UNI

TIV

Tr
ans
mis
sionofHe
at

Hea
tistran
sferre
dfromregio
nso fhi
ghe
rt emp
eratu
re
tor
egion
so flowertemper
ature
.Thistran
smissi
onor
t
rans
ferofhea
tisach
ieve
dthroughth
reemethods

(
i) Co n
ducti
on,
(
ii
) Co n
vecti
onor
(
ii
i) Ra di
ati
on.
Tran
sferofh
eatgov
ernsal
laspe
ctsoff
ir
e,f
romi
gni
ti
on
th
roughtoex
tin
gui
shme
n t
.

(
a)Con
duc
tion

(
i)So l
idsarebetterheatconductorsthanli
quidsorgases.The
rma
lco
ndu
cti
vi
ty,
ort
hea
bil
i
ty
toconductheat,va
riesbetweenma t
e r
ial
s.Mo st
metalsa r
eg oodc onduct
ors,theb estco n
du ct
ors
bei
ngs i
lve
ra ndcopper.Generall
y,goodconductorsof
el
ectri
cit
ya r
eg oodco ndu
ctorsofhe atal
so,andv i
ce-
versa.
(
ii
)I nfi
res,t
h er
mal c
o ndu
cti
vit
yisre l
evanti
nt erms of
thedangeroffi
res pr
e a
d.As teelbe
a mp a
ssi
n g
throughawa llcanb ethec auseoff i
res p
readf rom
oner o
o mtoa noth
e r
.Ap l
ai
nme taldo o
rc ancon d
uct
heatfromones i
detoa nothe
r,wh e
reasawo ode
nd oor
wil
ln ot,s i
nce wo odi sap oorc onductor
.Th e
conducti
vi
tyofbuil
dingmateri
alshasanimp ort
ant
rol
einthefireresi
stancecapabi
li
tyofe l
ementso fst
ruct
ure.

(
b)Con
vec
tion

(
i) Co nv ect
ion r equir
es a c i
rcu
lati
ng me di
um f or
tr
ansmissiono fheatando ccur
so nl
yinliq
uidsa n
dg ases
.It
tr
ansportst h ee normo usa mounto fch emic
ale nergy
rel
easedd uri
ngaf i
retot hesurr
ou n
dingenvir
o n
me ntbythe
moveme ntandc irc
ulat
iono fhotgases.Con vec
tionisused
i
nd omestiche ati
ngs y
s t
emso rra d
iat
ors.Co nvecti
onalso
caus
est heup-d raf
tinc h
imneysorthe.stackeffe
ct..
(i
i)Inamu l
ti-storeybuil
dingfi
re,conve
cti
o ncurrentscan
conveyhotg asesands moketowardsthroughs t
air
we l
lsand
openl i
ftsh afts
,s pre
a d
ingt hefiretot heu pperf l
oors
th
rougho pend oorsandfalsecei
li
ngs.

a
)Ra
dia
tion

o Ra d
iati
onisaformofe n
ergythattr
ave
lsthr
ougha
s
pacewi t
houtani
nte
rveni
ngmediu
m,suchasasoli
dora
f
lui
d.I
tisthr
ought
hesamemetho
db ywhi
chhea
tfr
omt h
e
4
sunp as
s esthroughthee mp tyspa cetowa r
mt hee arth.Itt r
avelsase l
ectroma gneticwa ves
,
si
milartolight,r
adiowav es,andx -rays.Inav acuum,a l
le l
ectro-magneticwa vestra velatthe
speedo fli
ght(300,000k m/ se
c.).Wh enitfal
lso nab ody,itcanb eabsorbed,reflectedand/
ortransmitted.
o I naf i
re,theh otgasesr i
sev e r
tical
lyu p
wa rdsinap l
umet h a
tc arr
ieswi t
hi tmo sto fthe
heat(70%-90%) rel
easedint hec omb ust
ionproc es
s, dependin
gu ponthef u
e l
.Th er estofthe
heatist ransmit
teda sr adi
ation.So mer adi
ati
ona lsoc ome sf r
omt h eg a
s eousc omb ust
ion
products,H2Oa ndCO2.Ro ughl
y ,about10%o ftheh eato fcombusti
o nislostup wardt ra
vel
ofh otg asesfromt hef l
a meb yr adi
ationint hesec ase
s.Ho wever,largerf i
resi nvolvi
ng
ordi
naryf uelsma yrelease30t o50p erc
ento fthet otala mounto fe n
e rg
ya sr adia
tio
n,
exposi
ngn earbysurfa
cest oh i
ghle vel
so fradi
anth eattransfer.Wa tervapoura ndCO2i nthe
atmosphere,wh i
chwi l
lg enerall
yb ep r
e s
e n
tinf ires,absorba ppreci
ablea moun to fthermal
radi
ati
one mittedfromlargef i
res.Th isisther easonwh yforestfir
eso rlargeLNGf iresare
rel
ati
v e
lyl esshazardouswh enh umid i
tyish i
g h.Wa terd ropl
etsa rec apabl
eo fa bsorbi
ng
al
mo sta l
ltheinci
dentinfra-redr adiat
iont h
erebyc oolingtos urroundi
ngs.Th i
sist her eason
wh yfi
ref i
gh t
ersn or
ma l
lye nterab urni
ngb ui
ldingorr oo
mwi thh os
eh andl i
nesf ittedwith
watersp r
ay/ f
ogno zz
les.
 Al lformso fradi
ante n
e rgytravel i
ns t
raightli
nes. Butth eint
ensit
yo fradiat
iond ec r
eases
withdistance.Twicethed i
stance, i
ntensit
yb ecome so nequa rt
er;atthreet i
me sth ed i
stanc
e,
theinte
n si
tyisone-nint
h,an dsoo n.Th i
sisk nowna sth einversesquarelawo fradiati
on .
 Ra di
ati
o nhasb eenthec au
sef o rma nyfir
e s.Ac ommo nc auseofh omef ir
e sisc lothi
ng
getti
ngignitedbyr adi
anth eatwh eni tisp l
acedt ooc l
oset oas o ur
ceo fradiati
on .Simil
arly
,
radi
anth eatfromthes unpa ssi
ngt hroughag lasswind owo rab ott
le,whichactsa sal ens,had
al
sob eenth ecauseoffi
res.

Con
sti
tue
ntsofFi
re

Comb us
tionPr ocess
Anu nderst
andi
n gofthebasi
cp r
inci
plesofcombusti
ono rfir
e,caus
esa n
ds our
ceso fig
niti
on,
f
iregrowtha ndf i
respreadi
sn ecess
aryf o
ru nd
erstan
d i
ngt hepri
nci
plesoffi
rec ontr
oland
ext
ingui
shment.Co mb u
sti
onu sual
lyinvolv
esa ne xot
h ermi
cc hemic
alr ea
cti
onb e
tweena
subst
anceo rfuelando x
ygen.Unli
kes l
owo xi
dati
on,aco mbusti
onreact
ionoccurssor api
dl
y
th
ath eatisgen e
ratedfas
terthanitisdi
s s
ipa
ted,cau
singama r
kedincr
easeofte mperat
ure,
evenuptoaf e
wh und
redsofdegree
s .
Ve ryoft
en,thetempe r
atur
ereachessohighthatvisi
bl
e
l
ightorfl
ameisg enerat
ed.

Tri
angl
eoffi
re
Onewa yofdi
scussi
ngfireorcombust
ionisint
ermso fthe.
tri
ang
leoffir
e.orcombus
tion
.It
ha
sb eensee
nt ha
tf orcombusti
ontooccurthr
e efac
torsareess
enti
al
;h ea
t,o
xygen(orai
r)
an
dac ombust
ibl
es u
bstance(orfue
l)
.Fir
eo rcombust
ionwil
lcont
inu
ea slon
gasthesethree
f
actor
sa repre
sent.Re movalofoneofth e
mle ad
st othecol
laps
eo fthetri
angl
eandt he
co
mb u
stio
nprocessstop
s .
Fi
reEx
ti
nct
ionMe
thod
s

I
tha
sbeens hownf ro
mt hetri
angleoffi
rethatt
hreefac
tors
a
reess
enti
alforco mbusti
on,namely
;
i
)Theprese
nceo faf ue
l,orcombusti
bl
es u
b s
tances
;
i
i
)Thep r
esenceo foxygen(u
sua l
l
ya sai
r)orothe
rs u
pport
erof
c
ombust
ion;a
nd
i
i
i)Thea t
tai
nmen tandma i
ntenanceofacertai
nmini
mum
t
emper
ature.

Fi
ree x
tin
ction
,i np ri
ncipl
e,c ons
ist
si nt helimi
tati
ono r
el
imin
ati
ono foneo r
emo reofthesefact
orsandtheme t
hodsof
ext
ingui
shi
ngf i
rema yb ec l
assi
fi
edc onveni
ent
lyu nde
rt he
fo
llo
wingh ea
dings:
(
a)St ar
vati
on(ortheli
mitati
onoffuel
);
(
b)Smo theri
ng/Bl anket
ing(ortheli
mit
ati
onofoxygen)
;and
(
c)Co oli
ng(ortheli
mita
tionoftemperat
ure)
.
I
np racti
ce,speci
fi
cme thodso ffir
ee xt
inct
ionofte
ne mbody
morethano neo fthes
ep ri
ncipl
es,buti
twillbeconveni
entto
consi
derthema c
c o
rdin
gt othemainpri
nci
plein
vol
ved.

St
arv
ati
on

 Thee xt
incti
onoffir
eb ystarva
tionisappl
iedinthreewa ys
:
 Byr emovi
n gcombusti
blema t
erialfr
omt hen ei
ghbourhoodo fthefi
re.Examplesof
theseare,thedrai
nageo ffue
lfromb urni
ngo i
ltanks;thewo rki
ngoutofc ar
goa ta
shi
pf i
re,t
h ecutti
ngoft renc
he sinpeat,heath,a
ndf orestfi
res;thedemo l
i
tionof
bui
ldi
ngstoc reat
eaf i
res t
op;counter-b
urninginforestfi
res;
 Byr emo v
ingt hefirefromt h en ei
ghbourhoodo fc ombustib
lema ter
ialas,for
ins
tance,pul
li
nga p
artab urni
ngh ayst
ackorat hatc
h edroof;
 Bys ub-di
vidi
ngt h
eb urni
ngma teri
al,whenth esmallerfi
resp rod
ucedma ybel ef
t
toburno utortob eexti
n g
uishedmo reeasi
lybyo t
h ermea n
s .Atypica
lexamp l
eis
theemu l
si
ficat
ionofthes u
rfaceofburni
ngo i
l,whil
sttheb eati
ngoutofah eathfi
re
owesmu cho fi
tseff
ectiv
e nes
st othi
s.
Smot
her
ing

 I
ftheo xygenc on
tentoftheatmosp h
e r
eintheimme di
ateneig
hbourhoodofburn
ing
materi
alc a
nb es uf
fi
ci
e nt
lyreducedcombusti
onwillcease.Thege n
e r
alproc
edure
i
nme thodso fthi
stypeistopreventorimpedetheaccessoffres
ha i
rtotheseatof
th
ef ir
e,a nda l
lowthec ombusti
ont oreducetheo xy
g encontentintheconfi
ned
at
mo sphereu nt
ili
texti
ngui
shesits
e l
f.
 Ani mportantpracti
calappl
icat
iono fthesmotheri
ngme t
hodist h
eu seoffoam.
Thisformsav i
scouscoati
ngo ve
rt heburni
ngma t
e r
ialandli
mits
, i
nsofarasitis
complet
e ,thes u
pplyo fai
r.Itals
ot endstop rev
e n
tt heformati
ono ffl
ammable
vapour.
 Anotherme t h
odo fsmo the
ringisb ytheappli
cati
ono fac lou
do ffine
lydivi
ded
part
icl
eso fd r
yp owder,u s
uall
ys odi
um b i
carbonat
e,f ro
m ap re
ssuri
sed
ex
tingui
sh e
r.
  Af urth
e rd evel
opme ntinthes moth e
ringme t
hodh asb ee nthedisc
o ve
ryo fa
powderedc omp oundforuseo nme talfi
res,suc
ha suraniuma ndpl
utoni
um,thori
um
andma gnesi
u m.Thispowd e
r(tern ar
ye utect
icchl
o r
ide)
isapp l
i
edbyme ansofag as
cart
ri
d gepr essur
izedexti
ngui
s h
e r.Ast hefusi
ngt emperatureofthepowd erisi
n
th
er egi
o no f580o Citformsac rustovertheb u
rningme talandthi
sexclu
dest he
oxyg
eno fth eair
.
 Thev i
gorou sdisc
ha r
geo faninertg asintheimme di
atev i
ci
n i
tyofthefi
rema yso
reduc
et heo x
ygenc onte
nto fthea tmo sph
erefort hetimeb ei
ngthatcomb us
tio
n
cannotbema i
ntai
ned.Carbon-di-oxi
d eandn i
tr
ogena refamil
iarex
amplesofthi
s.
 Ag roupo fe xt
ing
uishantsc onsi
stingo fvol
ati
leli
quidsb a
se dontheh al
ogenated
hydro
c ar
b onsa rea l
soinu se.Th esee vaporat
ingliq
u i
dsa ctpartl
yasi nver
ting
bl
anketss i
milartothoseme nti
onedint heprecedi
ngs ecti
on,andpart
lybychemical
i
nterf
e r
en cewiththec hai
nreactiono ffl
amep r
opagati
on.
Coo
li
ng

