UNIT

5
in ts ti einforce d plaatia
Gcneral COnaideratians
in ordeas to
Ss ivery inpatant
) Srumen contguraton
in the
reacts . Jo ai'lure ga
achive tprodu ube emur

he ara in contact with he t s t an p

a s a and not with in
Io get he t s t 8peumen
b egui'lbnicm
)Conditioning
impatant.
Condbon comditoniny b Very
°c,
4eeral conditone ar : 3 t

5ot3.PH, 88 hr
3t'C,

Rick hen > O' 45 ")

ae anhotopic

Properh Since Compooites

Citi)Oirectional tdt tn
vanouu

necenarH 7o
amducd
it n ofen.
n nafaIt,
t be mentioned along uwtth tst
dichono he øame hao aijeen
lamina ks ha
For g tabnc rinforced ay ap pakrn,
c u on
weave pahem al abnc,
dependy
Ppethes ad keatn
.

uckne of èach layer, intertacial psopei

poper
tes ar

mechanicad
mechanica
the
Moat of dun teatire
,

Civ) soadi ratk load applitahion

to the rok of
Oen
oenoiti've
it at 10
min. tutvped)
then take
(Sfnot wpeaihed
Uhe numer of ay
9pampy calculartona_& TPOTT and eve
utandard odeviafian
to be opeaifed, method,
(trah)
mentioncd in e
eat'y
to be
Of Conhdence Need upeomen eouko
individual
nolot o
Keport'y generally deviation.
standard
aYeTHe value, to the
efould be reliab lkand accarat acc
Calealation
totandard procur.
 Jcsiy o vauw maknok o eingorced plastics.
contref
Eapecr allyor gualt purpoe
Vin conity as aeceved and afkr addi Catalyta (Caratve
CBroo kpe d vidcom ekT) V coni i ver mpas tan
In achievi uniom impregnation & uvething of hber /fabnc
oenlorce men-to Iw dun molding Cun operabons

r ¥ Cwaby life /Gel timef pot uk): ereE

d COnditios ot1taa Ctnperatae humid)f
T
add. on of Curah'vea 'pot lie a vsin o impoTta nt
de cid He hand Ii of esin in pro cei ar m
h eat
*kesi produc'y kigh
cr0hernue

hbe to Cun whn'nkaje & C5a3e Ciacky.

ta aloo uucd t
m e a u r e me nt
Pp ravi de naity cur.

before ) afer
ua contra afa
rean a gene rall
o tate of
cur

escknt o4 ke (Barcof had hau)

Jhe
mcasarrmet of
t hard hem ASTMD 383.
deemintd
by e uface
harde

daromeer
woa used to hnd
5hore D
O Compo.tes. can
be tated (
otortyth
Even ingle fher /flament compoaite.
*
the poduchom
cof nal
before
tei le vatrmth)
e heerogencous
compoaita
as They
NDT or
CNo dinple
 Oenoile wtieth CASTM D 63)

Spei'men ' o g bone haped On makrial

1mm/uin to 10 mm/uin (eende
Speed of keatirg
aye lergh 8o mm
w p e c m e n 1 5 0
mm
Keyth of mm

Vpecimen
i L
wih of mm

wpeomen Shak'
text beok,
hcknw of vhhu
colure efer to
detailed pro
Fa

D290) 3 poit, lt point

lexural weyth CASTM krr Compioit
Specimen Rectanguala whaped
icknco Of opecimen
fhe
ia egual to half Cmm/u
C h c - 3PL eed qf fesfiy
100
m
Radiw of
nooe Cloadin
2bd pan lewh: mm hone) 3 . mm
d-dpthkeryi ofepecmen150 &auppor+
mm
7
19
b- w dth wid of bpecmen

7 m m.
ASTH DAsE A
1
w'ckno f pecmen
Flexural CASTMD 456 a
tre
truth CharpH mpaci Tod tyre
199 mm

