9SsiNMENT

xme t Polloury

a y (ontent: I is defined the otfD o

o it
wattr t he
ueiyht ofSoticb. . 4 denoted y '
and epressed in
ptrCerto

Ws

7y void ahd: Tt is the ohofvolue of

deynd a
vords o the Volume of Sotid.2 is olenotd bye
&epressed in decinal

ipoty t is dehneol Cthe Tahb of the yotume

roids to the bia volume . t is danottd y

'n ezpremedl pertendege

n y
V

A r Conttnr 2t s dekned cA he volume of ai)

to he Volume
of void Tt denottd bya

Gd expe ssed n decrelk

 percentag e as vorel Tt is defmeo o ti of w
ohrre
of adn to the total velume Tt isderottd
na and eapeed m pertenteg

Na a

na n.a

dahmed a the ctio ef

ViDree of Saturchbn zk is
volunme of oaer ho the volume of oid TE ir

denoted by S ard ebupoes Sed m

SY
Sy 091
Smpy
Pententoye
S-
V

y Dy untt ueight Pt is ke weght of Solie Ar

toral volume. 2t s denofed by Yd i n ST
Ontt aprLed inKN m

vi Bulk unit nght: 3t the tDral wei ght f Sol *

nl total vDme dancted by ST

uni is ePressed m N

W
 bate
Pog

xScuhhurated unit wxiz J4 is eigto fully

Sotuaed per nit tofa volure 7 denbted by
St unit apraued tn m
Ya &

xSubmtrseol un eighTt sthe i z t of fubrrerged

Soi per unlt tora volume Tis derettd ty'in
t tprents m kNlm3

Wsub
V

xi PEEolue Specitie gravity seeci git qrovity sdekired

os he ra of te CAeiht ofa givcn volume f
SoN Soltda tmpyahne
tmperatse
disheod wattr a that
egua vowme f

Xii pPooent Specihic qyovty

 denty ond yelahve Comachbn
Comacthbn
Relahiye
Xin
Cgmthb
is clefneds the rchd o
Relatiye denktty 7t

m he Freld fo he
the deMity achitued
denity
achieved
deriy
im te Lobor atoy

Rrmy void ochb

ReAahve
tenat +Emm, xloo
Rc +nas
e w
1+emd

defned a he rao of k
Re Latve denuty: t
m a LooAA
beueen tAL yord yot t k e
dhgeende
Steht (troo) and s nodura State (erat)
he Void Yotios in he oetext
diktenente betwren

ond olesnueAt Sete

eoo-e
Ro Emox-mn

Sol Poshally Sakuraed olN and flly

DiHe dny
Sauurated Soll with fA hep of o u olicam.

ehe
-ho dicyrom S
imogmony cPrentahvn)
sPaCek 15
hoee PAues of a SDil CCu7rg Seranate

Coled the Pko dicyrm The Sod hicls

fanbicles

heaveifE s oe egrgated t
beny OMmed

Hhe bottom feuouxd bjwetr ain. Th Pho-

6u SHally Saturaked ow wil b
Shoun belos.
 Wa Poottoly Scharcttod

woter Ww Sol

So&ids Ws
wh wat
SuMoe Ouu he
he Voidh ode Complettly Ped
sod s tuty Satuated ard he oin k a u oilu be

abk wherLos mone of dny Soil th Vod ae

Lmletty Rd witn aN he wcter Phon s obront

oth Saturaree ord day SoM, e
Soil utu oe only tuwo pkas Ond he Phev dicaro
witu be c Chounm F

V cuaty W
A

Vs
77 Svldk
LLA
faturcted fork Dn Soil

of CompatHon on diktrt PRsthi

DiSwS hh ct
Sdi .

.SOL SAruttk

watr Cantet s ous

on the dny Sidi of DftMm ,

redorminant
oce ce mos
he athaCtie
idt in floculated
thon the rpwsive onca , th
Sfrutue
hrpussive
he uct Stcde of of timum
in(rtau ard Pooticles 9e oieted i d pexd

ucttoe

d. evmeobility
decry wh on int
on inCoL in
Rmeoblly Joil
Th
o md
the doy Sicde
unttr CDntent

*Thrt san mproved

orientatton ofthe poihlu
cductidn m he Si2e Void
Gnd a CosuesPoNdn
m permosiuty .