 I
fther ateatwh i
chh eatisg eneratedbyc ombustionislessthanther ateatwh i
chit
i
sd i
ssi
p atedthro ughv ar
iousa gencies,
comb ust
ionc annotpersist
.
 Thea ppl
icationo fajeto rsp r
a yofwa tertoaf i
reisin v
ariabl
yb asedo nthi
ss i
mp l
e
butfunda men t
alp ri
nci
ple.Th e rea rema nyv aria
tions.An othere xampleist he
emulsi
fi
cationo fth esurfaceo fo i
lbyme ansofth eemu ls
ifyi
ngt y
peo fs p
raynoz zl
e
produci
nga no il
-in-wa ter-emu l
s i
on,
 Thec ooli
ngp rinci
p l
einf i
ree xti
nctionistheonemo stcommo n l
ye mployed,
forming
asitd oe st heb a si
so ft hea ppl
icat
iono fwa tera ndo t
he rli
q ui
dst obu r
n i
ng
materi
als.
 Thea cti
ono fwa te rdepen d
sp re d
o min
a n
tlyonitst hermalcapacit
ya ndlatentheat
ofvaporizati
on ,thelatterbe i
ngb yf a
rt hemo r
ei mpo rt
ant.Th usittakesabouts i
x
ti
mesa smu chh ea ttoc onvertac ert
a i
nwe i
gh tofwa t
era titsb oi
li
ngp oi
ntinto
stea
ma sisr equiredtor ais
et h etemp er
atureso fthes amea moun tofwa t
erfr om
theusuala tmosp heri
ct empe r
a tur
et oitsboil
ingp oi
nt.Infact,whil
ec hangi
ngfr om
l
iqui
d(wa ter)t ov apors t
a t
e( steam)wa terexpa ndsa bout1760t imeswh icha l
so
contri
butest oitss motherin
ge ffect.
 I
nt heinterestso fe f
fi
ciency,i
tisc l
e a
rlydesir
ableth atwaters houl
db eappli
edt oa
f
ireinthel i
quidc ondit
iona ndins uchawa ythata smu chasp ossi
bleisconvertedto
stea
m.Th es mo theringeffectso fthes teamp roduceda tthes eato fthefi
rea re
thoughttop layap artinas s
isti
n ginthee x
ting
uishingp r
ocess.
 Ont heb asiso ft hermalc apacitya ndlatenth eato fv ap
or i
zati
on,wa terisa n
excel
lentfiree xti
n gui
shi
n ga gents i
nceb othfi
gu resa r
eh igh.Thisfac t
,combined
withitsa vai
labi
lityinl argeq uanti
ti
es,ma kesi tb yf art hemo stu se
fulf i
re
ext
ingui
sh i
nga gen tforgen era
l purposes.
Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
onoff
ir
es

I
nternati
on al
lya cceptedc lass
if
icatio
no ffir
esisa sfoll
o ws.
ClassA.
Thesea refiresinvolvingso l
i
dma ter
ial
sn ormall
yo fano rgan i
cn ature(compoundsofcarbon),i
n
whichcomb ustiong enerall
yo ccurswithth eformationo fglowinge mb e
rs.Class
.
A. f
iresaret hemo stcommo n.Effect
ivee x
tin
g ui
shinga gentisg eneral
lywa t
erin
theformo faj etors pray.
ClassB.
Thesea refiresinvolvingli
q u
idso rli
quefi
ablesoli
ds.Fo rt hep u
rp oseofc ho
osingeff
e c
tiv
e
exti
nguis
h i
nga ge nt
s ,f
lamma bl
el i
quidsma ybed i
vi
d edintotwog roups:
i
)Th oset hata remisc i
blewithwa ter,and
i
i)Th oseth atisimmis c
iblewithwa ter.
De p
e n
d i
ngo n( i)and( i
i
),thee xti
nguishi
nga gentsincludewa terspray,foam,vapori
zingli
qu i
ds,
andcarbond ioxidean dch emic
al powders.
ClassC.
Thesea ref i
resi nvolvi
ngg aseso rli
q u
e f
iedgasesi nth eformo fal i
qui
ds pi
ll
age,oral i
quidor
gasleak,andt he s
ei ncl
ud eme t
h ane,propane,but
a ne,etc.Fo amo rd rychemicalpowderca nbe
usedtoc on trolfir
e sinvo l
vi
ngs h al
lowliqui
ds pi
lls.(Wa t
e rint hef o
rmo fs pra
yi sgenerall
y
usedtoc oolthec on t
a i
ners.)
ClassD.
Thesea ref iresinv ol
vingme tals.Ex t
ingui
shinga gentsc on ta
iningwa terareineffect
ive,and
evenda ngerous. Carb o
nd i
oxi
dea ndt hebicar
bo nateclasseso fd rychemicalpowdersma ya l
so
behazardou sifa p
pliedtomo s
tme t
alfi
res.Po wdere dgra p
h i
te,
Powd eredt alc,sod aa sh,li
me stonea ndd rys anda ren o rmall
ys uita
b l
eforc la
ss. D.fires.
Specialfusi
n gp owd ersh aveb ee ndevelopedf orfiresi nvolv
ings omeme ta
ls,especi
all
yt he
radi
oacti
veo nes.Pr esen t
lys p eci
ald ryc hemicalp owd ersh aveb eend evelopedf or
exti
nguis
h i
ngme talfi
res.
Electr
icalfires
I
tisn otcon si
d ered,accord i
ngtop resent-dayideas, t
h atelectric
alfiresconst
itut
eas e
pa ra
te
cl
ass,sincea nyf i
reinvolving,
ors tartedby,elect
ricaleq ui
pme nt,mu st
,infact
,beaf i
reofc l
ass
A,Bo rD. Th en ormalp rocedureinsuchc ir
cums tancesist ocu tofftheelect
rici
tyandu s
ea ny
exti
nguis
h i
ngme t
ho da ppropri
atet owh atisb urni
n g.On lywh ent hi
sc annotbed onewi th
cert
aintywi l
ls pecialextingui
shinga gent
sb er equi
r edwh icha ren on-damagingtoe qui
pme nt.
Theseincludev a pori
singliqui
ds,dryp owdersca r
b on-di-oxide,ando thergaseousexti
ngui
s hi
ng
agents.

FI
REPROTECTI
ON

FI
RESAFETYMANAGEMENTFORVARI
OUSCLASSESOFOCCUPANCI
ES

FireProtect
ionMa nagement
Experi
encehasp ro
vedt h
atitwil
lbetooambi
ti
ousandimprac
tic
altoexpecttha
tp r
event
ionof
fi
resc anb ea chi
eved1 00% ina l
lt y
peso fo ccu
panci
esa nds i
tua
tions
,wh ens ever
al
unpredi
cta
blefactor
s,i
n c
lud
ingvagar
iesofn
atureanda c
tsofhumancommi s
sionandomiss
ion
areboundtoo c
cur.
Ne ve
rthel
ess,allthos
ec oncern
eda ndres
ponsibl
efore n
hancementofb ui
ldi
ngfir
es af
ety
st
a nda
rdsconti
nuetheirunt
iri
ngeff
ectst
omiti
gatelos
sesofli
vesandpropert
yd u
etofir
es.
Thebes
tpossi
blewayt oachi
evethi
slauda
bleobje
cti
vei
stodevel
opa ni
nte
g r
ateds
ystemof
ba
lan
cedfi
reprotec
tio
nt hatcombi
nesth
eb estofdi
ff
ere
ntde
sig
nf e
aturesofbot
hacti
veand
pa
ssi
vefi
reprotect
ions y
stemsforthebuil
di
n g
s.Thi
siswhatallf
ramersandimpl
ementi
ng
ag
enci
esofn a
tion
ala ndlocall
evelBui
ldi
ngCo desandRegul
ati
ons,aswe l
lastheenti
re
bu
il
di
ngconst
ructi
oncommu ni
tysho
u l
daspi
refor.

Class
esofOc c
upancie
s
Allb
uil
di
ngs,
wh et
herexi
stin
gorhe
r e
afte
rcrea
teds
hal
lbec
las
sif
ie
dac
cor
din
gtot
heu
seo
r
th
ec har
act
erofoccupancyi
noneofthef
oll
owi
nggr
oup
s:
GroupA Resi
denti
al
GroupB Educat
ional
GroupC I
nsti
tuti
onal
GroupD Assembly
GroupE Busi
ness
GroupF Mercanti
le
GroupG I
ndustr
ial
GroupH Stora
ge
GroupJ Hazardous

Mu l
ti
plexes
I
nma nyo fourma jorci
tie
s,mult
ipl
eoccupanci
es,o
rwh atarecommo nl
yknowna smult
ipl
exes
arec omi
n gup,wh i
cha r
eb ui
l
d i
ngshavi
ngindependen
to ccup
an c
iesli
keSh oppi
ngCe ntr
e,
Cinemas,Re s
tau r
antsetc.
,si
mult
aneous
lyinonebuil
di
ngc o
mp l
ex.Thesemult
ipl
eoccupanc
ies
cont
a i
nh i
ghfirea n
dlif
eh az
ardpotent
ial
,andhencecal
lforstri
ngentfi
reprev
enti
ona n
dfire
prot
ectionmeasu re
s.
Occupa n
c y or Us e Gr oup: In t he c a
se o f mixed o ccupan
cy, t h
ea ct
ual
occupancyc l
assif
ica
tio
no ftheb ui
ld
ingo rpremis
eswi l
lb eont heb a
sisofthep ri
nci
pal
occupancyclas
s .Ab ui
l
dingneednotneces
sari
lybeinhab
ite
d.Temp ora
rystru
cture
sn eednot
beconstruedasb ui
ldi
ngs.

Chan
geofOc cupanc
ies
Ownero rt h
eo ccu
pie
rs hal
la ppl
yi n wr i
ti
ng t
o t he lo
cala u
thori
ti
esconc
erned
f
oranyalt
erati
on,modi
fi
cat
ion
,exte
nsionetc
,ofthebui
l
din
ga l
ongwit
hn ec
essar
ydrawin
gs;
sp
eci
fi
cat
ionset
c.,a
ndo b
tai
nneces
sarycle
aranc
efort
hesamefromth
ea u
thori
ti
esco
ncerned
.

Un
saf
eBu
il
di
ngs
:

Un
saf
eBu
il
di
ngsa reth os
ewh ic
hare:
 Defici
entinme ansofegre
ss;
 hasap otentia
lhazardf
romfireornatural
o rma n
-ma det
hreat
s;
 Dan geroust o h u
man l i
fe o rp ubl
ic we l
fare by r e
asonso
fi l
legal
orimprope ruse,occ
upanc
yo rmain
t e
n a
nce;
 No n-comp li
ancewit
htheprovis
ionsofthea p
p l
i
cableCodes:
 Signi
fi
cantly d amaged b y f i
re o r e xpl
osion o r othe
r na
tur
al
orma n-ma decause;
 I
ncomp l
eteb ui
ldi
ngsfo
rwh i
chbuil
dingpermitshaveexpi
red
;
 Buil
d i
ngs h aving d et
erio
rated s t
r u
c t
ural e l
ements o r part
ial
l
y
destroyedb ui
l
dings;
 Unsa n
itarybuil
din
gs
Ge
nera
lGu
idel
inesforGoodFi reSa f
etyMa nagement:
 Go od Fire Safety Ma na
geme ntin v
olves and impli
es Go od LifeSa f
ety
Ma nagement a l
so. Es senti
all
y Li fe Sa f
ety i mpli
eskeepi
ngt he
harmfule ffect
s o ff i
re a way from t he occupant
s o ftheb uil
di
ng,o r
vic
ev ersa, b y k eepin
g t he o ccup
ants s e
gregat
edf r
om t heh ar
mful
eff
ects o ff ire,b y a dopt
ing me t
hods b ased o ntime,d is
tance o r
shi
eldi
ng.Li f
e Sa fet
ya l
so d ependst o al a
rgeextento n t he physi
cal
and me nta
lc haracteri
sti
cs o f t h
eo cc
upant
s,asi
ndivi
dual
sandasag roup.
 Fire Pr ev
enti
on, wh e
rever a nd wh atev
er is p oss
ibl
e c an a l
so,t oa
greatextent,
ma keposit
ivecontri
buti
onsto fir
e a ndl i
fes afet
y.Ho wever,i
t
wil
lb eprudenttob earinmindthatno f i
re p r
eventi
onstrat
egyc a
nb etotal
ly
eff
ectiv
e.
 Go od Fi re Sa f
ety Ma nagement t a
kes n ot
e o f a ll t he
se f a
ctors
anda d
o pt
sa ni ntegrated systems a p
proach so a st o a ch
ieveopti
mum
resul
ts.

St
air
cas
es/Me ansofEg r
ess
 I
na llcasestheleadi
nge dgeso fal
ltreadsshoul
db ereadil
yvi
sibl
ed uri
ngboth
descentandasce
nt;
 Me ansofegre
ssmu stpermitunobst
ruct
edtravelatal
lti
mes;
 Hand-rail
s:Itiswo rthn oti
ngt hathandrai
l
sa reo neo fthemo stimporta
nt
componentsofas t
airc
ase,andt he
refor
e,it
sd es
ignshoul
db esu
cha stoe n
ablea
comforta
blegri
pa nda l
sot ofaci
li
tat
et hehandtob esli
da l
ongther ai
lwithou
t
encounte
ringobs
tructi
onswh i
lenegoti
ati
ngthestai
rs;
 On eortwos t
epsa tado or
wa yareconsi
deredtoc o
nsti
tut
ea nac
cidenthazar
din
emergencyuse,a
ndh enceshouldbeavoi
ded.

Smok eCon trol/Smok eMa nagement

Smo k
eMa nage mentincl
udesa l
lmethodswh i
charereso
rtedto,
eit
he rsi
ngl
yo ri
nc ombi
nation,
tocontrolsmo kemo veme ntforassi
sti
n geasi
erandspeedi
ermeanso fegressforoccupants,
forassisti
ngf i
refi
ghti
n gop er
atio
ns,an dforreduc
ingproper
tyd amage.Co mpart
me nt
ation,
di
lut
ion,a i
rf
lowc ontr
olp ressuri
zat
ion,andbuoyancyofs mo
kec anb eu ti
l
ize
da loneo rin
combi
n ati
onf ors mo kema nagement,tomi ni
miz
et hes mokeh a
zar dinbuil
di
ngf ir
es;Fo r
ensur
ingt hatproductsofco mbusti
oninafir
ed onote nte
rasmo kep r
oofstai
renclos
ure, t
he
fol
lo
win gguidanceisprovid
e d;
the s moke c ontrol s yste
m s hould e n
sure o n a 9 7 p er
cent b asi
s f orthe
geographic
al l o
cati
on o f t he b uil
di
ng,t hat t he a tmosphere o f t hesmo ke
proofe ncl
osu re willn o t
,d ur
ing a p eri
od o f2 h ours
,i nc
lud
ingaquanti
tyo fai
r
emanatingfromt hefi
rea re
at hati
smo rethan
1percentoft hevolumeo fthestai
renclosu
re(NFPA1 01)

At
ri
umBu
il
di
ng s
:
 Ne edspecialat
tenti
onwithregardt odesi
gn,fi
reprotec
tio
na ndsmo k
ec ont
rol
.
Fir
ep rote
c ti
onsinsuchbuil
di
ngsa reusual
lyprovi
dedbyc ombi
nat
ionofme t
hods
li
kec ompar t
mentat
ion,venti
la
tio
n,a utomati
cs upp
ressi
ona nds mokec ont
rol
.
Productso fcombust
ionfromaf i
reg etdi
lu
tedwitha i
rinlarg
ev ol
umea t
ri
a,and
wit
hp roperventi
la
tio
nt h
eirfl
owc anbesafet
yd i
rec
tedtotheo u
tsi
de.
 Wh erevisi
o npanel
sandfirewindowsa r
ep rov
ide
d,ithastober e
me mber
edthat
theymaytra ns
mitheatbybothconducti
onandradi
ati
on.
Sp
eci
alSt
ruct
uresa ndHigh-RiseBu i
ldi
ngs:
 Specialst
ructur
es,i
nclu
dingope nstruc
tures,
towers,under
g r
oundandwindowless
st
ructures,hi
gh-ri
seb u
il
dings,mu l
ti
pl
exesetc.
;poses pec
ialpro
blemswithregard
tofi
r eandl i
fesafet
yr equi
remen t
s,andh enc
ec al
lfors peci
alconsi
derat
ionsin
desi
gn,lay-outa ndconstruct
iona spect
s.Be stresult
sa rea c
hiev
edb ys ound
desi
gna ndengin
eeri
ngjudgmenta ndcommo nsense.
 Specialatt
e n
tionneedst obeg ivenonc omponente l
emen t
ss uchasc onc
ealed
combusti
bles pa
ces,remotenesso fe x
it
s,e n
closu
re,ill
uminat
ionandma rki
ngo f
exi
ts,control
ledint
eri
orf i
ni
she s,aut
omaticsuppres
s i
onsy s
tems,smokec ont
rol
syst
ems ,f
iredetec
tio
na ndala
rms y
stems,cont
ain
me ntofhazard
ousareasetc;
 Thesec omp l
exo c
cupanci
esc allforawe l
lthoughto u
tf i
ree ng
inee
rin
g
appr
o achtoachiev
eas at
isfa
ctorys t
andardoffi
reandlif
esa f
ety
.

