ONIT-

Intoductien of moge piaessinq%-

Digita
mage

Processin
of oge nich are digital in nafeye
pocesSing
b Digital Computer
Motivatin
1mproe ment of Pictovial n-forraien
etc.
i c i e n t ctoroge 4 ongmission
what 13 an ge

1moge a @pseentation of Soreting o oere

pointra photoqraph elc.
ELaplo03 ye
on
any dhwi
aoges aye powRrful tool in Communitai@n
white O Colo
t o be ack
Often moge
an i defned as a tuo dimensievu
functon, £CY,V)
>where Xand y Cye spadial Cplane) Co0dinafes
Ccorsiates
the amplituee o f f a t any poir of
o
Y)is ca edthe "ntensit o lauel
te 10moge
atho soint.
SCa)

pixel internit volue

fC) 103
what 8 digita mage?
oher
x,y and f ) Ove all fnite, iscvete
uartifres, we Gull tho magea digital Im4e.
Digal mage 1 omcsed af a finite nuter
elamends, ach of uhch hag a porticaular o cadion
and ale. "These elomonts are refened to as

pictue eloments
Imag elumonts C
pels
prelu
Pixels
Pixd the mostwidty uged term.
N-

vepegufed th oubix o
Digital tooge Consis-ts ¢M
N CouumnS
t h pize, each epRltd
t bits.
thus kae sd4 nul,
t-1
A pixel on Ong p el

-8 > 2 956 wely eat

0black 2SS hife
A Simple Image node.

t o be Suitable -a ompuler processinq an 1mae

f muyf be dkged both Sprtialyand in

umpitude
bigiti3aHen of ha spakal Gosdiopte (
Called mage Samplin
Ampitude agitizatien u called hayuel
 what
is L a g e Processing
.

tmage pocesSin9 15 a snaArodto onyert an 1moge

tal fom and pefoyn So oeralions on i

io Cckr to 8e an eahunced laroqe or to crtacd Ds

in

se ful ntormalon from it.

t IS a
te of sigol dspensation in hich
npud
tma 09 and etpa ybe oe
and ecdpt or
characlerisfCs
a s s a C i a t e d
with tfat tmage
t is amo
1pialy gwic achrdogie tocb with its
ogpico ions
oFricoHorns in vaious aspectS of a husine SS. Imoge
pocess tn9 forms Coe reseavch auea ithin ineenjng
engineeing
ound Computer sCienee disciplines too
pioce Ci0 baically nclodes a
follaw'inq a sterS
1mosti th imoge YIa moe acuisitien tol.
tool.
Anoyanq and onipulaltiq h e 1moge
autput the lagt Stoge in ohch egult Can. be

altercd
altered age o% veport thou 1s aed on mage
O,
anolsiS
he Continurn fon 1m0qe pooceSi nq to Computer
e
viSion an be
be broken P t o tow mid-.ond
hiah- uel poe

ouo uel process

Mid loue potoy
tp: Attibue
mage P mage oP: ondor standicq
opAttibutty
olp
nole reøta, okject reanm Seere ondorslan
-ien, seryta iOudonOmoty
1naqe 9openi
raitaiOn
Purpose ofmane pIcee&si
The furpose of image pioceásjon * dioidod in to 5

ops,huy aue
visualigakien cbserve the objects tho are

no-t visible
>image Sarpeniq and otoaion - To Oveodte aa

bet tey mage

Tekieva - Seek to the rage of nerest|
1mage2
>Mea&uement of pttern-Mea4tures
OP
vorious cjecks
in an bmage
the objeck s in on tw
loge Recoqniticn- Distioguish
.netheds ued fooe PoeSSi
Tu methods ae ed fa imaR poce0 are:
Ataloq mage procesjn9 n this ype of poCes
ftao
tho moges aye unipulactnd btelacial maau by
Common êtample
ny inq
tke elecbical Sqal. he
ta telkvi sion tmege,
tncude is
Dinita 1mage pocek t help in manipulaien

of Hhe dgilas tnget by ing mpuers. he

a t a rue
thvea geroa puuethad all tres
to hle i ndigtal fechnigto are
ordego
p

pre processinq
diaplay to progs
Senhorcement ánd
10foy ain extkadicne t

-o|P
 Natre 0f image
a N a t u Y e
fras
pcesi09 4 Applicaien fray
mae PioCe&Sin9
N
my