decrto

3 Suelun' dticier,
A Sel Compalttl dy of OMC hos Ngh cuntr

Tondom
0mentahbn 6f fconticles
Cnd rmee

,t mbby mase uctrtrom then he

Coneaueaty
Cempatted
we bf OMC anol has thttahe
Sonple
mehe Swelung

Shrnko
Cepacttd dny of DMC Shînk ess on
A Sol
toih Aos Cenmpacted utt of dMC
Companed
dryi
noe boAL
The Sbi Compatted
tedCuet of OMCShnk
he dispersed Stutttdw host
h o
SOAL pcrtictes
oientahbn coicle and Can pk
neony
neoly colue
Pceauel

mase eytic enty

 Date

Po Pressoe

v soil Comfatted dy of OMC ho louo n e r Content the

poe Cwater prtsne oleveloptol foon the Soil Cormfartedd

dy oP OMC is tes hon trat fon the som foid
Compacttd Cwet OMC

6.
6 Sheon strngth:

TwO S a p lks 0e Compacted to he Aame dr denity

OMC ono oher wtof OMC tested
on dr of
an Shean Stength
dny of 0MC hove hizher hean StrgB
Sol Compatted
Q lowo Strtin

of felod Comfatnorn
List od erplcunn e van tYR
qufme nts

.Rollers
abutmr
a. RommeYS SoN in Congned Zones ,bock giy of

ofabadge ,bedA of dianaye trenthes ,CtC

3 vibratoS ranul Sol ke 9ravh and stnda

D 66trut y of nuers ednthe freld

Sheep oot 2veYS Silty Soil, clayy Sals, not keCtive
Poo
CohegbN le ss SolS

x TamPim vller
 Smooth wheel 7olle ra 0 Static ullexs: (Twhod
gravels, Sandy ard any 0her oRid wwy ni S,
maRial

acHon Sneecleo

*PMeumahic tyrd mlus Sand oayel,Silty Soits

clayey Soil
X VibroHay oluers

ComPattbn fom deap layer of Sol

.Dyncmic Compathon
a ibrof lCtaHEA) CompattHr 9ranulas ONA

Houw ComPatHn is Cotaoledm tte Fiud .Bplamn

Pooctn needte method with 0 Sketthes.

n he Pels the empacted laytY of he embonkmut

Should astteon e derined deniiy at he des,1hed
morsttne Content

Zmediakey ottr h 4ral is ever n a pcônticula

loyur ot pt of knoun ubh ometnt Shope
hos o be encovattd

temmine Otcurateluy he Cueight of- eacoveted L

ACYGely etemMe he volime of excaveto

Soil Th Con e don y Sorod lacenment
method , Co9 Cutktr metod 1 b b e r brllon metho.

the Peld monttse Content efhe

Soil th Can
COn be done y rnaduy methad
oven dnying methed, Japrd melhodn -

t0susdn olonce
 Dote
Page

nya td mDistLove meter Col taumn Ccatitle metnod Ound

Dct nrede hod

- FOS the materia fvm he s Pd Cordutt the

Starclasd PvctaS1 test and d MDO

pDctoh needte Mettod

Hcnd le

HM

Sliding
ying

leedte hana

Needtefornt

*The pvch01 needte method deeloptd fan Japd detemdnotdn

ot roisoe Contenty of m-situ Sols

The Proctas needte melod i 9ute roftd osl is uhbiceatty

aCCuratt fan Pine raired Cohee bi

x Pt ontiSs of a needte attached the SPnn ooded

plunger he Stem OF which is Calibyated tod he

penttrcthiyo esistonde Of h redtem kglem

XTh
Th neegle is Supplid oth a Setes of bcorm Poi
So tot a cotde ange uf penetrabm tgistance caM

be meaed
th beoriry ahos hot 00 Nomaly proda 0he
5 0., o.)5, .50 and 10 9 m
Stitable need Pord s Selected oon a sol bo e
Sol
Compal(ed

f h SolS Conesin, a eed le witR a a

canng Oka i S Celected
SoW Cohekion ess ,a nead e oith a
ii 2 he
SMOuE bo eua widt be &utbictnt
The SoW Somple is Comacted m h moud

The pemneemetr wth a mown

i s focec goduo nihom Ph

9rodual ota
tuhe of abat 5Cm Per Cecond to a deph of

5m mt the Soil

The penetraibn tsiftonte in klcm ad oKb he

Celihvated Sho oP the Penetromneter .