Me
ansofEscap eRe qui
remen t
s
 Safeexitfortheoc c
u pant
sinab uil
din
go nfi
re,requiresas afepat
ho fescapefromthe
fi
reinth es h
ortestpossibl
et i
me.Th i
sp a
th,wh i
chs hou l
db easshortasp ossi
bl
e,and
easi
lyneg oti
abl
e,shoul
db ereadyforuseincaseo feme rgency
 Fore nsuri
ngthelif
es af
e t
yo foccupant
sfromaf ire,t
h efoll
owingaretherequi
rements
i
ng eneral:
 Provisi
on o f a dequate No . o f p roperly d e s
igned, u nobs
tructedmeans
ofexi
to fadequat
ec apacit
ywh i
cha reavai
lab
leata llt
ime s
;
 Avail
abil
ityofalt
ernati
veme anso fexi
tforuse,i
fth ealreadychosenoneisinacces
sib
le
duetofire,heat
,smo keandto x
icgases;
 Protecti
o nofthee nti
rer escuep a
tha ga
instfi
re,h eat,smokea ndtoxi
cg ase
sd uri
ng
theegresst i
meb a
s e
do no ccupan
tload,tr
aveldi
sta ncea ndexi
tcapaci
ty;
 Adoptiono fcompartmentati
ona ndotheradequatep assiv
ef i
reprotect
ionme a
suresto
ensurethes af
ee g
r e
s s
/e va
cuatio
no ftheoccupantsinc aseoffi
re;
 Provisi
ono fadequatea ndr el
iabl
ef i
rea l
arms ystemi nt heb ui
l
dingt oalertthe
occupants;
 Provisi
ono fref
ugea reaswh er
et ot
alevacuati
ono foccupa n
tsisnotcontempla
ted;
 Adequateillu
minati
ona ndma rk
ingoftheme ansofe gress;
 Formu l
ati
o norgani
sati
ona ndpracti
ceofeffect
ivee vacuati
ond r
il
lprocedur
es.

Me
ansofEs c
apeDe si
gn:
 Thed esi
gno fab ui
ld
ings ha
llbesucht hati
na ne mergencyt heoccupantsi na nypartof
thebuil
dings h
ou l
db ea b
letoe sca
pes afelywithoutan yexternalassi
stan ce,exceptin
thecaseofp hysi
call
yc hal
len
ged(disabl
ed)p eop
lewh oh avetob erendereda s s
istance.
 Itisthere sponsi
bil
i
tyo fthema nageme nto fthep remisestoe nsuret hatn e ce
ssary
faci
li
ti
esarep rovi
dedi nthebuil
din
gs ot hattheo ccup
a ntscane vacuateth eb ui
ldi
ngin
reasonabl
et i
meinc aseoffi
reo rothereme rgency.
 Provisi
ono fb arri
erf reee nvi
ronmen tforp hys i
cal
l
yc hall
engedp eo pl
e( physi
call
y
dis
abledp eopl
e)h asb eenma dema ndato
r yins omeo ftheBu i
ldi
ngBy e-lawsa nd
De vel
opmen tCo nt
rolRe gul
ati
o n
sint hec ountr
y .Provisi
onf ormo vemen to fdisa
b l
ed
personstoa reasofsafetywithi
nt hebuil
ding(Re fu
geAr e a
s)ha salsob e
e ninc l
udedin
theseRe g
u l
ati
on s
.
 Ce rt
if
ica
tionSc heme:Sincethefir
ep erformanceo fasystem, p
r odu
cts,co mp onentsor
struct
ureisd ependento nsati
sfact
o rysit
ei nst
a l
lat
iona ndma int
enanc e,independent
schemesfo rcerti
fi
cation/ac
credit
ationandr egi
s tr
ati
ono finstall
ersa ndma i
ntenance
fi
rmswi l
lhavetob eintrodu
cedino urcountrysoa stoe nsureconformitywi t
h
 a
ppr
ove
dsta
nda
rdsa
ndc
ode
s,a
swe
lla
sfo
rel
i
min
ati
ono
fus
eofs
ub-s
tan
dar
d
p
rod
uct
s.

Fi
reSa
fet
yMa
nag
eme
nta
sap
pli
edt
odi
ff
ere
nto
ccu
pan
cyg
rou
psa
red
isc
uss
edb
elo
w:

Re
sid
ent
ial
Bu il
dings( Gr oupA)
 Go odFi reSa f etyMa nageme ntinh ome sc al
lfors tric
ta ndc onstan tobservanceof
allthec ommo nh omef i
res af
e t
yr u l
esf ork itchenf ires afety,g a
sf ir
es afety,
electri
ca lfi
res afetye tc;
 Ev ery Re si
de nti
alo cc u
p ancy,i ncl
u di
ngr esi
d entialh ome sa ndf lats,sho ul
d
formu l
ateas uitabl
ef iree scap eplans ot hate v eryo ccupanti nt heb ui
ldi
ngc an
promp tl
ya nds afelye vacuatet hep remisesint h ee vento faf ireo ra n
yo ther
eme rgen cy.Int hec aseo fDo rmitori
e s,Ho st
els,Ho t
e l
se tc.
,th ee vacuati
onplans
havet ob ema d eo utwi thex t
remec areasmo r
en u mb erofo ccupantsa reinvol
ved;
 Th efir
ee scapep lansh a v
et ob ep r
a cti
sedp eri
o di
ca l
lybyt heo ccupa nt
sinthefo rm
ofmo ckf i
red rill
ss ot h atth ee va
c uati
ono ft heo ccu pantsint heb uil
dingcanb e
carri
e do utp ro mp t
ly,s mo othlya ndi na no rderlyma nnera voidi
ngp a
nica nd
confusionwh i
c hc anlea dtoa ccidentsa ndinj
uries;
 Ithast ob ee nsu redt hatt hee xi
tsa nds tai
rwa yso ft heb uil
dinga rea l
wa y
sk ept
clearofa llobs t
r ucti
on sorh a z
ar d
o usma teri
als;
 Wh ereRe si
de ntialan dNo n-Re si
den ti
alOc cup anciesco -exi
st,e xtremec ar
eh as
tob eta kenint h ed esigna ndc onstructi
o noft hep remisess oa st oe nsur
et hatal
l
essentialf i
rea n dlifes afetyr equi
reme n t
sa sp erCo d
e sa r
ei nco rporat
edint he
buil
ding;
 Nod we ll
ingu nito faRe si
de nti
alo ccupancys ha l
lh avei tssoleme anso fegress
passt hro ugha nyp arto fnon-Re si
den t
ialoccupan cyint hes a
meb uil
ding;
 Interi
orf i
nishes,i ncludin
gf loo rfini
s hesinRe sidentialo ccupancies,shallbeo f
approve dc la
ss esa sp erre l
ev antCo des/s tandards;
 Bu i
ldi
ngSe r
vice s,i
nc l
ud i
nglifts/escalatorsshallb eo fstandarda pp r
ov e
dt yp
esa s
perr el
e vantCo des /Stand ards.
 Ro omsc ontai
n i
n gA/ Cp lants,high-pres sur
eb oilers,transforme rsetc,havi
ngf i
re
ande xp l
o si
onh aza rds,sh al
ln otb el ocatedd irectlyu ndero ra d j
acentt oex i
ts.
Wa l
lso fe ncl
o surefo rs u
c hro omss hallhavemi ni
mu m4h rs.Firer esista
nce.
 Flamma b leli
qu i
dsf orh ouse holdpurp osess hal
lb ek eptint i
ghtlysto ppedorsea l
ed
container s.Pa rti
c ul
a rc areh ast ob et akent oa voi
ds to ra
g eo fl o
wf l
ashp oi
nt
fl
amma b leliqui
d sli
k ep etroli
nr esidentia
l accommo da t
ion.
 Nos toveo rc omb ustionh eaters hallbel ocatedd irectl
yu nde ro rimme di
atel
ya t
thefo oto fstairso ro therwises olocateda stob locke scape .
 Kitchene xhaustd u ctsa reh azardouss inceth eyc onv eyh otan df l
amma bl
eg ases
andv apo rs.All ki
tc hene xhaustf anssh al
lbef i
xedt oa no utsi
dewa llortoad uctof
non-c omb ustiblema terial
,wh ichleadsd irect
lytot heo u
tside.
 Allou t
d oora nten naes hallbep roperlygroun d
e da ndp rotectedfroml ightni
ng.
 Do orsl ea di
ngt or oomsi nwh i
chf lamma bl
el iqui
d sa res toredo ru s e
ds hal
lb e
postedwi thas i
g no ne achs ideo fth ed oorin50mmh i
g hb l
ockl ettersstati
ng-
fi
red oor -Ke epc losedIna dditi
o n,t
h eymu sthav eth erequ i
redfirer esi
stancealso.