1mage piOcessing, the term 'ima' 13 wed to

dnote the Image dtla tot anplud, quankie
and scodi auailablo in a -form Sütable fo rtha

piocessing by dilal omputers

IraqOs Oure mitaleN fi93.

tmage poCESSi nuivonment

A
sel
Rdiatten senso Dig
lumiccuy
SctyCe
cbject GrRuka

Tengaue
okeet

the Cnst mojor challerge in mag9e pceksinq

to the mage farther plod6ng
acquive
1 thye
3 ra of poltsinq
tt is tho study 1adiale
Optical mage pocesing
the htt and other optica oeKos
POTes
30uce
tnvdued t 15 an avca that doals
moge proCein9
ftrolo
halo
elchita sijnaly ura
twith ta pnoceging o anubg
dralb ruls
Dgtal m0 thod 4
PloeASi9t 1S an avea thor

daital ucuil, syuenS, and Softtoare alsith

o an out the moe potesai9 opetaliang
DIP
Realons tor Populaiiky of
Fasy to post poces a moge
Srall comocktons n alobe
mode.
Fasy stone moge in dastal muo
sharin an imoge is very
1 evisonmunt ienll
Apicaien of Dgta mage: pocesinq

Radio wOwes
micioWOe
Infored wOwe
VIsi6le ght gon
X-YoyS
iama YOS
Olto Sound roge
Remote enSing
in
mag
ait appiations
. Podio owe nakure of ts Am|FM TodioS
for o poceing
it18 used in odios, Sakeliles, , a.coy ete
n imag poceksi dmain-

a) Remote Seng iq
b)medica moginq CmR)
moqneic Rosonont 10)
 - miCYonves ae Cued tn RADAR on
mico0

ocdica

Radio DetecHOn Ard Rangin

RADAR pen ue miCIo Lues in acificn to

cdi0 wcwes a hgh and ae used in

the appicalicn Suok as weather foreCasig maginq ragin
pounctary Su-faces
3. fiored knwes - Emttin9an object

Visibla lht
. v S i b l a
Tion - NiSHe light is a port EM

specbom Afout
eye a n kuron pRrceive,

iTelo scopes (astboromy 1magg applicakicns)

nediaal EndoscoP

Demoscop EDemodos cop

mico Scepy mog
SGommo si Gamma aays haue Srallegt
wwwelrth

waat

DJeko
x-Ra t S ujed in odicas.

ualch Uideo.
-Ro oking
+Ulba sound 00ging- Sund uD 5 langitosina
to delect dkjats and
ond it possibl
PiOduce 30uund
8. pattern ecoqnitten and biom0tiCS

1ndusia Automauion
brensics
o Digital inoge
DoCCument image pocegin
vi Sual eftectS

Hocessinq SegcahC2e
Pcblem Definitien EMR nkerackions, Doda ye
Dada elactHOn, matchsng quoste
with pesibh dta lypes
Dato Acquisiien mage and det tfold

AmOe pepoteßi Gheomebic drodiometbc Coecle

N
mage Fnhoncemet 3pchou, patial
tn-tormaH®n ErhotHen dasittatien, mooliog change
dkeeion
Eno AssePent mage ord/or feld erifitocde
mullitemOal Aralugís Chorge tend dkeien
N
1nformatHOn GrmuniGjOn fov
pocblon sduig
 1mage
Corrpess icon Modes
5
1S ver rportand togk in
nage CapessIOn ver
videos oquuye lols Gf
Pocessiaq 1mages and
space and larqe anmi sS iEn time
Oto Copxesien to p o s of encodi l a
t f a it takos (oas Stoage space or oes tonmisiea
ine than it oculd f i t cuere rot Compreed,

fa mathamalical
ovigiaal ala
Compoessed Dale
Bits
Rere 15. no CompeiGr
Rere S SignifGand CmpesjOu
Dela Eaplosi en
Date
Vicko
TextE eio moqHe
Gnsphes. Sund
Data Dota Datei
Dota ua Dada
noco pixd veeky aucio vidco
hron

