cksar
enotass
umedtobep l
eas
ing
ae
sthet
ical
lyanddon
otpro
videat
tra
cti
veappea
ran
ces.
Thatiswhytheext
erna
lfac
esarech
angedand
re
nderedbytwoorth
reec
oatsofli
meo rc
ementmix
edwithnat
uralagg
rega
teandfi
ni
shedtex
ture
dorsmooth
.
More
over
,ren
deri
ngi
mprov
esandi
ncr
eas
eswal
lres
ist
anttop
enetr
ati
onofr
ainf
all
.Fur
ther
mor
e,e
xte
rna
l
re
nderi
ngisbas
edonst
rongb
ondtoth
ebac
kgro
und,ut
il
iz
edmix
ture
s,an
dsur
fac
efini
sh.

Wa
ter
pro
ofi
nga
ndd
amppr
oof
ingsoundl
ik
eth
esa
met
hin
g,a
ndt
heg
ene
ralo
bje
cti
veo
fbo
th–
mi
ni
miz
ingt
het
rav
elo
fwa
tert
hro
ughas
ubs
tan
ce–i
sth
esa
me.
Howe
ver
,th
erea
rema
jord
iff
ere
nce
s.

Wa
ter
pro
ofi
ng

Th
epr
oce
sso
fwa
ter
pro
ofi
ngac
onc
ret
efo
und
ati
onp
rov
ide
sac
ont
inu
ousb
arr
iert
owa
terp
ene
tra
tio
n.By

t
rea
tin
gth
esu
rfa
cewi
the
ith
ert
ar,o
rane
las
tome
ricr
ubb
erc
oat
ing
,th
atb
arr
ieri
scr
eat
eda
ndi
t’
sab
let
o

wi
ths
tan
dhy
dro
sta
ticp
res
sur
es.
The
sema
ter
ia
lsc
ane
ith
erb
esp
ray
edo
ntot
hes
urf
ace
,ora
ppl
ie
dbyh
and
.Th
e

ma
inc
onc
ernwh
end
eci
di
ngwh
eth
erwa
ter
pro
ofi
ngi
sne
ede
d,i
sho
wof
tent
hes
tru
ctu
rewi
lln
eedt
ode
alwi
th

s
tan
din
gwa
ter
.Th
ede
ptho
fth
efo
und
ati
onwa
ll
,th
eus
eoft
hei
nte
rio
rsp
ace
,an
dth
esu
rro
und
ingc
li
mat
e,wi
ll

a
llb
efa
cto
rsi
nth
isd
ete
rmi
nat
ion
.Ing
ene
ral
,ho
wev
er,i
fth
erei
san
yqu
est
iono
verwh
eth
erwa
ter
pro
ofi
ngi
s

n
eed
ed,i
tmo
sto
fte
nis
.

Da
mppr
oof
ing

Wh
end
ampp
roo
fin
gac
onc
ret
esu
rfa
ce,ac
oat
ingi
sap
pli
edi
nas
imi
la
rfa
shi
ona
swh
eny
ou’
rewa
ter
pro
ofi
ng.

Th
isc
oat
ingma
ter
iali
sty
pic
all
yas
pha
ltb
ase
dan
dfo
rmsame
mbr
ane
.Th
epr
ima
ryd
iff
ere
nceb
etwe
en

wa
ter
pro
ofi
nga
ndd
ampp
roo
fin
gist
hatt
hisme
mbr
anei
sn’
tex
pec
tedt
opr
eve
ntp
ene
tra
tio
nbys
tan
din
gwa
ter

wh
enh
ydr
ost
ati
cpr
ess
urei
spr
ese
nt.
Ino
the
rwo
rds
,da
mpp
roo
fin
gisi
nte
nde
dtok
eeps
mal
lamo
unt
sof

mo
ist
uref
romd
ama
gin
gth
esu
rfa
ce,b
utwo
n’tc
omp
let
elys
ealt
hes
urf
acet
hewa
ywa
ter
pro
ofi
ngd
oes
.Da
mp

p
roo
fin
gisa
lsou
nab
let
ofi
lll
arg
ecr
ack
sorh
ole
spr
ese
nti
nth
eco
ncr
ete
.Ifp
rop
ers
urf
aced
rai
nag
eis

p
oss
ibl
e,a
ndd
rai
nsa
rei
nst
all
edc
orr
ect
ly,d
ampp
roo
fin
gca
nst
il
lbeav
iab
les
olu
tio
ninma
nya
ppl
ic
ati
ons
,

h
owe
ver
,it
’sr
are
lyu
sedi
nmo
der
nre
sid
ent
ialc
ons
tru
cti
on.