3PL pecimen '

Cenh of 197
mna
bd T7m
of pecime
=
width
Impoct wtreryth
-load qupecamen3odmm

at break. Oucknew
CASTMD 6115)
ve wtreth
Comprewi detah of tey
teata procedure &
e ahove
LJaty ol poly mera
For all
Shak teoet book.
fer to viàhu
 Snterlaninar ohear vteyth CILSS (ASTND-344)
at ture in
the whear trngth rup
7LSS is depned as

i lo cated betuween the lyer

hch he plane ot fractue
Compote.
reinorce me nt af a
polymer
h IL8S
Shear ute rth (Syz)
and Sx2 art oimilar"hear ntroy
dy
& S*2
Sy2 uweaker han Szy
nmeas
urement ofF
ia not
tcommended or
Okia test ua Controd c n d

properb'e n wed or
des
,

mode in da
CoOmpanhon Purpo0e
Jailure
10pecaif'ca Hon , t ued

Shat beam
ohcar utoeryth CASTMD 2344)
TLSS meabarement dur
proce
.

tes+

Jhia test uses 3 point bendiny

o validon for parallel berd.
h i o test both
and
coninuou
teat Can be uwed o
* Kio
ber compooites
d-aConhnuou and andie
chonal laminate
mculhdrechiomal
Both
is method,
Can be ested b
uound, pro moldy .

*
Handlay-up flament be teatad
lamin akn
can
TM
auto cla ved,
moldy
Specimen i Rectangular hape
3 point loadi 5pa
toad' 6 Xhicknen
leng
5peoimen leyth
5pea'men width; y+Ricknen.
 minimum -hic knw o pecimeh = å m m
.CcLpto 6 mm)
Zoadi wpan erh
Speaimen -fw'ckn

6mm d'amekr cyinder

Koudi 0 noae climdera
3mm diamekr
sppet 5upporti
A. Ca3t8'c, 5ot5, RH)
Covid hioniy proedurt
Cvomhead m0vement 1 mm/ui'h.
Spred of katiny L.3 mm/mi h.
o)

ILSS: /cm@ MBa shear

Inkrlanu nar wteu

load ( ) / m a z .
Brraby
wiath of wpecimen Ccm)
cm
pecmen
d Jhicknew of
applied loadi thin test+
in
e dominan+
hear
Ao k a van'ety of foulure
wtremes an Complea
me-tRod, he internal
modes Can occur.

Clear decuar ic ld
an

*MG-plane failur
intriaminar
urface
whear utyth. tai lure due to hodom
value or not be
wtrease u hould
eroi0n ( ) due
to Comp runive
ber
ILSS. Teault.
taken a
tiss
i ed
mackine COT)
*Univera as testb'y arrayement.
celerminaton with 3 point loadi'
 NDTT deinjorced plashe
wrtiin he oample
do deket okfects. 4la w. porat s
Co) impaiti the utilit of he a
mple
brt#out
deg radi
in any uwag
ta moak
OVioua NDT Careful Viàual exa minatiomi
ed NDT. Defkcta
be that ma8
Conv enient wide fore g n

inelude dia colora hon Cbue te o verheativj)

baer ved
Cracks, voCratch,
denth. blis terd , pitPeelg.
maHr Cra3in g onnEles
-ri'ch,
a
tesin wtarved rea
air bubble>. povoai y sin

noeIght é magwf4ig
Voids & de laminatom6. Some time inte
vinual NDT.
lamu at und duny
wurtace irregula ntiu
*eleckd ligkd ia twed for observi
and o4Aer defecf.
ar accemibleE
miledigh+ C Ooumig both wurfaces
Jrano uwihin
helpa to deveal defecs
the maknal ia tramlucent)

the upecimen. depeka.