Oada ompxesjOn

Stoyoqe slei opulalien

Tongmissie
APpiCatRen o Data Compresin
ersona CommuniatonGke facs ini o, oio ail 4 klophu
Compuder netueoks - inemet
mulkimdia applicatienk
tmage and Shnal proosir
pigla& stellite "TU
Video on-ferencig Ditu -Gbra
 dol odor
uSampiing CompresonTanrisI eompese
&
InCosoBtuanlge algeoith agpoithm
Compmesten home
T ain lomponentS o o a e Compreo arodol
a e Encocbr and deCodb
bo-,hannol
n k 13 Oise enCoder ard daa
Remove tnCrele
s
redundn n be Ormoi ted

AC1)Souce Chomefame came

Etocbr
ENtodor odor Decoc
moge Cosprexicn nodel
pIOCes ectunane
rount
G
ompesi On a

dhta eaived to vepreent o aiven qanity

nfovmatien for dgitalJ tm0qe. .

A teohniu yed to ecloo Ae voluo

in-formaien to be tbongitted akrut an ln9ge
Dferen CorpreiCn methos
, Run orqh tncodiCRLE) p
J. AvitholicC Codlir
Huffman Coaing 1

Transforn ati
Compre&si©n nton
to aio
Compre en akio 1 dokined al

igtus ge
CR originad si3e
Compersed Sie :1
 mage Repyegent aton3
6Digital

An nage on be dhioed as a aD Sgnas

over the Sperlial CooTdinaleg x and . Ond ah
uries
be
be wittenathemalially o-fap.
n40 genera,
enral tRa
image an be written oa ratfomk
Cancikon SC a fellaos
"PC? PO,2 .C)
C2,

ftM SCH
Tha volu tho fh flx at everypont tndoa
b o and a Column Calla
Calld gay oluu or

intengit T Lmoge
Resolln S an tmportorc.Ctoia ckeristic an
a n

tem..

B t abiG imagi emto pxokuce

he Smallegt disceTrdble detail, 1e., tho Sallest

sigod clject cloon,

sizod and differenkiate it from Ao

efat de in tAe
uighborinq9 Srall ebjecds Pregent

me
Te umber eos in digital tmage 18 Callod
ertical Rasolsuiv.
Tha number oColumn 13 hoon Ts hovi2ontal
Tegoulen
 factors
10M0ge tesclulich depends n tuo actors

optical Resolution tho lons

spalial Piotutin
.A ye-fed ay to defino Teulion
the Smallest umber ofCne oirS r onit ok
spottal yesolukon aluo dsends en tuo aomokerr

umber of pixels tAo ng

3ambex d its necEKerY tor adogcala
inersibvesclution, efened to aj tka b4

dpt
NmberNumbe dbils e cary to enCcde the
xd val Callod bit dpth Bit dpt
t poey otuo t Can be wvitten a
Powers d
So
SO Ra total
number of bits
necessory to
pregent Ra 1moge iS umber
umber Coluns pit depth
303Dmo. fCM,7)

SCiyemt
ouy 10U biran4 a ) .
1oau x\oau x
10ps 6 bits
131073 b
 mage POCegSN9OfRIatHGn

moge >qeniong kegulkant

eoigbtheS enhanCemet and Crtaogt manipulake

OIe exampos I Popenicn

opeal@n
mae
Arolyis
opeyafj9ng numeria Duda
1mge

xandes 1400 ancihpís opealiens are

hisopam an mo9°,ard Counfioq and gauging

cject s
TFuncmantal Steps in DIp1
upaB ese pKon RNuly ae As6
Colur toro kuelas&
Mceie phdlyal
pooKi