The tkey Conttn of he kol od he Sae Aoil

Copatte a digoerent moistuhe ntentS.
 Unit 2

Owih he kelp of Pohhic Siz distnbutfen Cuve

Pplaun foluaoing

Coan Cizo distriution Cwve

4 nilyomly
groded os

60 3.uuped
2. Pire gra
5pesodes
30
.Ccds qoired

O.O

panHue size p mm)

euGredtd Soi 24 th patide Size distiyutidS SS-

Chopd posin thovugh moe hon one yle opoutmnc

Scale it indiceej a Cweu groded S o .well odec Sol
ContiStS f goed repon ah n ofathtle of sueres

Si2
. Unomly rodes SolzP he fanicle Si2e dstibutin
Cowt ztada reanly vertical it mdicaks ubomly
roded soil unims adad Stid nsist of PotTcle
almest e home diomekr
 Gap od ed So o Some htitte
3 Gap 9rmded So
he Cve wiu hawe
he br
ad hene
Sizn missin ha0ti zonted atHbnS
meu
RO9y
e oticle Stze ditbution
Size dktibut
A
A cccle yoned Sol 34
up 0 to the ntt
Ceme is Stttcted Righer
C relotiely Coce 9roaned
oph
SoA
Size düstanbtthdn
Ye m d Sol 24 he fastce
situakd her
Jt vepmAent aoelahtvely ftne qraned Aoi,.

DeFire Contnty imis

Conttnt
lmitwe) 1s the rAge o
untr
Liud 1t

Cwhith he Sol chanyes from uud &tete ro Paytic

State the mnmmu wcd Cotet

T ir dlegmed as

o whth Soll fahaluy m çud stt*

but ko exmly Smal! 7esistane aga Pa.

plaubic imit wp) uatty conttat

Stete d
whth the Choye fom poytic

Sem Salid Stae. r he ocRr Conttnt

d dained o4
a ukich Col Woulol Rg cumen when

ed nto hrend f appwumatly 2 m olia

 Date
Page

Shtnkago timit ( ws) i is he on of unr Corterd

olid State to
ad cthh So Chong@s Serni
the
dud Stoe dered a Oxnmum

Content Soil is in Soiid State

at which he
Content doe re
and fotheY a ole vcekL in wottr

Coue Gny decreoue the VD lwm of th Soi

is he at hich he
h Aod
Aord
oueAt uaer Content

mou Comple lely Saturtted.

D4Mn the Follouong

kten
Playtiaty Erdeou Tt is the numucal diistrente

Ligaud mit and plostht tmit platiury de

irdie ates the degrce of platicit ofSoil

CuDve
Flos Irdex Floo ndea is the Suope offlow
Ond the water
0bktuntd erueen the numr of blouos
Condent in he A Cosag ronde's test fodn he
ne dutmi

-fion of tiuid mit

ndex sthe aho he

3.T0ughne ss Lrde T0Lghness
inder TOUghne s
PlaAticity idea to the fto .

of Sb
ives an clea out Hhe Shêan +2eng ih

Plcahcimit

in the of to 3 fo
Toughre s ardex generally Ae ge
most SoilS
 Consistency Zdkx
adid o h di66heeNe hon
naturas wcttr
he igued mit
and te (Dntt
t i t s plonticity index.
e a Soil

S he r0Ho
. . Activiy of cloy T de4med
Activiy
the percut
ploaticty rdex
Poouhiclex diomttt Amallk tkan 2 mi(7onu Pwy.

in Si

E f lou andion stend&d So clonii caHbn SyStm

Si2e cletii Cauhn

clay Csiz) (o002

St Ccrze) o.015 o 0.o022)

Sond ne O.0425 to 0.o5

Meddum
( ho.4s)
Coc
(475 to 2)

FMe
(a0 to 4.75
Coart
o to ao)

Cobble
300 tD 80)
Cowdsr
(200)
 Date
Pog
Cotse 9Ynnel oi > 5 0 7. by r a o tbicl Soi+ 15pSiz
CoG 9aed S'oL adu tdd mto two otp (Gxcnel &ord
moN ton 50 f (00e f2athon (.e,15) 1S laof
1
h o n 4 5mm IS Sieue Si2e ercvels
of Coar Procbnit7 15um) is
m09 hon 5o
Smauty thon a. 45 mm 3S St Sonds
ub- divied n t
T Coe
9pad So (usther
*tueu poded 9reus
o grded ravelk
*Grarel oith e StS
Clagey 9ovels
*Cuelu Yaded Sands
*pooly roded andA
mattrals
Sard coeh fne nHs &OfheY inopnic
clouey Sand.
Fn aned SoMS( 507. by mok f totel soily 154s2e
Fine Srauned olsau divided no 3 GouPS
M: 2naanic Stlts& veny n Sanda
C2ngonic clay
00onic Stks cloy opne mottr.
D