NDT io
limikd to only laxge
AVinual
Cir) Utra nonc NDT- an oltra
caledo0nd.
above &okH
requencies
ound energ y af
ar Ued.
1o0 Kth- 95 MH2
*
Fa tatiy uwually of
olve unbonded
Cos) delamia kd aras/voda
Can

a r d larger. reaches an interface Cor)

a

wave
Lhen an oltra vonic
Heced.
. Oe
a portion ofthe eherg rduced, Jhin ervoa
diocentinu he matnal is
tranmited rouyh
Cnergy ulhaonnc u a e .
aA mean of locaty defech in he perth ot
 189 Utroson'c (Pa no 374-378)
viohu vohah
**Refer tranonu'
detasls Of Uliasoc NDT. puhe ccho,
Jor tull
teChngue-Procedunr, methodology J * *
oion Rea onante
audiblk regnm 10 Ha to
Uoe ?re9uenc'u in he
Ciii) Sow'a
a common lechnigue Jer locahmy 3rom
O tHa). Coin tappi
cracks or) delamina tows. well- bonded
vooud
indicak a
wound
4CkaY, Aharp miyi
structare delamina hon (a)
relabve ly
indim e a
A dull wound ovthud dekckd)
are not
voda
vod ara C'Since wmoll apparatan
o
arge ontrolled
in an
decton ically
Flawme kr
& duell time. into
an
oeclo
Contod fapp force which isted
pickup the wound
uCrOphone

- Cope ta vinual diaplag Oocilloscope

Microphont
s
Flawmeter
Reault Anals a.
Sound
generator characknhed by a vim
delaminakd areas are
yrbonded) wheras a well borded
a the wave dis away,
quency rlatively aovotant 3quencg
ces a
tructur produ wtructire acou
exok he
used to
cryatal m
* vibraty
occun when the requeney of the appled
HcallRedonance
reqeney of
he wtructure/
he natural
oree respondh to
peumen under iwpecthiom.
Used to couplee
meat'a mcuwt be
ulycene wakre) other

anple/s petimen
ad Cyptal paobe. he

One urlace al the otructure

need to be acceo'be
O
oAu method.
 Ci) penetratim raaiahon- Radio9 rapht_'
*On sadiography, +e internal structure af a olid matral
A Via ualia ed by ccpoain he wampk to a wource t pe netrah1
Tadiaton recording he vehadow imoje on a photo 8Tape tIm

the Oppoeik wide of the vwample.

pla k placed on
of volid matenal
*
dn intrnal veid ) gap he
amo unt
tAua TAu hein*no
he sadiahiom pame
throyh whuch paoi'om
reoo

flm at a
the sadiatom reachiw
7 h

di locaton
fo -fhe void indica k t h e ocuHin

a he flm
resuliy darker
area
he

- e of he defect tlm, Hickn

icEn
he
of
*
ependin
on the deqree ot darkeni
can be esb'ma ted
vod/ gop
-eNo O
depth of cued pene trath'y
io the
maat widey
X- ray inopecbon
NDT.
Tadiakon method of aboorb len
will
witin t e vpeumen
rto od lower aemity will u how a

he detector lm pla k
hat are
Tadia fon wo
ara.
plaodCs
Sine
cormespondiy a
in h e
metallie i e luion
racHon
LWTO ex metals, he presence ot
demerhan
le oboerved.
an be
inan
a foreg9nconfam locahon of age
voi
an be ued for
O h u w radioqraphy

delaminatom a
cracks in Componik parta.
radiah on are ofen dfAtult
Defecth onerted normal to the

to dekct.
2 e o7 t a damajed uRa e the czten
By thin kchnvaue
C be tractuve Can &e found aung inpact testp
 crowave echnwiaues
rodiatom of extemely kgh
eleckomenebc
*CTOo vo are

trequn o @5-1000 tbe)used or locatiy def cta, for measunrg

can
kchniqut remedallic
Oho
dielectme propest'es
of
mohture
Content
wctnem,
inclu
makra.
horn, porooi. foeign
include vodh, delamina dgree
Defecte V a n a t o m s in he
areas,
ofarved
Teain
iom, esin -n'ck
moatue onknt. on a wmall
O4 Cun # Can be jocuoed
Becaue of kigh jreaue ney In locany defecta
.