Ed
uca
tion
alBu
il
di
ngs(
Grou
p-B)
 Edu cati
onalo ccupan c
yi sd i
s ti
ng uishe df romAs semblyo cc upancyi nthatint h eformer
thes ameo ccup a
n tsarer egula rl
yp resen t,andthe yares ubjectt od i
scipl
i
nea ndc ontr
ol;
 Alle ducati
ona lbu i
ldi
ngso fp erma nentn atures hal
lb eo fTy peIc onstructionh avi
ng
externalshellandl oadb eari
n ge leme n tso f4h rs.Firere sistancer ati
ng,wh il
ei nter
nal
/n on-loadb eari
n gwa ll
ss hall hav e2h rs.fir
er esist
an ce;
 Alle ducationalb uil
dingsn o to fp erma ne n
tn atur
e ,ma yb eo fTy peI Io rTy peIII
constructiona sp erIS1 642.Al ls uchs emi-perma nentb uildi
n g
ss hal
lber estri
ctedto
grounda ndon eu pperf l
oo ro n l
y ,an dt hef loora re
an ote xce e
d i
n g1000m2o neach
fl
oo r
;
 Typ eIVc onstruction,aswe l
la st emp o r
a rys t
ructures ,su cha s t ent
s o r wi th
thatchedc onstruction,shalln otb ea llowe dforh ousinge duc ati
ona li
nsti
tutions;
 Ba seme nt,i
fc onstructed,sh ou l
dn otb eu sedforc l
a ssroo ms, l
abo rat
ories,li
b rar
iesor
forass emblyha l
ls;
 Eve r
yc l
asroomwi thac apa cityo f45p ers onso rmo res ho ul
dh a veminimu mt wod oor
exi
ts;
 Th eo ccupantl o ado fe duc ation alb uildi
n gso ra nyi nd i
v i
duals toryo rs ec t
ionfor
determiningthee xitsrequireds ha l
lb en otlesst hano nep erso npe r4m2o fne tarea;
 Th eres hal
lbea tle as
tt woe xi
tsa vail
ab lefrome v er
yf l
o ora rea;Al li
nterna lstai
rcases,
l
ift
, l
obb i
esa ndco rri
dorss ho uldb ea d equatelyv enti
l
a teda ndillu
mi nated;
 Eme rgen cyli
g hti
ngi na ccor dan cewi tha p proveds tanda rdsmu stb epro vi
d edf orall
i
nte r
iors tai
rsa ndc orri
dorsa ndn o rma l
lyo ccu pi
edare as;
 NOe xitdoorwa ys hallbeles st han1 m. Th eh eightofd oors h al
lno tbelesst han2m;
 Th edo orsshallop eninward lywh ere vert hed oorsleadt oc orridorso rope no n
l
an di
ng sleadi
n gtof l
ightofs ta i
rs ;
 An ybu i
ldi
ngh avinga r
e amo ret h an500m2o neachf l
oo r,and1 5mo rmo rei nh ei
ght,
shallhavemi ni
mu mt wos t
airc ase so fen closedt y
p e;
 I
nte r
n alstai
rss hallbec onstru ctedo fno n-co mbusti
blema terial
st hroughou t;
 Th ewid t
ho fstaircasess halln otb el esst han1 .
5mf orb ui
ldingu pt oah ei
gh to f30m;
 Edu cati
onalbu i
ldi
n gsabo v
e30mi nh eighta ren otpermitte d;
 Min i
mu mwi dtho ftreadsfo rs tairss hall notbel essthan300mm. Th etreadss h
allbe
constructeda ndma i
ntainedp rop er l
ys oa st oa voi
ds l
ippingd uringu se;
 Ma xi
mu mh eighto frisersha l
l no tb emo ret han150mma n dn umb ersh a
llbel i
mi t
edto
15p erfli
ght;
 Nol i
v i
ngs pace,storeo ro the rfirer isks hallopend i
re c
tlyin tothes tair
cas es;
 Th ema instai
r casea nde xt
e rn als tai
r cases hallbec onti
n uo usfromg rou
n df l
oo rtothe
terracelevel;
 Noc omb ust
iblema terial(i
nt eriorf inish)s hal
lb eu sedf ord ecor ati
on/wa llpan el
li
ngin
thes t
a i
rcase;
 Floorin di
cati
o nb oardss hallb ep ro mine ntl
yin di
catedo nt h ewa llfaci
ngt hes tairc
ases
neart othelan di
n g.I
ts hal
l beo fs izen o tlesst han0.5x0. 5m;
 Alle xi
tma r
kings ignss hallb ep romi nen tl
yi ndi
cateds h owin gth ewa yt ot h ee s
cape
route,a ndt hes ame s ha l
lb ei lluminatedb ye l
e ctri
cl ightc onne ctedt o
corri
d or/stai
rcas ec i
rcuit
sa l
o ngwi the me rgencyl i
ghting, wh i
chs h o
u l
db ed es i
gnedto
comeo nwithino nes econdo fth ef ai
lureo fthen orma ll
ight i
ngs upp l
y,andt or emainon
conti
n uouso perationforami nimu md urationo f1h ouran d30mi nu tes;
 I
fe xternalstairsa rep rovi
de d, car eh ast ob et akent oe nsu reth atnowa l
lo peningor
windowo penso ntoo rc l
os et oa ne x ternal s
ta i
rcase;
  Noc omb usti
blema terialofa nyk inds hallbes toredo ru se dina nyb uil
d i
ngo rsecti
on
thereof;
 Bar emin i
mu mq ua nti
tieso fflamma blema terial
ss ucha sch l
o r
ofo r
m, ethy lal
cohol,sp
iri
t,
etcs hal
l bea l
lowe dt ob eh andledo rstore d;
 Do orsinf irere sistantwa l
lss hallbes oi nstall
edt hatt hesema yn orma ll
yb ekeptin
openp os i
ti
on ,butwi l
l cl
o sea utoma t
ical
lywh enre qui
red;
 Co rri
do rd ooro pe ni
n gsins mok eb arri
e rss hal
lb en otl esst han1 500mmi nwi dth.
Pro vi
sions hallalsob ema d eford oubles wings i
ngle/dou bl
el eaftyped oo rs;
 An yr o
o mi nwh ichv o l
atil
ef lamma bles ubstancesa reu sedo rs tored,sh al
lbep rovi
ded
withas u
itablyd esigne de xh au
s tv enti
lati
o ns ystem.Pr operc ares hallbet akenin
providi
n ge l
e ct
ricali nstallati
onsi ns uc hr ooms ,wh ichs h oul
dc onformt oa ppr
oved
st
a ndard s
;
 Ven ti
latorss houldb ep rovidedn earc eil
ingl evelforlightert hana i
rv a pors,andnear
thefloorf orhea vierth ana i
rv aporslikeLPG;
 Fi
r ePr o t
ec ti
ona ndLi f
eSa fetyr equir
e men tsass tipul
atedi nNa t
iona lBu i
ldi
ngCo de
Part4, latestv ersion,aswe llasIS1 44351 997,fireSa fetyinEd ucat i
on alI
nsti
tuti
ons-
Co deo fPr acti
ces h ouldb ec ompli
e dwithf ora l
lEd ucationalBu i
ldings;
 Por tabl
ef iree xtingu i
she rsa sp e rs calesr ecomme ndedi nI S 21 90-1 992,c odeof
Prac ti
cef orSe l
e cti
o n,Install
ationa ndMa i
ntenan ceo fFi rs
tAi dFi r eEx ti
nguishe
rs
shouldb einstall
e dina llEd ucati
ona lBu i
ldi
n gs;
 Tea chersa ndo th ers taffo ftheEd ucati
o nalInsti
tutionss houldb es ens i
ti
zedt othei
r
respons i
bil
iti
esf ort hes afetya ndwe l
lb ei
ngo fth estud e
n ts.Th eyan ds ele
ctedSe ni
or
Stud entssh oul
da l
sob etra i
nedi nt heu seo ffi
rsta i
df i
ref ighti
nge quipme ntincaseo f
fi
ree me rgency;
 Co okingo ff ood,wh erec ar r
iedo uti nSc h ool
s,s houldb ed o nea tas afep l
ace,i
na
detache dbuildi
ng ,awa yfromt hema inbu i
ldi
ngwh erec l
assr oomsa r
el oca t
ed;
 I
fg aso relectri
c i
tyi sus edfo rthek it
che n,propers afetyme asuresh a v
et ob eexerci
sed
i
nt heh andli
n go fthec o nnec t
ede qu i
pme nt,andt heo vens/b ur
n erssh ouldbek eptatan
el
e vateds urfac
ec omp aredt ot hec yl
inders;
 Edu cati
ona lIns
titutionsh av i
nga uditori
ums houldh avefirep rotecti
ona n dme ansofexi
t
arrangeme ntsa sr equiredf ors i
milarcap aci
tyAs s emblyoc cupancies;
 Labo ra
to ri
esi nt heEd ucati
on alInstituti
on ss hallc omp l
ywi t
ha llt hef i
res afet
y
mea suresa ss ti
p ul
a tedi nr elevants tandards,likeIS4209 -1987 ,c o
d eo fSa fe
tyfor
Ch emicalLa boratories;
 Co mp uterRo oms ,wh erep rovidedi nEd uc a
tionalBu i
ldingss ho ul
dh avet hef i
re
protectiona rrang eme ntsa sp resc ri
bedi nIS-1 2456-1 988,c odeo fPr acti
cef orfi
re
protectiono felectron i
cd atap roces s
ingin st
a l
lat
ions;
 Edu cati
ona lBuildi
n gsh avingh ei
g ht15mo rmo res houldc omp l
ywi thf i
rep rotecti
onand
l
if
es a f
etyn ormsf o rh i
ghr iseb ui
ldi
n gsasp rescribedinNBCPa rt4;
 Eme rgen cyPl ans h ouldb ema deb ya llEd ucati
o nalInsti
tu t
ions,an de vacuati
ond ri
ll
s
shouldb eo rgani
z eda tre gularintervals,wh i
chs houldb eno tlessthano n ceaq uart
er;
 Alon gwi t
ht hee vacuationd ril
ls,itwillbed e si
rabletoo r gani
z esho rtd urat
ions pe
cial
tr
a i
ningp rogramso na nys afe t
ys ubject,sot hatthes tudentsfr omt heirv er
yy oungage
wil
l bes ui
tablytra i
ne dininc ul
catings af
e tyha bi
ts;

Fi
rePr
event
ion/FireSaf
etyMe as
uresi
nHe al
thCa r
eFa c
il
it
ies
 Potenti
alf
ireandexpl
osi
onhazar
dsassoci
ate
dwithmedic
algaspi
pi
ngsy
stemssha
llb
e
tak
eni nt
oa ccoun
tint h
ed es
ign,i
nst
all
ati
on,te
sti
ng,oper
ati
ona n
dma i
nte
nan
ceo f
thes
es yst
ems ;
  Allsti
pulatedsa f
e typrecautionsshou l
db eo bse rv
e dinthes torageandh andl
ingof
vari
oust ypesofg asc yli
nderswh ichareu su al
lyfoun dins u
c hoccupanci
e s;
 Simil
arly,al
lnec essaryp recaut
ionss houl
db eo bservedint hestoragean dhandli
ngo f
bul
kc ryog e
nicli
q ui
ds ystems( general
lyli
q uido xygen);
 Spe c
if
icp recauti
on saret obet akentop rote cto x
yg encyli
n der
s,contai
n er
sa nd
associ
ate dequi
p me ntfroma bnorma lmech anicalsho ckandh eat;
 Fullcyl
inderssh allbes t
o r
ed /keptsegrega tedf rome mp t
yc yl
inders;
 The f loo r
s o fo perati
on r ooms,a n aesthetizi
ng l o ca
tion
s a nd s uch o ther
rooms/lo cat
ionsa ndc ontiguousa r
easwh e reh azardousg ases/vaporsa r
el i
kelytob e
presents houl
dh av econd uc
tivefloorstoe qu al
ize/dissi
patep ossi
blestati
cc harges.
 A r esistance n ot e xceeding 50 me ga o hms i s g ene r
all
ys uf
fi
cient
top reventa ccumu lati
ono fd an ger
o use lectr i
calc harges.Pe rsonnele nt
erings uc
h
hazardousa reass hallwears hoeshav i
ngs olesa ndh eelsofc onducti
verubber;
 Asag e ner
alg ui
d ance,theu nderme ntione du n a
es t
he ti
ca gentsa rec on s
ider
ed
fl
amma bled uri
n gc ondi
tionso fc li
nicalu se:Cy clopropan e
,Et hylene,Et hylEther,
Diviny
lEt her,Eth ylCh l
o r
ideetc;
 Thef oll
o winga nes t
he t
ica gentsa r
ec onsider edn on-fla
mma b
led uri
ngc onditi
onso f
cl
inic
al u se: Ch l
oroform, Ni trous Ox i
de, Ha l
o t
hane, Tr i
c h
loroethyl
ene,
Me thoxyfl
uorane ,En f
luorane;
 Wh ereve rcli
ni
c alp roceduresarep erforme dlikeo perati
onr ooms ,del
i
v eryroomse tc.
,
speci
alme chanical venti
lat
iona r
r a
nge ment sar erequ i
red.Itwil
lbed esi
rabletoma i
ntai
n
sl
ightp osit
ivep ressurei nsucha reast op reventi nf
il
trationofc ontaminatedairint
o
suchsen si
tivea reas;
 Wh il
e p last
ic c o n
tainers a re p referre d t o g lass c onta
iners t oavoi
d
breakagep robl
e ms ,carehast ob eexercisedi nt hec hoi
ceo fplasti
cc ontai
nersintheir
comp a
tibil
it
ywi thth eli
quidtob eco n
ta i
ned ;
 Ther elevantp oll
u ti
onc ontrolr ul
esr ega rdingt hes afed is
posalo fh ospi
talwa st
es,
whichma yc ontainv a r
ioush azardousma teria
ls,h avet ob es crupulousl
yc omp l
ie
d
with(
Bio -medicalWa ste(Ma nageme ntandHa ndl
ing)Ru l
es ,1
998r efer
s )
;
 I
ti s e ss
entialt hatc ore p ersonne l e mployed i n h o spi
tal f aci
li
ti
esli
ke
doctors,n u
rses,a i
d es,wa r
ds,a tt
enda nt
s ,etc ,shallbei n
d octr
inatedina l
las pec
tso f
fi
rep revention,fires afet
y,e vacuati
onp roce dures,etc.i ncaseo fe mer g
en ci
es.To
ensuret hi
s,regu l
ari nst
ructionalprogramsa ndf i
red r i
ll
ss houldb ec onductedand
recordsma int
ained ;
 Ho wever ,i
thast ob er ememb eredthatlifes afetyo fal
lt hepati
en toccupantsinhealt
h
carefac il
it
iesc ann otb ea dequatel
ya ssu redb ye vacuationp r
o cedu
re sa l
one.Itis,
theref
or e,necessar ythatthef i
rep rotectionme asuresi n cor
pora t
eda ndma int
aine
d
fo
rs ucho cc
upa nciess houl
db eo ftheh i
g he ststand ar
d ss oastoe nsurema ximumlif
e
safet
yo p por
tuniti
e sfortheo ccupants.

As
semb
lyBu i
ldi
ngs(Group-D)
 MixedOc cup
anciesarepredomina
ntl
ylif
eh a
zardoccupanci
es;
 Plac
e sofassemblyinbu i
l
din
g sofotheroccupan
cy,shallbesoloc
ated,se
par
atedor
prot
ectedastoa voi
da nyunduedangertotheoccupant
so fthep
lac
eofa s
sembl
yfrom
afi
reo r
igi
nati
ngintheotheroccupancyorsmoketherefrom;
 Canteens in a u d
ito
riums p ose s ubst
anti
al fire a nd lif
e s af
etyhaz
ards,
andaren otrecomme ndedtob eloc
atedintheb a
sement s
.Inanycas
e,theymustbe
spr
inkle
red;
 All r ooms o r a reas u sed f or s tor
age o f a ny combusti
bl
emateri
al
s
orequip
me nt
,orforpainti
ng,
refur
bishi
ng,r
epai
rors i
mil
arp ur
pos
esshal
l
 beeffecti
vel
yc uto f
ff r
o ma ssemb l
ya reas.Th eyshal
lb elocateda wa yfroms t
aircases
.
Besidesinst
a l
l
a t
iono fsprinklers,i
twi l
lben ecessaryforp rovi
s i
o noffirebarri
ers(fi
re
resi
stantseparatin
gwa ll
s)a l
sot os egregatet hefi
reh azardousa re
a sfromAs semb l
y
areas;
 Roomsc ont
aini
nge q ui
pme nt’
ss ubj
ectt op ossibl
ee x
plosi
o nsh allbee ff
ecti
vel
yc uto f
f
f
romo t
h e
rp artso ftheb uil
d i
ng,andp rovidedwi t
ha dequatev e ntstot heoutsi
d eair
;
Thep rosceni
umwa llofeve rytheatreu si
ngmo vabl
esc eneryo rd ecorati
onsshallhave
excl
usi
veo ft hep r
o sceniu
mo pening,notmo rethant woo pe ni
n gsen t
eringthes tage
,
eachnottoe xceed2m2a ndfitt
edwi thself-closi
ngfi
rer esist
an td oo
rs;
 Thed ecorati
ono fplaceso fa ssembl
ys h a
llb eofnon-flamma blema terial
s.Fabri
csa nd
papersu sedfo rsu chp urpos essha l
lb et reatedwitha ne ff
e cti
vef l
a mere t
ardant
materi
al.Stages ettingsma deo fc ombu s
tiblema t
erial
ss hallli
k ewiseb etreate
dwi th
f
ireretardantma te
r i
alsofCl ass1flames prea d;
 Dec o
rationma teri
alsa ndstag esetti
ngso fc ombusti
blen atureh aveb eenthec auseof
severalt
he a
trefires,wh i
chh aver e
su l
tedint otall
osses;
 Thec urtai
ns hal
lh avea ne mergencyc losi
n gdevicecapableo fc ausi
ngt hethec urta
in
toc l
osewi t
h outtheu seo fp ower,a n
dwh e nsoc l
os ed,itsh allber easona
b l
yt i
ght
agai
nstthep assageo fsmo ke;
 Thes tagero ofofe veryt heatresha l
lh aveav ent
il
atoro rv ent i
la
torsino ra b
o veit
,
operabl
ef r
omt hest a
g efl
o orb yhand ,
a nda l
soo peni
ngb yf usi
b l
el i
nkso rsomeo ther
approveda utoma t
ich eat/smo kea c t
uate dd evic
e,t og iveaf reeo pe
ninge qu
al
toatleastone-e i
ghtht hear eaofthef l
ooro fthes t
age;
 Theh andli
nga n
du seo fg asoli
ne,fu eloila ndo t
herf l
a mma blel i
quid
ss hallnotb e
permit
ted.