Sb

3
 bnte
Pog

Plotelet s

Xtn c gitn Sols, dib6eyet Oahcley moy kave disherent

specitic 9raviHeeA depending Am Kher mneral tontittn

The Suspean iucl Contaned in a c , wniCh

ey uch tmited m eant

is ingtuenced by he SurTun
HeNe
setiing
St of postthtlei
- di wa o he jn.
pooicles ond auo by the
S2a oloes no
The nalysis is valid Pa Pontichs uhoe

o.00D2mm
.mm andis no ess then

(tates tusbulRA Moment

poouhiclea Courte than m

Ca@ate bromnen moveme

O. 060mm
auide fme han

Conduena hydmeky test

he ouedee of
Desce silt Size Pathn
cloay S2e ad
doasihioton of
Sol
with distlles
distills

*A Svil ofrs 909 dry tr mixed

Cuetr and rocle hain poy

Cwel orh a Suteble t t s

Thy Poyte S ARd tomi
oP disPerr dloccudahry apert
on t3cnAkratd to acuatRd Cmder
is
XThe Putt
evel
ord dsHUed unkr s aclded
acdded to bnm t
to
 ext PlacedOn ebie, hydnmy
aateble, hydormtr 1
a s
Th ad the
Ceully
n t quseAsbn ttrne
iwr fed
Started
eloptd tme f
ah takan
at
at he
Retdrys cottho emav he hydonTP
, Ond 4 mmuttl
Paom a.
The hydrmky s removed ater e 4 minute ord
conlan ing distiud wotty
kept andher jan
and disperbn Ogent
taue c Uopid
attr at ydumeRr rodir
240, ugo m &.
&, 1S 30, 60, 20,
Y m u t t u ,e e y t e fo ake hydnmutr
eloPA
the Sotl
Raolry hydaureter
SuPersib ogter a kat itervad nerted
sattr and
EaLk int he Second jan Ccsnteunims
disperSidn 0gat ny
*The Sae (evel of water lboem ts mauntained
he Secono fc with ome parCLtage eff
disPersidn agent Jc) Contaning Suil Snperon
The temperahoe vontio ic akso Conhh oUy
faken a ecuoh mkvealk .
cull e Co ocady ae taken e
upptr menistus of Hhe hydoumeter
 Dote
Poge
EnUmerae
briettyh vonte Coo tt0r 0Ppiitd to a

hycoemeter adny e 1ppe Ssions h esrate

rcan Size distibutton Co-Ordrate

TRMealuo Cou Cttbn (ct)

&tovoy hydometrStali brcud at 9c , the
of he So S not ° c thon tfmptttv

a to e cppticed h obServed
hydmeter

test emparatwa s mu than aC the

hydmmttty whot
otatrywt natuyally be les ton
hey Soulole and hence coUmeLtn is PoSSitive 4)ve

EP test mperatune is ess an a c , ke hydorert

rLacn wil
wilu
atuyally be min Han Aa
they
they Shauel

e and hence Ceehechun is negative -).

MniAus CoshecGon

whun hydarekr insertd n a Suspennen , a

Pod aoud th Sttm of hydumettrr
menisu

Simce Supen Stvn i oPee tht yecdnj rtakn k

,t Shouud be Cone CRd
of MLnC

adding he dijerene m kigat w the t

by
oston of meNS C

hyoonetir iA the
ound y inses hng9
T Con
Con e
cleon aStibed uatt ad nottny the
a tndaning
d tyene muninC Th iCotont o a hydaorety

let RhReodir at top evel of men'sas

meninus
a he botom leyel of
R Reodn

Cm

Ren -Cm

Dispesabn agent 9 eloccadot ag@s CoUEchm

3

T hOomehibn of flok SuAPent9O

Prevent
iS aluayA added to he Sunpenen
a disPersîun agtrd
the Supensm to a
ohith mta dens'ty o
Certan eenlecd xte
n densety ,hydvtr Sho higher
higher
todiry s hente Co9ectlon Lhould be alucyS ngative

TD CAhect0 R R h +Cm Ce -Cd

8,tontitahvely SPea , e unpmity e aSot s

dsthed by its to-ey6°tiet+ ouniomity" U'.