solubon

area to ackitve high can be

the wpecimen
tranomiHed by
*Ererq reyleeted lor)
an
the evaluaton. into
wwtd to -tAe
roultant wove

onverty
dek ctor
A crystal Cauwco
a
rducton

electn'ca esponae. vodd

he
by
of-the mierowa
ns oberved
on CRT
*5Caten' be
which can nd on
amplitade. plaobe depc
in gnal of a cinforced
* ne
diclech'c
properho
omponison
& im pu he
Vanadons
in
componibon,
Chenucal techn'aueo.
microwave

Can k deected by
NDT, the
thermal due to
) Sntrared hect fow
d{erence rn
Ohin
mehod uK lno utructur beim inop eckd.
wthin the the
pruence of
defech
as it heatn ) Coo
hcafed
Jhe
wtructue ia hrat rodomeer
0 obe rved throjk dimipation)
urtace kenperatur hcat frauuer (é
heakd,
when alompniBe part Jhe s a t
W a

here are no defecet.

moe read ly
if
Curo much
h'a hr emP terthat part of wurface
naret todef
 Factoa adkch the perfomance_of
compcoiks
C ber volame rachon
C) e r wrenyth and omèntaton
Ccontinuouu & diacont'nuous), D atio
Cin) 6ba lemth
Ci) Copli ende /herda utrth
CV) pO vity void conknt

Ci) Moiture conente .

) Rber volume rachion CF VE):

it is incorpora td.
FVE notkiny but the amoant of f ber
into he compooi.
FVF =úolume af ber)
iR)
(Jotal Vol ume of Compoa
(Volume of fder)
matn)
fber+volame of
(Volume of
Thu upto
hu,
mechawcal properties alo
da FVF
du to impvoper uwc OF
Certain leved & hen decreasu
FVf e necemar
matn. Optinuhed
iber ) inoufhuent
beer perjmart oy the
Compoa it
Or
and ntntahon
Ci_6ber etmeth a n d wbffnen a
ad ut#rn
on h rano
hbr utrey depends Onenahon of ber also
also 1 au.
ratio 1aes etren Wth re»pect to
on'entation

nfluencu propertca a componik.

rans verae (ontinuo
,
two amaugementn are pomible., paralle) 6
Rben), ¥or chopped fbem t in Tardom dhtibuion.
 Maximum otreyth inforcement are achie ved @long
P
the olirec tion o {her al'gnmend lancomly onenked Compod
eaibite mae ieotropic behavior.
ofth
Cn) hber leyk and tikh"
otengheriy enenta.
ekcfve
9n rder to have
cnbat pber lenh i
wome ng
Compoite
mafen'al,
the Compoaite.
rato, dtronper
fhe aspecf Comp0ik.conot

he g her than ohort o n e o r

are
beker ohich leth
Continu ow
fbera F6era or
-uchm o ge 9
ood einfoTcement. conbnuow
h'her.
called
ae shaTt
cnbcal kyth o
'%era). In
cas
greaer than dinantinuouu

hat
celled wuch
de he fbe
S4 oefoom
adund
Cl-tk reinfre
ha
natn'x
o fher
bera w t r e Hanajer
no
Virtually
hese
- Cnent) orthyA
interqg Jnterj
Coupliy
t 1h interyace ut t h .
uxa to hber
ae he
Copli aye vta
yevda omtoct
between