Un
der
grou
ndShop
pin
gce
ntr
esa
ndl
arg
erShop
pin
gMa
ll
s/Ce
nte
rs.

 Dep a
rtme ntSto r
esa ndSu per-ma rketscontaindiff
erentk i
ndso fme rchandise,which
to
g et
herc anc onst
it
uteh ighfi
reload.
 Gen e
rall
y,theseb ui
ldi
ng sma ybemu lti
stori
edo nes,withc ust
ome rmo veme ntpatterns
permit
ti
n gbothv erti
cala ndhorizontalmove ments.Storiedbuil
d i
ngsh aveo pens t
airs
andsome ti
me sescala
torsa lso.Theirpecul
iard esi
gn,layoutandh i
ghf i
red ensit
y,along
wit
hal argen umb e
ro ffloati
ngc ustomerp opulat
iona swe l
lass taff,
a l
lincomb i
n a
tion
vi
rtual
lyma kethese
 premis
esh ighlyvulnerabl
ef romf i
rea ndli
fes afetyp oi
nto fview;Itf ol
lowsf romt he
above,aswe l
lasf r
omt hewo rl
d-widee xpe
rienceg ai
nedint hepastt hroughma j
orfires
i
nDe partme ntstores
, t
h atalotofc ar
e f
ulthoughta ndplanni
ngh avet obea ddressedin
th
ed esigna ndconstructionoft hebuil
dings,andt hefir
ep rotecti
ona ndme an sofe x
it
ar
ra n
geme ntsr eq
uiredtob eincorporatedins uchbu i
l
d i
ngsmu stalsob eo ft
h ehighest
st
an da
rds.St ri
ngentCo deimp l
eme ntati
onisamu stins uchoccupanc i
es;
 Mixed Oc c
u panc
ies o f t his n ature a re q uit
e h azardo u
s a nd q ui
tea
f
ewf ir
ei n
cidentshado ccurredi nd i
ffer
entc it
ies/t own si nI ndiaanda broadin
such p r
emis es c ausing f atali
ti
es, e s peci
all
y i n b igDe p art
me nt
a lStores.
Hazardousa reasshal
l bes e
gregated.
 I
ns omeo fthec i
ti
esinIn di
a(li
keSu ratforinstance)thereareh ugemu lti
-storey(hi
g h
-
ri
se)comp l
e x
ess ucha sTe xti
leMa rket,wh erebulkq uanti
ti
eso fte x
til
ema te r
ial
sa re
st
or e
d,a l
ongwi thretai
lo utl
etsa l
so.Th ehighf i
reh azardpotenti
a li
ns uchc omplexes
necessarl
yc al
lforhighsta n
dardso ffi
reprot ect
ionalso.
 I
nt h
ec aseo fUn dergroundSh oppingCo mplexes,theh az
a r
d sa remu ch mo re
multi
far
iouswi t
hmo res eri
ouse vacuati
onpro bl
ems .Therefore,s
u chco mplex
e sal
s o
 sh
allscrupul
ouslycomplywithallthefi
reandlif
es a
fetyprote
ctionrequi
rementsas
st
ipul
atedintheCo des
.
 Apart f rom c overed r oof me rc
anti
le o perat
ions
, me rcant
il
e u ni
tso
f
uncti
oninb asementsands u
bb ase
me nt
slevel
salsoinourcit
ies.Thesebelowgrade
sh
opc omp l
exe
sa requi
tefi
reh a
zardousandwarrantduefi
reprotect
ionmeasure
s,li
ke
mandato
rys pr
inkl
erprotec
tion.
 Apartfrom wh athasa l
readyb ee
ns tat
ed,allBuil
di
ngCo dess houldaddres
st he
pr
oblemsr el
ati
ngt ocoveredma l
lshoppi
ngc ent
resalso,par
ti
cu l
arl
ythelif
es afet
y
con
cerns.
 Occupancie
swh er
eg oodso fah ighl
yh az
ardousnatur
ea rep redomi
nantshallbe
con
sideredunderHazardousbui
ldi
ngs.

I
ndu
str
ial
Bui
l
din
gs(
Grou
pG)

 Su b
d i
visi
ons:Bu il
dingsu nderthisGr oupa res ubdi
vi
deda ccor
d i
ngt ohazar dcategori
es:
 Su b
d i
visi
onG-1 :Bu i
ldi
n gsu s
e dforlo wha zardindustr
iesinwh ichthec on tent
sa reof
l
o wc omb ust
ibi
li
ty;
 Su b
d i
visi
onG-2:Bu il
dingsu sedf ormo de rateh a
zardindustriesinwh i
c hth e
rea re
possibi
li
tieso ffireswh i
chma yb urnwi t
hmo dera
ter api
dit
y,a ndma yg i
v eo f
flarge
volumeso fsmo ke;
 Su b
d i
visi
on G-3:Bu ildi
ngsu s
e d f or h ou s
ing h i
gh h azard ind ustri
es,wh i
ch
areliabl
et og i
ver iset of i
re s wh i
ch wi llb urn withe xtr
emer ap i
dity,
a n
df ro
m
wh i
chp oisonousfu meso rexplosionsarea l
s oli
k e
ly.
 Gu i
dan ce wi th r e
gard t o t he c l
a ssif
icat
ion o f I ndustri
a l Bu i
ldi
ngsinto
l
o w, mo derate a nd h igh h azard c lasses a nd t h e t ypes o findu
s t
ri
al
buil
dings c o ming u n der t hi
s s ub
d i
visi
o ns c an b eo btai
nedf romAn n
e x
-B
toPa rt4, NBC;
 I
nc aseo fmixedo cc upanci
eso fG-1 ,G-2, a ndG-3c l
assesofindustri
esi no nebuil
ding
,
wh eren op a
rtiti
onwa l
lsa repro vi
dedb etwe enthev ar
iousclasseso focc upanci
es,the
enti
reb u i
ldi
ngwi llhavet ob ec on s
idereda saG-3p remises,andt hef i
rep rotecti
on
requir
e mentswh i
cha rec omme n sura
tewi thh ighhazardclassindustrywi llhavetob e
provided.
 Ge neralGl obalsta t
ist
icsb earo utth efactt hatfi
resa ndexp l
osionsini ndustr
ialand
ma nuf
ac tur
ingfa ci
li
ties
, whichc omeu ndert hisGr oupofOc cup a
nc i
es,acc ountforthe
ma j
orp orti
ono fdirectma teri
a lloss
e saswe llasindi
rectlosses( sucha sp roducti
on
l
o sses)inac o untry.Inth ema ttero flosso flive
sa ls
ot hi
sOc cupancyGr oupiso ne
amo ngt hefrontr ankingGr oupsl i
keAs se mbly.Thelargen umb e
ro fsuc ho ccupanci
es
wh i
cha boundi nur banan drurala rea
si nth eco un
try,aswe l
la stheinnu me r
abletypes
ofha zardousma terial
sh andleda ndprocess edinthesepromises,andh uma nfactorsare
generallyrespon s
iblefors uchh eavylosses;
 Th eh azardsi nvo l
vedi n i nd ust
rialo ccupanci
es v ary g reatly a nd ,
therefore
,
aninteg rat
eda p p
r oachh astob efoll
owe di nthema tterofp rovi
siono fa dequat
ef i
re
andlif
es afetyre q
u i
reme ntsfors uchp r
emis es;

 Factor
st obec onsi
deredforeva l
uati
onoflif
es afet
yr i
sksa r
ema teri
al
su s
edf or
i
nteri
orfin
ish,rat
eo ffi
respre
a d,burnrat
e,ande val
uati
ono ftox
icfumes,po
tentia
l
i
gnit
ions our
c es
,f i
reloada nds mokeg ene
rati
on.Pr opertyp r
otect
ionfollows
emplo
yeesevacuati
on;
 I
ndustri
aloccupanc
ieswhic
hc omeu n
derthep urvi
ewo fInd
us t
ri
alleg
isl
ati
ono fthe
Central/StateGo v
ernment
,forstarti
ng,
sit
ing
,o p
erati
ngetc.ofth
eindustr
y,haveto
compl
ywi tht herelev
antprovis
ionso fthes ame,apartfromc omplyi
ngwitht he
 req
uirementss pe
cif
ie
di nre l
evantPa rtso fNBC a swe l
la slocalCo des/Bye-
l
aws/ Regul
ati
onsr egard
ingd e
sign,a n
dc onstructi
ono ft h
eb ui
ldi
ngsa ndf or
i
ncorporat
ionofthefi
reandli
fes a
fetyrequi
reme n
t si
nt hebuil
di
ngs;
 Hazardous,pol
l
uti
on-proneetc.indu
stri
es,asd esi
g n
atedb ythea u
thori
sedlegi
sl
a t
ion
,
ar
er equi
redtof or
mulat
ea nds u
bmittheirOn -si
tea ndOf f-si
teEme rgenc
yPl ansto
th
ec oncerneda ut
hori
ti
eso ns pecif
iedt i
me s che
du l
es.Th ed e
tai
lso ft hese
req
uirements,incl
udi
ngt hed et
ail
so finformationt ob efu r
nis
hedo nv ari
ous
documents/
forms( t
ob es ubmit
tedt oa ppropri
atea uthori
ti
es)likeSa f
etyRe port
,
Safe
t yDataSh eet
,On-sit
eEme rg
en c
yPl an,
Of f-si
teEme rg
encyPlane t
c.,a
reg i
ven
i
nv ariou
sSc hed
ulesundert heMa nufac
ture,St oragea ndI mportofHa z
ardous
Chemical
sRu le
s1989,is
suedb yGo v
t.ofIndi
a.

 Wh eneverfl
a mmablevapours/gasesarep resentwi t
hint he
irfla
mma bl
el i
mit
s,the
sl
igh
testsparkc r
eatedbyt h
eo per
ati
ono felectri
calequ
ipmentli
kes wi
tchesors p
ark
prod
ucingtools(fr
ict
ionsparks)ca
ng i
ver is
et ofireore x
p l
osi
on.Wh il
es af
etyfrom
el
ectri
calsparksc a
nb ea chi
evedbys a
fee lectr
icalequi
pme nt
/appara
tusa salr
eady
menti
oned,s parkf r
omt ool
sc anb ea v oi
dedb yu s
eo fnon-spar
kingtool
s.
 I
fPe t
roleumli
q u
idsarestoredorhandl
eda ttemperatur
esa torabovethei
rfla
shp oi
nt,
th
eys houldb et reat
edwi the xt
remec a ut
ion( asforc lass
-1f l
amma bl
el i
qui
ds)
.
Hazardousarean or
ma l
lycoversanareae xt
end i
ngu p
to15mf rome qui
pmenth a
ndli
ng
f
lammable/combusti
bl
e l iqu
ids,o r 30m f rom e qu i
pmenthandl
ingfl
amma bl
e
gase
s;
 I
na ppropri
atecases,cl
e a
rancefromtheCh i
e fCo nt
roll
ero fExplos
ives(Expl
osi
ves
Dept.
)willal
soben eces
sary;

FI
RESAFETYI
NBUI
LDI
NGDESI
GNANDCONSTRUCTI
ONBASI
CPRI
NCI
PLES

Ge n
eral
 Th ed esigno fanyb ui
ldinga ndt h
et ypeo fma teri
al
su sedini t
sc on
structi
ona re
importantf acto
rsi nma kingt heb ui
ldi
ngr esi
stanttoac o mplet
eb u
rn-out,an din
preventingther api
ds p
r eado ffirea ndsmo kewh i
chma yotherwisecontri
butetot he
lossoflivesandp r
operty.
 FireLo a dist heme as ureo ft h ema xi
mu mh eatt ha
twi l
lb er elease
di fa l
lt he
comb usti
blesinaf i
rea reab urn ed,inc
ludingwa l
llini
ngs,wo odeno rc ombustib
le
parti
tions,coveri
ngsonf l
oo rsandc eil
ing
s.
 Th efirer esi
stanceo fab u
il
dingo ri t
ss truct
uralandn on-structura
le l
eme ntsis
expresse dinh our
sa gainstas pecif
iedfir
el oadwh i
chise xpress
e dink cal
/m2,a nd
againstac e
rtai
nintensityo ffir
e .Thef i
re-r e
sist
ancetestfors truct
uralelements
shallbed oneinaccorda
n cewi thgo odpracti
ce.
 FireRe sist
anceRa ti
ngisa ttimesr eferr
edt oasfi
reEn dur
anceRa tingal
so.Wh ilethe
actualti
mei srecordedint hen earestint
egralminutes
,fi
reresist
ancer at
ingsareg i
ven
ins t
an dardinterval
s.Th eu sualfireresista
ncer ati
ngsfora lltypeso fstructur
al
me mbers ,door
sa ndwind owsa re1 5mi n
s.,30mi ns.
,45mins.,1hr.
,11/2hrs.,2hr s
.,3
hrs.,
an d4h rs.
Thefi
reresi
stan ceofane l
emen tisthet i
mei nminutesfromthestar
to fthetestunti
lfai
lureoccu
rs
un
deranyo neo fthecri
teri
aseto u tbelow:
(
a)Re s
ist
ancet oc ol
laps
e(stabi
lit
y )
(
b)Re si
sta
ncet op enet
rati
ono fflame( i
ntegri
ty)]
(
c)Re s
ist
ancet otemp .r
iseonu nex p
os e
df ace(i
nsulati
on)

Ty
pesofc
ons
tru
cti
on
Accor
ding t o f ire r
esi
sta
nce
, b
uil
di
ngs s
hal
l b
e c
las
sif
ie
d i
nto f
our
ca
tegori
es,
namely,
Type1cons
truct
ion,
Type2constr
ucti
on,
Type3constr
ucti
onand
Type4constr
ucti
on.