whert, O6o 6 0 . e r Size

Size
Dro O Fner Size oh tCtive
 Dote
Page-

AnoteY ocRY 09% ndex whch 3prenrds te Shoe of

ran ize distmbun Cne S knoWn the
e O

"Co htient of CLmau

Ce
Dlo D6o

o . Pmer Sr2e

eriefly explan the olubusing

iSot Stnctuhe

a grcuned aro hony Comkd StuctuTs "

Stagle

(a) Stgle Grai ned S*nuc t o e (6) Honey-Comb StaudtN

Strgu gramed nuttune: CoheruibnlessS Coi Such a rove

Ond Sond o Composd uf blky qrans t n u i t
PohCes 0 mOHe han Sumace Ponce
heraitohitra
deposi hon of the So oúurs
ravitabrl nco 0nd ter neulibnur
sethe Under
shwn in P taun Patice 7S
peSthin c

Contact wih ose SusUundiny it

 toney Comb Stnictuhe:Tt iposctbe fen ke ine a
SS deposit ed Such Hat e ooticles

diytlop a Podhicle hi Pa9ticie Cene ct

Sttt
votc mthe Sol man
o bsaiodges Over oP
bttueen n anothe r nto a
Th Paticu wedge
Skeleton ke On
Stable Condi hbn and Pon a

Ghch Casty he weigkt oP the overyng

makenal

clay mineals

a kaoRinite Th is te Most Cormmo coy mineaal

ofkaoLn 9ro up Staucural untt ismod up of

t b sit Sttca Shels 0Snon ed ore obore

hChe m Pom o CA Pyomis. R+ salo
Cald cdoy mineral when he

otho of ca t a alumma satt is veny oua.

60ned în 0n acicic envaormnent. Chara

T
Pure kaolnitet.
ctay

b MoEmON lontte

Th is th moit Cemmon mmercal preint in

epensie cloy SoilSblak Coton sol) . t s

day minurcd and active on gibsite
vey
very
Shet s Cond wit ched tueen two TLca Shet

Soll contCuni mont moniUonitt a y mimeral

 Date
Poge
CAibit ih Suselir Ord Shrinkoe ctona.ctnsttea
th foed alkalin
d nihage ChaaalterIStics and skan he Oico o

alumna 74 alsut 1o Argst

Srns

ck

c
c T ite
TLute Tt iS STmiLo to mbntof Uonite b (hy

hoe potniimonk in behueen a ucturd u

0u than montNN0nT HOnite T t
But hey mohe Stable than
10 AngStoms CK. The re is akout a0 7ploCeners
of sLicen by aluminium i n the terehedoral unit

itTRoM extho9e capaufy

CAmbtS
&rotsx TKe
SALSkuhibn

The cann atratRal to he Ngathyely choengedl ugace

Pcoicdex Stnnly cutached
o the Soil

ibM ad a R ,
Thu Cahes a R ogplaced by Other

, KaoN ethanytasla OnS Tht Col

Poahcle Ond he ruhonaoble naKe the System

eutral

The PhenDmenun of he platamLN of Cahons

CoulRd thonge .TA net

(ohun exktanje 0
gaAhe hange on hemival ohtch Can e SatiiHiesd

by xchangeobsle cathnsis
istemtol cahun Carge
Copatity exchonge Caciy

V o ibuscd double laytY

Sod Cooidal Suspended
tpmets hoe
hove chown that a

neasly alutys a net gative chery.

n

adoms
he acidut oburr of bM mmera Sugests a t
Ceme n potune of wetftr
hydo xyl gvfP 6
Ond thert by ge mineyaA ngaive chaye

on
Sine t electca Chabuge oP he nhe System
SuNwattr Susperuidn must be eual td 20r0, the

Con e C Colloid be N
chooe mut
on Fen watr Come cotound
tdu2ed by
Couoid Thur n ahe coaued o
exchangeoble
cns

thote wese no themal attivity PocetRd by h e

ons ond attoa thun is erttd
ohsr fnticles cl min coUnter ons d
Ceme fn he Sur kat of paticte to neuHalze
Suntota the Pahicte Thuy 4he fosttun of t

ComeroMi su k fanuhi cte Puls hodn

au chaye OCb
ard hemad atiities Gd cthactidn y other

Ponhic which keees hon Thy Cote

 Date

io Ctbuhe obte doe Calloid AugAte

double
cheoyof (elLoid tsor 4 Jayty omerS
ioyer