inbimat

of mportance
ace he regionm 9 gtat
tfntyaua matn*
Jha the bulk
and
matmx.
vten b/n
tranaer of m e c h a n tcal
a it Contros the the
olhmate
aontos
hence matnr and
& 8/n
infarcing berd bondiiy wkick
tompoaik. lower
the uwill be
periomance of wtreyth
than interface mechowcal loady
hber
a por weaker under
Compooik utreuth
t et.
ntern mau the vA jaual
in itfau'al
gau'ltakes inpove mcnt
inupovemcnt

qyenka will also decaes

Coupliy ajent
ucutable Coupliy
welection of ampesik,
h perfomae of
the ueyt 4
 (poroaity/voii connt Dun'y He incorpaahon a fbe
into matr'x Co dun' manufacfuny of amposie parta
wks Ck indide.
orme volahle mofera may be ap ped
Dhee Vond
fhal mmpcaik part.
Cauaes voida/poronity in -the
lowerd e peOm
acts a wtre concentraton pointo thus

an ce a the composikes Porasity cannun inuaed

se
yolume fran
/comolickahon.
Po per aPplicaton of prenure
alcalated as
o4vods can be
dea-AcHuol ceai)
= hecnthical
(Oherehcal de
movture

(vi) Moature onknt, nature, t

abacanba
MORTTal in
hya voa copic
ontnt

Compodite
io Oke
moiatun
t environmend.

an Afbll
OmecpOAure to wach drasicall
.
Ihin may
hanical groperties
the
may dffwe
mec
moioture
oe du tes

ar preserk
baorhed
wosaen fvonds he bondi between
educ
and can

to he intvja dal
area

mam c and ber

v
coner s u 4abgue
resuatance
voil to
*ds o u s cepbbiut
void comtent meano reakr
igher
water penetrabion & ueatheri'y
in a compdoite
void 14 a lwcurre of ueaknen
 in Aesodpace industry 13
Pplicatons o ompaika
Tockeh, minailes
vwatell'es, helicep kerd pie
n Airplanes, epoxy)
Éevlar pber
ae
enerally used Cwih
*Glan, Carbon floment usidi
TM.
:Hand lay-cp.
ProCeni mehods
verha vtab ilioe rd, g
includes honyontal Tudder, peed
J h e parta
o o a , taik. fairmgs cC
in kore laps elevatora,
poiler4 ,
ailero r
brate,in eadin edge, imenaional
w tabil4
reduchon, d
weg hi to gvc
a
O_Odvantaye
an
be d»lgmed
lamino k
Can
hueney
-9 carbon/cpoy hermal eepansiom), fuel
cTO -etftient of & 9©0 gabo
waght
ndachon, high wb}pen
be inp roved b ne-
Epoxyltevlar

blado of aeropla loustr

Space bhuHee rofor ohen hgh

tiffnen
ar me nded
rom

bam fbero da.

Tequid (q:
poyload ay natera
wts cuinaia ae
a najo
& Aluminium
has been
w0od
Sn cory day Heam
tuia
rcent
applicahms. in
7" aeroapate Cemponits'of
kgk u*o
by polgmer vearare

COpletel placed
wupenor
Tesntance ,
Good tfabgue ty,
a b i l . matrial uniloruty,
deth &
fncu, matria) umjoOT
dimena imad abil. abresion,
denth,
cod to
iniah. hu'gh reintance
abncaton omplitty
Yain eronion & Corro0ion.
Cnpnesto
Hon3ont a!/verical otabiloer Borem/epox
peed brates Graphile pox}
wing Boron/epo8
Rudder Boron epoz
 pplicatiom of conp.onit in Automobile ihdust
po lymer mpoailes ind
de apliaahiom[4 rom Cxofic apaty
caTd T0 umal, medium, hea vy tru Cin
Car to pamenger
autonofive indus fy
h tyliy
detais, proce
hg urjace nio
to body paneu.
Op t'om pecie 10tenyth CHe'g htr) engit've,
carkon