 Thefi
reresi
sta
ncerat
ingsfo
rv ar
iou
stypesofco
nstru
cti
onf
orstr
uctur
alandn
on-
st
ruct
uralme
mb er
sshal
lbeasgi
veninsta
ndar
dTable
sinNBCPa r
t-4IS:
1809-1
979
de
alswit
hmethodsoft
esti
ngstr
uctur
almember
sofdi
ff
eren
tmat
eri
alf
orthei
r
fi
res a
fety.Fo rfirer esi
stancer ati
ng srequir
e dforv ari
ouss tr
uc tur
ala ndn on-
st
ructur
a lme mberst ob eu sedford i
fferentcla
s se
so fc onstructio
n ,pleas
er eferto
st
andardTa blesinNBC. Pa rt
-4.
 Thefi
rer esi
stanceist hetimed ura
tiont h
eme mbe rora ssemblyc a
nwi thstandthef i
re
tes
twi thoutf ai
lure.Th eu sualf i
rer esis
tancer ati
ng sf ors tructuralassemblie
s,
members,door stc.are:1/2h r.
, 1
hr.,2h rs.
,3hrs.&4h r s
.A1 hr.rati
ngi ndi
catesthat
theassemb l
y/me mberc anwi thstandt hes t
andardt estf ormi ni
mu m 1h r.without
fa
il
ureb ya nyo neo fthef ai
lurecrit
erialis
tedint hef i
ret estp rotocoli.
e.s t
abi
lit
y.
I
ntegri
tya ndIn sul
ati
on.Pe r
fectp ar
tywa l
l
sh avemi nimumf irer esi
stanceo f4h r
s.
Comb u
stibl
ema t
erial
so nt heothers i
deo fthefi
res eperatingwa l
lc anb esegregated
bef
oret hewa l
lc oll
apses,a ndth efiree nte
rst hes e gr
e gate
dc omp art
me nt
.Th is
redu
cesth eov er
alldamag eandma teri
al l
osses.
 Fi
red a
ma gea ssessment/p os
tfirestructural
safetyass es
s mento fvariousstruct
u r
al
el
ementso ftheb uil
dingan dadequacyo fthes t
ructuralrepairsc a
nb ed oneu si
ngt he
fi
reresi
stancer ati
ngsme n ti
onedinth etables
.Us esoft heseTa bl
esi stoass e
sst he
st
abil
it
yo fbuildi
ngd amage dbyf i
re;beforedecla
r i
ngab ui
l
d i
ngd ama gedb yfi
rewh ich
hasundergoner epairs
,a ss a
feFo rb ui
ldi
ngs15mi nh eig
hto ra bove,n oncombusti
ble
materi
al
ss houldb eu sedf orc onstructi
ona ndt hei nternalwa llso fs tai
rcase
encl
osuress houldbeo fb ri
ckwo r
ko rr ei
nforcedc on
c reteo ra nyo therma ter
ialof
const
ructio
nwi thmi ni
mu mo f2hr ati
ng .Thewa ll
sfort hec himneys ha l
lbeo fType1
andType2c onstructi
ond ependi
ngo nwh ethertheg a
st emp erat
u reisa b
ove200co r
l
ess.

SteelCon str
u ct
ion
Barestee lmemb ersifprovi
de dwo u
ldc o
ll
a ps
eu nderfi
rec ondi
ti
onsmu che arl
ie
rthano t
her
st
ructuralelementsli
k ewall
s, sl
absetc.Allsuppor
ti
n gstruct
uralbeamsa ndcolumnsofstee
l
shoul
dth eref
o r
eb eenc l
osedin5c ms(2in)thickconcret
eo requi
vale
n tfi
reproofi
ngma t
eri
al
.
Encaseme ntofstructuralst
ee lmembersh asbeenav erycommo nands ati
sfa
c t
oryme t
hodof
i
nsula
tings t
eeltoincreaseitsfir
er es
ista
nce .
En c
aseme ntofstr
u c
turalsteelmemberscanbe
doneuti
li
z i
ngc oncret
e ,l
athan dplas
ter,gypsumboardo rspraye
dmi neralf
ibresLoadbeari
ng
st
eelbea msa ndc ol
umn sshallbep r
otectedagain
stfa i
l
ure/c oll
apseo fstruct
ureincaseof
f
ire
.Th isc oul
db ea c
h i
evedb yu s
eo fappropri
ateme thodo
logyu s
ings u
itabl
efireresi
sta
nce
ra
tedma teria
ls.

MaximumHe i
ght
Everybuil
di
ngshallber es
tri
ctedinitshei
ghta bo
v etheg r
oundlevelandth
en umberof
st
oreys,dep
endi
ngu p
onitsoccupanc
ya ndt
het y
peo fconst
ructi
on.Themaxi
mumpermis
sib
le
hei
ghtforanycombinat
ionofoccupancyandtypesofc o
nstruc
tio
ns h
o ul
dbenece
ssari
lybe
re
latedtot hewidtho fstree
tf ro
ntin
gt hebuil
ding,orfloorarearati
osandth eloc
al
f
ire
fi
g h
tin
gfaci
li
ti
esavai
labl
e.
Bui
ldi
ngsa b
ove15m.:No tp er
mitte
df orocc
upanci
esA1 ,A2,G3,Gr oupsH&J
Bui
ldi
ngsabove30m: notpermi
ttedforGro
u p
sB, C,D&F
Bui
ld
ingsa
bove18m:Notpermi
ttedf
orG-1&G-2Oc cupa
nci
es.Buil
dingsa
bove60m:No t
pe
rmit
tedf
orA3&A4Oc cupa
n c
ies
.Nohei
ghtre
str
ict
ion
sforbu
ild
ingsinA5,A6&groupE
Note:
Class
if
ic
ati
onofOcc
upanci
esandGr
oupsund
erthemareasgiv
e ninNBCPa r
t-4.

OpenSp a
ces
Th
eo penspac
esar
oundo
rin
sideab
uil
di
ngs
hal
lco
nfo
rmt ot
hereq
uir
eme
ntso
fPa
rt3,
NBC,
Devel
opmentCon
trol
Rul
esandGener
alBu
il
di
ngRequ
ire
ments
.

 Forhighr i
seb ui
ldi
ng s,thefoll
owinga ddi
ti
onalp rov
isi
o nsofme anso faccesstot he
bui
ldi
ngs ha
llb ee nsured:
 Thewidtho fth ema i
ns treetonwh icht hebui
ldi
nga butss h
allnotb elessthan12ma nd
oneendo fthiss t
r e
e tshallj
oinanothe rstr
eetn otlessthan12mi nwidth ;
 Theroads halln otterminateinadea de n
d; exceptinthec aseo fresid
en ti
albui
l
ding,up
toaheightof30m.
 Thec ompulsoryo pens pacesa r
o undt hebuil
dings hallnotb eu sedf orparki
ng;a nd
Adequatep assa gewa ya ndclear
a ncesr equ
iredf orfi
re f
ight
ingv ehicl
e stoe nt
ert he
premi
sess hallb ep r
o vi
d edatthema i
ne ntrance;thewi dtho fsuche ntranceshallbe
notle
sst han4. 5m. I
fa na rc
ho rc overedgateisc onstr
u ct
ed,its h
allhaveac le
arh ead
-roomo fno tlesst han5m.
 Thea pproa
c ht ot heb uil
din
ga ndo pens paceso na l
litss i
desu pto6mwi dthandt he
sameallbeo fh ards urfacecapableo ftaki
ngth ema sso ffi
ree ngi
n ewe i
ghingupto45
tonne
s.Th es aido pens paceshallbek eptfreeo fobstructi
onsa nds hal
lbemo tora b
le
Thema inentra ncet ot heplotshallbeo fadequa t
ewi dthtoa ll
o we asyaccesstot he
fi
reenginea ndi nn oc aseshalli
tme asurelesst h
an6m.I ft hema ine nt
ranceatt he
bounda
rywa l
l i
sb ui
lto ver,t
hemi ni
mu mc lea
rances hallbe4.5m. Tu rni
ngr a
diumof9m.
Shall
bep rovidedf orfiretendermo veme nt.I
fent r
anceg ateiso fl
es s
erd i
me ns
ion,fi
re
engi
newi t
ht heirladd erscannotneg oti
atetheminc aseo feme rgency.

Mi
xedOccupancy
 Wh enanyb ui
ldi
ngisuse dformo rethanonet yp
eo foccupancyinsofarasfir
es af
ety
isconce
rned,i
ts hal
lconformtot herequi
rementsfortheo ccu
panciesofhi
gherhazard.
Unlesstheh ighh aza
rda r
e aiss epara
tedb ys eparat
ingwa l
lso f4thr ati
ng,the
occupanc
iesshallno
tb etreadedindi
vidua
ll
y.
 At ypi
calexampleofami xe
do ccu p
ancyisac over
edma llbui
ldi
ng,wh i
chisas ingl
e
bui
ldi
nge ncl
osingan u mbero ft enant
sa ndo ccupanci
ess ucha sme rc
anti
leu ni
ts,
res
t a
urants,
entertai
nme nt
sa nda musementfaci
lit
ies
,off
ices,cl
i
n i
call
aborat
orie
se tc
.
Thiscanbeah i
g hri
seb ui
ldi
ngalso.
 In manyo fo urc it
ies,t hen umbera n dv ari
etyo fs uch mi xed ormu lt
ipl
e
occupanc
iesarei nc
reasingfast.Ar e
centd evel
opme n
tist heg r
owt hofso-c all
ed
multi
pl
exes,wh icha r
ei nfacto ne mul
ti-l
evelb ui
ldi
ngc omp l
ex,h a
ving mult
ipl
e
occupanc
iesli
kec in
emat heat
re,s hop
pingc o
mp le
x,hotel
/restaura
n t
s,andma ybea
fewo therancil
lar
yo cc up
ancies.Th eu n
us u
all
yh ighfir
ea ndl i
feh aza
rdsins uch
multi
pl
exesc anwe l
lbei magined.Co nseq
ue nt
ly,thedesi
g nandc onstr
ucti
ono fthe
bui
ldi
ng,aswe llasthef ir
ep rotecti
ona ndli
fes af
etyme asure
si ncor
porat
edi nthe
bui
ldi
ng.

Ex
pos
urePr
ote
cti
on

 Anyneighb
ori
ngb u
il
din
gs,par
ti
c u
lar
lytho
seofmoret
hanonestor
ey,wil
lbesub
jec
tto
somed e
greeo fex
posurehaza
rde i
therfr
omfl
yingb
randsorradi
ati
on,orbot
h,asa
re
s u
lt.
 Normall
y,win
do wandvent
il
atoropeni
ngsint h
eh igh
erb ui
l
dinga repro
tect
edby
 6.
25mm(
1/4i
n)t
hic
kwi
redg
las
sesi
nst
eel
fra
mes

Fi
res
eals
 Th i
sisase a
lprovi
dedtoclosetheopen
ingorimper
fect
ionoffi
tordesi
gnbet
ween
e
lement
so rcomponen
tstoe l
i
minat
ethepossi
bi
li
tyoffi
reandsmokepa
ssi
ngthrou
gh
t
hem.Thesefir
es t
opsfi
llt
heo p
ening
saroun
dp ene
trat
ingit
emssuchascab
letr
ays,
c
ondui
ts,
ducts,p
ipeset
c.th
roughthewal
lorfl
ooropeni
ngs.
 Provi
si
o nofnon-c ombusti
bl
es l
eeki
ngisals
or es
ort
edtoasanal
ter
nati
veto
pro
prietar
ys eal
sforpenetrat
ionofpi
pes.Fir
es t
oppi
ngmat
eri
al
sinc
lude
:
 lce
me ntmo r
tar
 lgy
psum-b asedpla
s t
er
 lce
me ntorg y
psumv ermic
uli
te/perl
i
temixes
 lgl
assfi
b r
e,crushedrock,b
lastfur
nacesla
g,orcera
micba
sed pr
oduct
s(wi
tho
r
wit
houtr e
sinbin
ders),a
nd+ .i
ntumescen
tma st
ics
No
tal
lofthemwillbesui
tablei
ne ver
ys i
tuat
ion.

Op
eni
ngsinseparatingWa ll
sa ndFl oors.
 Ad oorwayo ro p
eninginas epar
ati
ngwa l
lo na nyfloors hallb el imite
dt o5.6
m2i nareawi thama ximumh ei
g ht
/widthof2.75m. Ev erywa llop eni
ng s hallb e
protect
ed wi th f ir
e-resi
s ting d oor
s h avin
g f ire rati
ngo fno tles
st han2hi n
accordancewitha cc
eptedsta ndards.
 Op eni
nginwa ll
so rfl
oo r
swh i
cha renecess
a r
yt obep rovi
dedtoa ll
o wpas s
a ge
so fal
l
bui
ldi
ngs ervi
cesl i
keca b
les,e l
ectri
calwir
ings,tel
ephonec ab
les,p l
umb i
ng pi
pes
etc shall b e prot ect
ed by en
closureintheformo fdu cts
/s haf
ts
havi
ngaf ireresist
anceo fno tlessthan2h .Theinsp e
cti
ond ooro fallservic
es haf
ts
exceptelectr
icalshaft
ss hallha v
ef i
reresi
stanceo fnotlesstha n1h .Fo relectr
ica
l
shaf
tst heysha l
lhavefirere si
stanceofnotlesstha n2h ours(Bu s-bars y
s t
ems hal
l
bed esi
rabl
e .
)Me diuma ndlowv ol
tagewiri
ngr unni
n ginshafts
/ ductssha l
le i
therbe
armouredt y
peo rr unt hrou g
h me talc
o n
d ui
ts/pi
pes.Further,thespa cebetween
thec ondui
tsa ndt hewa ll
s/s l
abss hal
lbef il
l
edi nb yaf i
ll
erma teri
alh avi
n gfi
re
resi
stancerati
n gofnotthano n
eh our.
 I
nc asetheo peningsiz
ee xcee ds5.6m2,fi
rere s
ist
ingd oor
sd esi
gn e
dt op rotectthem
needtob ea dequatel
ys t
reng thened.Normall
yd oorswithlargerp anelareas,tendto
buckl
einfirecon d
iti
ons.

Conceal
edspaces
Suchspace
swi t
hinabuil
di
n gsuchasspac
ebetweencei
l
ingandfal
sece
il
in
g,hori
zon
tala
nd
ve
rti
calduct
s,etc
, t
endtoa cta
sf l
ues
/tunne
lsdu
ringafi
re.Pro
vis
ions
hould
,th
erefo
re,
be
madet
op rovi
defi
restop
pingwit
hinsuchs
paces
.