Reskecier Semondatio

Entohenod|+ kroudsdge hhe Rpeenlalon

Debcoiphicn
Auciler dect
RoniHio
urcharcnta
icbondrain to take 1mge
om oyce.
noge aquigign
roie&ShaPen Iage
4Enhancemout: yemove
e Ccperd on Applicak&)
 ar
tto alo eals toith
t is an
ma.oe Testoraien -
Image
an
an i n : It
oge. I tis
s ohjectl
objec
tpaoi ho
tenpaouim tho
appeoyance

tnd to be
eslhalion lechrnigues trd
n the sensge tad
r e d On
em
mathonakical or protnbilisic ancdels
mcdeks

mage dognaulon.
tad has been
Color HS n area
mage po(PKS}q
to Sigoificant
inin niotance beCauye
oter. tho ner
1nCxeaje in
tAe use o dai tat maqey
the fo wndakien -orepesenkinqmog
ue lels ore veoluukiOn
in vorios domvcos o
Gmpresien a s the
name Iplies, dealy witt technigug|
eued to Sve an image,
for Tedun the Stovaqe
yecLiedto angmit it
4he bondwidth
pceksinqdals toith fols -6r extractin
royprdegicak
twefal n he Teprejendalon
Cnpononks tAat
are

and desciptiCn t Shepe

ikon an tmage to
9ronbakieni- pOduyes
ConstiEaant parS or objects. 1n general, utore
ts ffcult
Sachtaken is one ok to rSt
osks in daital age soCesing
talur
RepegentakHOn and descriptien- t is aluas
Ho owut a srentaticn Stage, which ujual
100 pizel dda, anstlating either te. bauncit
egpn r a tho points in the ien
qien tite
ReccgnttON tA potess ut signs a lasel to
losed en its decipto1S.
an
cejec

Conyerents an Image ocexsiSystem

NettoooK

tn s Canguer mas Stooge

specialied mage
mage polesN|
hayduare
&lanre

Proklo
comoio
haduare ukualy Gnsists
Graiss
specialiged lmage prOceiN9
rentnud, plas hoduore at
Cat
of 4ha dgilizer just an
as an
sueh as
suchv ALD
AL
aperaion
perfoms ther pimitive in
bgial operakions
aithmeeic and
tiak erfoS
alle o n enkve imoge
8sm 13a
15 a enol
erua
pioes inq 8sem
an 1me4e
ompukern
fom a
pc to pey
and an a/ge
Rurose Gmpukes
htomve - consicts Specialiged ncctules thout
Rrform geeifc taskk. -A kell
-

aslgnco sackye a
thcludes 4fa CapmbilGty fo tAo tuer to taite Cobod
as a minimm, tibzes ho specialized oakk,

a3s Stonge
Stovnge CopakiGti15 a must io age poCosre
HiaHo1y. An 1n hSize leguylCL Pielu, in uhl
he nensiey eaCh pnel is an g-bt quantity, xzuiey
ensib tho jnoge ik ot
One
anbyte Songe Space
(omyessed
oge disroy- ued toah are maialy Color Tv «tnit

monitors are driven thete cuutsinge and

gaphes di'splay Carc tat ore an nleral pst of t
Conputer yslem.
Hoxd Co devicestor Yewodie19 nclude laser
pinlers, Laim Couras, hat-8en8Ttive dyi, iokpt nits
and dgital unitS. Such as ptiCal and CD-ROM dsk
ekoorkin alost a defaulk funcion in any
onpuuler 9efem in we tocby. BeCauye o tka layge
amaunt d l a herent io rege aOCeBin9
in

picaions

Biet Histor
0 90S, Sabrarine Cables ukre
CLS o rahgmit dgitiged Neuspaper pictu
bekuRon ordon and neo yoT Bartlane S
seCaG3ed
peCialies PoinHinq Equpurnts uere wed o
Cable tanmission
and its
e pickues for
t h he
ntho veceivinq end.
nep10cluCHON
n pintin pocedue a chorged to
ddo aphic, epoyucHon fom apes perfrotsd
pheteaphic
telonoph eceiun eminals.

1ploved both torna quonity re3olutien

ThiS

Bartlae Ssten ns Cogakl Gdiq 5 dstct;

bightress laueks
ThiS
s
nCreayato 15 lavels by
pocesin9 tahniqu03 Gntaued tor
Topoeman
net 3S forsS
aee ud
10 196 Coputer pocexsin9 hniguel
t e piceues o COn tranmitted by
piove
to
aJ popusien kattrodory
arqer
Raurqer protsn
bogi3 o modem Imae
s
t
S
D stonaq sige
Techriquos3.

10to's mediCal Image revoluli@

t
wbinqrO3 tor. do Surgen@S
Tooap
tOr humon