marke 1 very Coct

Oine automo hve
ar ot udl of hgh cott) 9lan fbera
b r composia
are used as main einforcemerBa.
PC, PBT, PE, epoar
Matix TS Polgeotr, PP,
blow
IM, Blament uwindi, extrusin
a naactunty proce
mold SMC Comprenion mokiy to
bcam, vacat/1oad tloor,
include bumber
he major parts handles, Car&
panel, beycle jrame,
radiator uppart, roof Coach components do panels, Cabin
tract bodi. Tailuway front
rear pcinel nhelf,
Cushion parto,
helmeba, oeat
linm. indicata tampd,
Carhef, ignal lampa,
man'ne industry
APpllcahions of Componi tes in

and Corrooion reaiotance o po ly mer

*ight uxigkt
in mannu tnduy
Componikes nd wide applicadom
whip outter layer. kayaka,
boart hulla,
produ cfo: Boad,
Tectabon accexAonu, manna ve kicles CanH other) ekc

*dng ther moaet /he1moplaahic man'

ohkch hae gher
wOr resin tance, walinealt riitance, Coeep reaotance are
ou'table.
 pat ods ihdussy
tnnia Tacketo, now ka,
boata, gof whaftn, ball,
car, hockeya a-hca, basketball, base
hohiy rods, wpots cles
koatn, rau bicycls motorcy
toaer ocootera, pleasure 6 hgh
peryomance

poly m r Compoaits paovide

kt weight+
& comfort
he user in casH hand liy
whsch helpo
uniabbn induory
Glectncal Jelechonc& Comm
pioptrtywh uykt wg
for kvgh weteye
gh Hoye
iulation
electica cha'ce
ercellent ideas
he FRP an
dia
diaEk
matu
oalonsdfance owitches,
usikcha,
Slot wedgeu,
Slot wedg,
Cor e
noulatoA
ued n tranotormers, adoma, Tado
*les (ope

antenna, a
EMI hie ldiy, FRP are
uoed
inoulato.
wmmunwcahon,

o c o uut'c
tO
underwaer wgnad.
ofacoustc
veffectom
tanomiHera, abaorberg
 detrminationGcl time eoter
Heatei
Qel poit
CASTMD 471)
between introoducton
time
u e l hme iethe inerval ef
and the Jormatien c g
cfhe catalyst wrth
vio Coaity change
uch inamatom e gardhy deteTmine
m i r l a r e helpa to
time o
resin Cata lst -

the material
worti-lHe Characes io-tita
ohich the
a dehned as the point af
he Gel point
larger fan the lom
motuldo
modalw become
W4orCRe
has tranaihioredom wd tou
indi cati8hat e
j lcwid
to wolid elanhc hehavíor.
ite behavior
Sn tRe kot phocedure all he Com pone vela ( Te'n,
mized and
havdner/Curafive/cooas Lintiy ayent, Catalyt Jar
temperatue af he mictur io monitore d e ecoded, Evesy
e *acty ma
PA 15 neconds, he Center urface O
is phob ed wh an applicator v»hck.

O h e n Re de achy maknal o ongev adheres to the

end o4 a clean probe, the Gel Ame corded ao the

bime elapoed 1om -Ke otart of mic'y
probe
9n the wame expenmentE fiahea.
pea exothermic empescture

Can alho be detanuned

Jhesmoatat barth .
 9uay
ontrot of
tant paiamekr 7or
Gel hme ia an impa

bot Aceio and phcp res traiton F a

the
deacnbiy
pheomenom
aela tion
ia a
elasde
ud dumy Can
to an
a
viacous uigud sather
matmal 2som occar
intantaneous

does not
frasihion whch ma ke
Ohia inceaogTadua

the wgsem
the Viscoaity of determine the gel 6me
to precinely
i4Very diffcut dekrminattm
ae

wed dor the gel tme

Methoda a utoate,
testa, Se mrautomahic,
diverde ' Manual
ectsemely DSC, CPC dc
viacomeer, Rheomeer, DMA,
rotation

me de termi'naton paincple:
Gel
to the probe end
Point at wWch re in no langer adhe-e
ain.
draw a pber Jrom
Failae to
wtafe.
Reain traihion to elaste
the reoi.
Achievi psedetrmined YiaCoaity of
loo modulu.
neroechon of elaowc e
point of
mechanical lom tangent
Maumum
COm veron
Achieviy the preset degree o
G'(Storoje watoky
Clom
e l tme Modulu)
"