Ve
rti
cal
Ope
nin
g

 I
nab uil
di
ngfireverti
calopeni
ngslikesta
irsandli
ftshaf
tsactsasflu
esorc h
imneys
convey
ingflames,hotg a
sesa nds mokev er
ti
call
ya ndserveasc han
nel
sf oreasy
spr
eadt otheu pperlevel
s.He nce,then eedforenclos
ureo rprote
cti
ono fsuch
ver
tica
lshaft
stop rev
enetfi
res pr
eadtoo t
herareasandfl
oorsser
vedbythem.
 Dooro pe
ningsateveryfloorlev
elleadi
ngtos t
air
casesorli
fts
/li
ftl
obbi
esshoul
db e
pro
tectedb ysingl
ef i
red oorsf o
rs afee v
acuati
ono foccupan
tsinc as
eo ff i
re
emergency
.
 Everyverti
calopeni
ngb et
we entheflo
orso fabuil
din
gs hal
lbesuit
abl
yenclose
do r
pro
tected,
asn ec
e s
sary,t
op ro
v i
dethefol
lowi
ng:
  Reas
onabl
esa f
etytotheo c
cupa
ntswhi
leusi
ngtheme an
so fegressbyp re
venti
ng
sp
readoffi
re,smoke,o
rfumesthro
ughve
rti
calopen
ingsf
romf l
oortofloo
rtoa l
lo
w
oc
cupan
tstoc o
mp l
etethe
iruseo
fthemean
sofe g
ress.
Furthe
rits h
all
bee ns
uredto
pr
ovi
deaclearhei
ghtof2100mminthep
assag
e /esc
apepathoftheoccup
ants.

Comp
art
men
tat
ion

He
lpsi
nli
mitati
ontot hed amageo fbuil
di
nga nditsc o
ntents:
 Fireso no n
eo rt wof l
oors,o rwh ensp readov e
ral argef l
oora re
a,aree xt
reme l
y
dif
fic
ulttoc ont
ro lande xt
ingui
shb yma nualfi
refi
ghti
ngme thods.Buil
din
gd esi
gnswith
unprotectedv erticalo peni
ng s,li
keo pens t
a i
rwell
s,largef loora rea
s wit h
out
separati
onwa ll
s, A/ cductwo rkwithoutd amperse t
c.provi
dea venuesforfi
resp r
ead
verti
call
ya swe lla sside
wa ys.Fir
e f
ight
ingo perati
onsb eco
med i
ff
icu
ltandp ro
longed
asthef i
repropag ati
onc onti
nuesupwa rdsa swellashoriz
ontall
y.
 Judici
ousc ompar tmentati
ono fab uil
dingi sconsideredasap ri
maryme thoda mong
passiv
ef i
rep r
ote cti
onme asures.I
the l
pst osegregateaspaceth a
th a
sah igh
erfireor
li
fehazardth a
nt hes urroundi
nga r
ea;
 Limit t he s i
ze o ft he f i
re,t here by limit
ing t he smo ke g ener
ati
ona nd
alsofaci
li
tatefi
res u pp
ressio
n;
 Top rotecthig
hv a l
ueo rcri
tic
a lar
easo rop era
tionsfromafireinthesurrou
ndingarea
(Eg:Co mputerro oms ,
controlrooms,safev aul
ts,r
e c
o r
dsroome tc.
)

Se
rvi
ceDu
cts
/Sha
fts
.

 Servi
ced uctsandsh af
tssha l
lbeenclosedbywa ll
sof2ha ndd o
orsof2h ,
fi
rer at
ing
.
Allsu
c hducts/shaf
tss ha
llbep r
opertysealedandfir
es t
op pedatal
lfl
o orle
vels.
 Av entopeningatth etopo ftheservic
es haftshal
lbep r
o vi
dedh av
ingb et
we e
no ne-
fou
rtha ndon e
-halfofthea reaofthes h
a f
t.Na t
uralvent
ingo fser
viceshaft
sh el
psin
smoked i
sposalthusma ki
ngfiref
i
ghtingandr e
s c
ueo per
ati
o nseasi
er.
 Refusechuteswh i
cha reusedforco l
l
e ct
ionandd i
sposalofthewa s
tefromt hevari
ous
fl
oorsc o
n s
titut
eap ot
entia
ls our
ceo ffi
red uetoa ccu
mu lat
ionofcomb ust
ibl
ewa ste
.
Provi
siono ffi
rere si
stantdoorsa teveryfloorlevelhel
p sprevent
iono ffi
resp r
ead
fr
omf loortofloor
. Refus
ec hutesshallhaveopening
sa tl
e ast1ma boverooflevelf
or
vent
ingp urposeInspecti
onp anel
sa ndd oorss ha
llbet i
ghtf i
tt
ingwith2h oursfi
re
resi
stance.

Drai
ns
Manyat i
me ,damagecause
db ywaterusedinfi
refi
ghti
nghasp rov
edc os
tli
erthanthefi
re
da
ma geitse
lf,pos
sibl
yb eca
useo fthen at
ureo fthema ter
ialsi
nvol
ved.Itistheref
ore
i
mportan
tt hattheyh a
vep rope
rd r
ainag
ea rra
ngeme n
tsina llth
ea rea
so ftheb u
ild
ing
.
Si
mila
rly
,itisequa
ll
yimportantt
oh a
ven onc
o mb
ustib
ledrai
npipesforobv
iousreas
ons.The
dr
ainpi
pessh ou
ldbeprovi
dedontheext
ernalwal
lfordrai
nag
eo fwaterf
roma l
lfl
oor
s.

Fi
res
topore nclosur
eofop eni
ngsinexternalwall
s
 To t
ala reasofwindowsa ndd ooropen i
ngsinextern
alwa l
l
so fab ui
ldi
ngshoul
dn ot
e
xceed7 5%o fwallar
eafors ta
bil
it
yo fstruc
tureandforreduc
ingexposu
rehazar
dsto
a
djoi
ni
n gp r
opert
y.
 Ce rt
aina spec
ts,
a p
pli
cabl
etop arti
cul
a roccupa
n c
iesonl
y,whic
hma yaffe
ctthespre
ad
o
ffume sa n
dthusthesafeevacuati
ono fthebui
ldi
ngincas
eo ffi
reare:
 Se r
viceeq ui
pmentandstor
ag efaci
l
iti
esinbuil
di
n g
so t
herthanstora
geb u
il
di
ngs;
 Re si
denceo rshop,wh enp artl
yu s eda sg odowna s
sume sa l
toget
herd i
ff
erent
p
roportionfromfi
resafet
ypo i
ntofviewa ndneedstobedealtwit
hd i
ff
erent
ly.
I
nte
riorf
ini
sha
ndd
ecor
ati
on;

 I
nter
iorfi
ni
shma te
ria
lsli
kewa l
lpanel
ing,wood
enf l
oori
ngs,orfalseceil
i
n g
sp l
ay
eq
uall
ydest
ruct
iverol
einaggr
avat
inglos
so fh
umanliv
esa n
dp ro
pertyincaseoff
ir
e,
a
ndh enc
ethes
emu stcon
formtocl
ass-1fl
amesprea
dc ha
racte
ris
tic
s.Ge n
erati
on
oflarg
ev ol
u mesofs mokea ndtoxi
cg asesseri
ouslyaff
ectthel i
fesaf
etyo fthe
occup
ants.
 Theuseo fcombust
ibl
es ur
facefi
ni
s hesonwa l
l
s(incl
udi
ngfacadeofthebui
ldi
ng)and
cei
li
ngsaff
ectsthesaf
e t
yo foccu
pa n
tso fabui
ldi
ng.Suchfi
nis
hestendtospreadthe
fi
reevent houg
ht hes t
ructu
ralelementsmayb ea deq
uatel
yf i
reresi
sta
nt,seri
ous
dange
rt oli
fema yresul
t.Itistheref
o r
ee ss
enti
altot ak
ea dequa
teprecau
tio
n sto
mini
mize
spr
eado ff
lameonsuchwa l
ls,f
acadeofbuil
di
ngandc e
il
in
gs ur
faces
.

 Thef i
nishi
ngma teri
alsus edforv ari
ou ssurfacesa ndd ecors hallbes uc hthatitshall
notge ner
atet oxi
cs mo ke/fumes.
 I
nteriorfi
n i
sheso rlini
ngs,a l
sop ro vi
deal a
rg eu nbrokens urf
a ceo verwh ichflame
spreads.Th eflamef romt hei nt
eriorf i
nishma yr el
e ases uffi
ci
e nttherma lenergyfor
theformationo fhotg aslayerwh ichma yb ecomet hick,attaini
ngat emp eraturearound
600o C,a nds tartsd escendingf romt het op.Att hi
ss tage,a l
lt hec omb ust
ibl
e
contentsaswe llast hefurnishi
ngsi nther oomma ysimu l
tan eouslygetign i
ted
,wh i
chis
knowna sf l
ash-o vero rf ul
lf irei nvol
veme nt. Th i
sc anh appene veninaf ew
minutes.
 Useo fc ombustibl
ei nteri
orf i
nis
h es(interi
orl i
nings)s uch a s l ow d en
sityfibe
r
boardc ei
li
ngs,wo odp a
ne l
ingtexti
lewa l
lcoverings,v inyl wa llcoverings, c el
lula
r
pol
y uret
hane a nd p olysty
rene ma t
eri
als, a n dc omb ust
ible f l
o orc ov
e r
ings,
hadr es
ultedi n s everalh eavyd eath t ol
l f
iresint hep as
t.
 I
nteriorfi
nisha ff
ectst hef i
reinfou rwa ys:(i
)Ita f
fectst her ateo fhea tbuil
d-upt oa
ëf
lash-o v
e r
íc ondit
ion( i
i
)Itc ontributest o f l
ame s pre ado verth es ur
face,(i
i
i)It
addstot heintensityo ff i
reb yc ontri
butinga ddi
tionalfuel,and( i
v)I tp roduces
toxi
cg asesa nds moket hata ddst oli
feh azarda n
dp ropertyd amage.Th e
fourt
hf act
o ri st h e mo sti
mp ortants i
nceita f
fectso ccup a
ntl i
fesafetys e
riousl
y.
 Thes uscepti
bil
itytof i
reo fvari
oust ypeso fwa l
ls ur
face sisd et
e rminedintermso fthe
rateofs preado ffl
ame .Ba sedo nth era t
eo fspr ea
do ffl
ame ,su rf
acingma teri
alshall
bec o
n si
dereda sdividedintofourclass esasfoll
o ws.
 Class1s urf
aceso fv erylowf l
ames pre adClass2Su rfaceso flowf lames pread.
 Class3Su rfaceso fme di
umf lames preadCl ass4Su rfaceso frapidf l
ames pread
Class1ma yb eu sedina nysitua
tion.
 Class2ma yb eu sedina nys i
tuati
on ,exceptonwa l
ls,facad eoft heb ui
ldi
ng,stai
rcase
andco rr
idors.
 Class3ma ybeu s
e do nl
yinl i
vi
ngr oo msa ndbe droo ms( butn otinro omso nther oof)
ando nlyasal i
n i
ngt os oli
dwa llsa ndp arti
ti
o ns;no to ns tai
rca s
eso rc o
rrid
o rsor
fa
c adeoftheb uil
ding.
 No t
e-Pa nel
ing(li
ning)sha l
lbepe rmittedinalimiteda rea.Itshallnotb ep er
mittedina
vesti
bule.
 Ma te
r i
al
so fc l
as s
-4f l
ames p
reada ret hewo rsto ne sforu sei nb u
ildi
n gs
,andh ence
thei
ru sei st ob es tr
ictl
yp rohibi
tedu nl
esst h eya reg ivenp rop
e rf i
rer et
a r
d an
t
tr
e at
me nt.Thisise quall
ytrueforf alsec e
il
ingsa ndfalsefloorsa lso.
 Class4ma teri
a l
ss h al
ln otb eu sedi nk itchens,c orri
d orsa n ds t
a i
rcases.So me
material
sc ontai
nb it
u mena nd,i
na dditi
ont oriskfroms preado ffire,
e mitdenses moke
 onburni
ng.Suchmat
eri
alsshal
lbeexcl
udedf
romu seu
ndert
hesecond
iti
onsandshal
l
al
sonotbeu s
edforcon
struct
ionofcei
li
ngwher
et h
eplen
umisu
s e
dinretur
nairina
ir
-cond
iti
onedbui
ld
ing
sCl as
s4ma te
ria
lssha
llnotbeusedi
nki
tchen
s,corri
dorsand
st
air
cases.

 Whenfra
mes,wal
ls
,part
it
ion
so rfl
oorsarel
ine
dwithc
omb u
sti
bl
ema ter
ial
s,t
he
s
urf
ace
so nb
oths
ideso
fthemate
ria
lssh
all
conf
ormtot
heapp
ropri
atec
las
s.

Wi
redGla
s s
 Th ewiredg l
assshal
lbeo fminimumh alfhourfi
reresi
stancerat
ing.
 Sa shesandFr ames-theSa she so r Fr ameso rb oths hal
lb ee nti
r el
yofi ron
oro thers uit
able metals ucha s s tai
nl
ess s teel
,s ecurel
yb ol
te dorkeypad
i
ntothewa ll
,exce
ptincaseo fpanelsininter
naldoors.
 Se tti
ngofGl a
ss-Th epan el
so fgl
asss hall
bes eti
nrebatesorgroovesno tles
st h
an
6.
0mmi nwi dthordepth,withd uea ll
owa nc
ef orexpa
nsion,andshallbes ecur
edb y
har
dme t
alfasteni
ngstot hes asheso rframesindepen
den t
lyofanyc eme ntorp u
tty
usedforwe a
therproof
ingp urposes.
 Ifthesupporti
ngframewo rkt oholdwir e
dg l
assesisofcombust
ibl
en a
tu r
e, eg.o
fwo od,
th
es upportwouldbelostinc aseofaf ir
e.atav eryear
lystage,
a n
dth ewi re
dg l
asses
wouldfal
loffdefe
ati
ngthev eryp u
rp o
s eforwh i
chtheyareprovi
ded.
 Iftheo pe
ningprotect
edismo rethan5m2t heglassl
osesitsfi
reresi
stingp r
operty.I
t
wil
lgiv
ewa ysoo n
,nul
li
fyi
n gthev e
ryp urposeforwh i
chi
tisinst
all
ed.