Reachon tine
 pactur made in iber seinjorced Camposrtes
yailoir//actue
in ber
Jhese ae dteen mec ha uo ma of tranaveroe
pull-out
minaton, 46er
,

compooifes- dela
E 1nO ed
Varface backl , 6'%«lmatn 3ctur
Crackinje. Debondi
,
P"8
6ber
Bri tle Fbe
Duchle mator.

- Com poait
Matnb

Strasn- fber
an.

llel to t e
deformed pora
Owidrc honal Copoik
hg rOm a
teoo our/ae
Coeaton of at least
fractue l he

due to the action of orC

body wtored
elasdc ener9y
i'n the elease ef
vractue reduta a wuryae ceg
of arface w HK
vofhauin energg) & Cacatn

he_paocen of lailae analpo

In veotigale intory equirmento

makrial & pooce iy

Ldent4

aulue nodes auLw

Deesm ine 2

Deductive dign evaluaiom.

Crplain cach utp in bnef)

 Tactoc mode in parficalak reinarced Compoa t
t
wrth he addihon of patcula
tocctae cneg8 nat in
cieases iton

a macmum Value . h e add

lle va & then foes through ne.
in toh
Caucs a re duc hion
Of further parthcle in
termo off
be crplau'ned
behavio can
the movi
he toyhem interachon
between

due to an
a
C Pinni O kich whouwn
in
faure
c peraion
-t6e wecomd - phase dio
C3ack
vont

below

O Hatn'r phaat

poperaed particulake

ller

Q O Brak away
pi nni Bowir racture
Coackont
i4.
dppiooch
he
Crack ront
-the leyth of
Cack propagahon betwcen the pinnir poditon
DA hape pinned by
in
to ia change
de it o irat
inCxced he Compoaite,

Csack nove
rouyh unhil it brtato
*d the
around -he parhcle
& bowa
Cporhcles
tRe aay

awa volu me racbon af

% Ihe inc reaue
in the 3racture energy aB high
o dae to the cloaer packiy af :llero , okich ia etfechve tor
ller
Csack-ont bowi to ocear
 iCw di're ctonat Cashon her-
ber cpo*
hon
cpoxy -
laminak 3 mm hstk
t Cut po 6e naiy
into a m wide wtny ubjeckd to 3

a
pan o 0 mm, Failae acccara by inter laminar }
oad o d400N. Calcula he in terlami'nar hear w trefTh

ORe com poaik

o hen the v pan do Taed to eo mm, farlue occCur
by
load of 1575 N
e auface at a
tnoile ractan rom
the co'direchona) myvot
CalcalaBe the emile wtreuyA
hear
at ohich fhe
thanai-kon 1om
i n d he opan
to temle ailur fakes place P

3 x4oo
( Tas 3P 4 x1oxio x3 x10
4bd
OccCan tn
vhear t r e o
h e a xt'mum the bar
a4 he
center O1
he neutral plane
60 x 1o" Pq
= 6n MPa.
Tmar

axi'mum Atres Oceua at the

he
ruar_3PL

(2) bd' muidspan in he ou 9:bero

575X40 X10 Pa
=3 1 =
1.05 Xx 10
xLe x10x(3xio3)2 1050 M Pa.

COpanry
above to0 equabo
Lohen = e rikca ho Cnbcal orn a t tohirh tho
traraitom om ohear to tenaile 2aileur caa)

ya d

1050 X 3xl
6h
A6. mm
6. S Xlo m =