Sk
yli
ght
s
 Wi redg la
ssf ors kyli
ghtso r monit
orl i
ghtss hal
lc omp l
y witht hef ol
lowin
g
r
equi
reme nt
s:
 Wi red Glassf ors kyl
ight
so rMo ni
torLi ght
s- Th e wiredg l
assf orskyli
ghts
o
rmo nit
orli
ghtsshallbeofmini
mumh al
fhourf i
rer esi
stancerati
ng.
 Frame s and Gl a
zing - Th e frames s hal
lb e c onti
nuous a nd d i
vi
d e
db y
b
arsspacedatn otmorethan700mmc enters.
Th efra
me sandbarsshal
l b
eo fi
rono r
o
therh a
rdma ter
ialandsuppor
tedonthec ur
be i
therofmetalorofwo o
dc overedwit
h
s
heetme tal
.Th etoughenedglassshal
lb esecuredbyh ar
dme talfast
eningstot he
f
ramea ndbarsindepende
ntl
yo fanylead
,cemento rputt
yu s
e dforweather-proof
ing
p
urposes.
 Ma ter
ial
su sedinl ouverswh er
everp rovi
deds hal
lbeo fmi ni
mumh al
fh ourfir
e
r
esis
tancerati
ng.
 Glassesusedinfacadeofhighri
sebui
ldi
ngs
 Th es
es hal
lh av
emi ni
mu mof1h rfi
rer e
sist
ance.Ifthi
sisnoto bse
rved,gl
a s
seswill
s
hatterandflyoffi
nc aseofafir
e,in
juri
ngpedestri
anspassi
ngb yonthes urr
oundin
g
s
treet
s .

HI
GHRI SEBUI LDI NGS-1 5M INHEI GHTORABOVE.
Thedef
ini
ti
ono fhig
hr i
seb u
il
ding,
viz.
,1
5mi nhei
ghtorabove,shou
ldbereadi
nc on
jun
cti
on
wi
ththedefi
nit
ionforBu i
ldi
ngHe i
ght
Someoftheoutstandin
gp rob
lemswh i
chh a
dbeene x
peri
encedbythefi
reservi
cesdur
ing
f
ir
efi
ghti
ngoperati
on si
nh i
ghrisebui
ldi
ngsare:
 Externa
l f
iref
ighti
ngandrescuedif
fi
cul
t;lEvacu
ati
onp rol
onged/
dif
fi
cul
t;
 Rescuea ndfi
refi
ghti
ngma i
nlyfr
omwi t
hinthebui
ld
ing;
 Beingfull
yair-condi
ti
oned,tr
apsheatandsmokeduringfi
res,
lDa n
geroffl
ashvers
;
Smo keventi
n gprobl
ems;
 Largenumb erofoccupants
.Incaseoff
ire,h
umanb eh
av i
orunpr
edic
tabl
e;
  Sp
ecia
lcarefo
rphysi
cal
lyhandi
capp
ed;Speci
alcar
etok eepes
caperou
tescl
ear
;
 Haz
ardsfromi
ncre
asi
ngu s
eo fpl
ast
icmater
ial
s,i
nter
iorfi
ni
shdecor
ati
on;
 Mul
tiocc
upancyh
azards
,hig
hf i
rel
oads;l
Inade
quatewa t
ersup
pli
es;
 I
nad
equ
ate
/un
ser
vic
eab
lef
ir
epr
ote
cti
ons
yst
emsa
nde
qui
pme
nt.

Ba
seme
nts
 Occupan ci
eswh i
cha repro hi
b i
tedfromb ei
ngl ocat
edinb aseme nt
sa reeithe
ro fhigh
ri
skc at
e gory,orAs semblyo cc u
pan cy,maki
ngt hei
revacuati
oni ncaseo ffi
red i
ff
ic
ult
duetos mo keloggi
nga ndalsop ossibl
eimpedime n
tstofir
efi
g h
tingoperati
o n
s.
 Departme ntals t
o r
es,s hops ,stora g
eo ff l
a mmableo i
lsa ndg ases,b anq
ueth all
,
audi
tori
u m,discot
h eq
u e,
res taurantsetc,s
hallnotbepe r
mittedinbaseme nt
s.
 Baseme nts hal
ln otbep ermi tt
edb e l
owt hewa rdblocko fah ospi
tal/n u
rsinghome
unl
essitisf ul
lyspri
nklered.
 As yst
e mo fa i
rinlet
ss hallb eprov i
dedatb asementfl
oorl evelandsmo keoutlet
sa t
basementc eil
inglevel.Thes tai
rcaseo fbaseme nt
ss i
tuateda tthep eri
pheryoft he
basementt ob ee nt
ereda tg roundl evelonl
yf romtheo pena i
r.Itshallcommu ni
cate
wit
hb ase mentt hroughal obb yprov i
dedwithf i
reresi
sti
ngs elfclosi
ngd oorsofo ne
hourresistance.Ifthetrave ldist
an ceexceedsthed esi
redlevel,add
iti
onalstai
rcases
shal
lbep rovidedatpro p
erp laces.
 Eachb aseme ntandb aseme ntc ompa r
tments hal
lhaves e
pa r
ates mokeo utl
etd u
cto r
ducts.
 Me cha
n i
ca lext
ractorsfors mo keven t
ingsyst
e mfromlowe rbasementlevelsshal
lalso
bep rovi
d ed.Its hal
la lsoh avea na rra
nge mentt os t
arti tma nual
ly.Me chani
cal
ext
ractorss hallb
ed esig
nedt opermit30a i
rc hangesp erh ouri nc aseo ff ir
eo r
di
stressc al
l;
 I
nv entil
a ti
ngd uctsc rossi
n gt het ransf
orme ra r
eao re lect
r i
calswitchboar
d,fire
damperss hallbep r
ovided.Al lfl
oor sshal
lbec ompartmentedwi t
ha reanote x
ceeding
750m2b yas epa
r a
tionwa l
l with2hf i
rerat
ing.
 Highri
seb ui
ldi
ngsshallbep rovidedwithli
ghtningprot
ecti
o n.

Fi
reCon
trol
Room

Fora l
lbui
ldi
ngs15mi nhei
ghtanda b
ove,thereshallb
eac ont
ro l
roomo ntheentrancefl
ooro f
theb ui
ld
ingwithc ommu ni
cati
ons yst
em( sui
tablepubli
ca d
dresss ystem)t oa l
lfloorsand
fa
c i
l
iti
esforreceivi
ngtheme ssagefromd i
ff
erentfloors.De t
ail
so fallfl
oorp l
ansalongwi t
h
thedetai
lsoffi
refi
ghti
ngeq u
ipmentandinst
all
a t
ionsshallbedi
s p
layedinthef i
recontrolro
om.
Thefirecontrolr
oo mshallal
sohavefaci
li
ti
est odetectthefireona nyfloorthrou
ghi n
dicat
or
boardconnecti
ont ofi
redetecti
onanda l
arms ystemso nallfl
oors.Th efi
res taf
finchargeo f
thefir
ec ontrolrooms hal
lber espo
nsibl
ef orma i
ntenanceo fthev ario
uss ervi
cesa ndthe
fi
ref
ighti
nge qu
ipmentItsh ou
ldh a
vea na r
eao f16m2t o20m2,p ref
e ra
blyo ngroundfloor;
TheCo ntrolandIndi
cati
ngEq ui
pment(ControlPaneloft heAFAs ystem),powersupplyunit
s
andt hefir
ep rotect
ionan c
il
lar
yp anels
(forautomati
cs pri
nkle
rs ystemo rotherfixedfi
re
protec
tionsysteme tc.
)shouldbeinstal
ledint heroom;I tshouldh aveinterco
ma nddirec
t
tel
ephonefaci
li
ties
. Wherep oss
ibl
e,adir
ecth otl
inetolo c
alfi
reb r
igades houl
dbep rovi
ded;I
t
shoul
dh aveami micp anelofthep re
misesp rotect
eda ndd etai
lso fa l
lthef i
repr o
tecti
on
syst
emsi nsta
ll
e d
;Th er o
o ms hou
ldbea ir
-c ondi
ti
oneda nds houl
dh avee mergenc
yl i
ghti
ng
syst
em.

MEANSOFESCAPE/EGRESS/EXI
T
Na
tur
eofFi
rei
nBu
il
di
ngs

Everybuil
di
ngsha
llbesocons
truct
ed,equ
ipp
ed,mai
nta
ine
da n
doper
ate
dastoav
oidund
ue
dang
ert oli
fea
ndsaf
etyoft
heo c
cupant
sfromfi
re,
smoke,f
umeso
rpani
cdu
rin
gth
es u
rvi
val
ti
mea v
ail
abl
efore
scape
.

Growtha ndSp r
eadofFireandSmok e
Thefir
eg rowthstageisthemo stimport
anttolifesaf
ety.Itisinthi
sstagethatthes p
aceo r
roomo ffi
reo r
igi
ne v
entual
lybecome suninh
abitabl
e,maki
n gh u
ma nsurvi
valdi
ffi
cult.Itisfor
th
isrea s
ont hatfi
red ete
cti
ona n dacti
ont op rot
ecto rr esc
uet heoccupantsh avet ob e
spee
dil
yinit
iat
edd ur
ingthi
sstageitsel
f.Materi
alsburni
ngn earawa l
lwil
lhaveafaste rrateof
f
iregrowtht hanma ter
ial
sb urni
ngint hec en
treo fther oom.Th isisbecauseo ft her e-
ra
diat
ionfromt heheatedwa l
lstob acktotheb urni
ngfuel.Wh e
naf i
res pr
eadsa cr o
sst he
cei
li
ngh eatbuil
dupthroughoutther oomb ecomesf a
ster,eventual
lylea
dingtoë flashoverí
.
Occupants’sur
viva
bil
i
tyb e
come simpossi
bleatthispoi
nt.Th espreadofsmokea ndf i
retot he
ot
herp artsoftheb ui
ldi
ngexposest heoccupantsinthesea reasalsotos ur
vivalp rob
lems.
Buil
di
ngf eat
uressuchasv e
rti
calsh a
fts,
ducts,pl
enums,voidspacesandevenwi ndowsc ana l
l
cont
rib
u t
et os pr
eado ffi
rea nds moke.Largec omplexs t
ructuressucha smu l
ti-storeyed
shoppi
ngma ll
s,atr
iumb u
il
ding
se tc.requi
rethoro u
ghp l
anninga nddesi
gnfors mok ec ontr
ol
measures.

Me
ansofEscap eRe qu
iremen t
s
 Safee x
itfort heo ccu
p antsinab u i
ldingonf i
rer equi
resas afep at
ho fescapefromt he
fi
reinth es hortestpossibleti
me .Th i
sp ath,whichs houl
db ea sshortasp ossi
ble,and
easi
lyneg oti
a b
le,shoul
db er eadyf o
ru sei ncaseo femergency
 Fore nsuri
n gthelif
es af
e tyofo ccupa ntsfromaf ire,t
hefoll
o wingarethereq u
irements
i
ng eneral:
 Provisi
ono fa dequat
eNo .ofprop erlyd esi
gned,uno bs
tructedme ansofexi
to fadequate
capaci
tywh i
cha reavail
ableata l
lt i
me s;
 Avail
abil
ityo fal
ternati
veme anso fexitforu s
e,ifthea l
readyc hose
no neisinacce
s si
bl
e
duetofire,he at
,smo keandt oxi
cg as es;
 Protecti
o no ftheenti
rer escuep atha gainstfi
re,he a
t,smokea ndto x
icgasesduri
n g
theegresst imeb ase
do no ccupantlo ad,traveldi
sta n
cea ndex i
tcapaci
ty;
 Adoptiono fc o
mp art
me ntatio
na ndo t heradequatep assi
vefireprotecti
onme asur
e sto
ensurethes a f
ee gre
ss/e vacuati
ono ftheo ccup
a ntsincaseo ffi
re;
 Provisi
ono fa dequat
ea n dreli
ablef irea larmsy st
e mintheb uil
dingtoaler
tt he
occupants;
 Provisi
ono fr ef
ugea reaswh eret otalev a
c u
atio
no foccup
a ntsisnotcontemplate
d ;
 Adequatei l
luminati
ona ndma rki
n go ftheme anso fe gr
ess;
 Formu l
ati
o no rgani
zati
ona ndp racti
c eo feff
ecti
v ee v
acuati
ond ril
lprocedur
es .

De
sig
nCon sid
erati
onsofMe a
nsofEx it
 De si
gnin
game anso fegressinvol
vesmo rethann umbers
,flowratesandd ensi
ti
es.
Goode x
it
sfacil
it
atee ver
yonet oleav
et hefir
ea r
eai ntheshorte
stp o
ssibl
etimeby
pr
ompta nde f
fi
ci
e n
tu seo fthem.Ifthef i
reisd i
scover
edp romptl
ya ndoccupant
s
al
ert
eda l
soequal
lypromp t
ly,e
a r
lyevacuat
ioncanbed on
e.Ho wever,
evacuat
ionti
mes
ar
edirect
lyrel
atedtothefir
eh azar
d;hig
hertheh a
zard,shor
tertheexi
tti
me .
 Pr ov
isi
ono ftwos eparateme ansofe xi
tsfore v
eryf l
oorincl
udin
gb asementsisa
f
undamental
requi
reme nt
,excepti
nv er
yfewd eser
vingcases
.

 Su
ffi
ci
entn
umberofu
nob
str
uct
ede
xit
sofa
deq
uat
eca
pac
itya
ndp
rop
erl
yde
sig
ned
,
wi
theas
yacce
ss;
  Safeguar
dingo fexi
tsa gai
nstfi
rea n
ds mo keduringthelengtho
ftimetheyar
ede s
ign
ed
foruse;
 Av a
il
abi
li
tyo falter
n at
ee xi
tandme anso faccesstoit,i
ncaseonee x
iti
sunus
abledue
tofi
re;
 Subd i
vi
siono fareastop r
ovid
es uff
ici
enta reasofre f
ugeforocc
upantswher
e
evacuat
ionma yb edelayed;
 Ad e
quatepro tect
ionofv er
ti
cal o
pen i
ngst omini
mizeh az
ardsfr
omf i
reandsmoke;
 Effi
ci
entfir
ea l
arms yste
msf o
ra ler
tingo ccupan
tsa ndothersc
oncernedi
ncaseoffi
re;
 Ad e
quateli
gh ti
ngo fexi
tsandr esc
uep aths;
 Ad e
quateexitindi
ca t
ionsi
gnstoh elpeva c
u at
ion;
 Ensuri
ngt r
ou blefr
e eevacuat
ionthrought heescap erout
eb ys
afeguar
din
gof
equi
pmenta ndv ul
ne r
ableareasfromfirea ndsmok ehazar
ds;
 Full
yrehearse dexi
td ri
llpr
ocedurestoe nsureo r
d erl
yandsmoothexit
;
 Inst
it
uti
ono fp ani
cc ontr
olmeas u
res;
Co
ntr
olfi
rehazardsf r
o minteri
orfi
ni
s hmaterial

I
nte
rna
lSt
air
cas
es

 Thes taircases hallbev e nti

latedtot heatmo spherea te achl andingwi t
hav entatthe
to
p ;thev ento penings hallbeo f0.5m2i nt hee x
ternal wa l
la ndth etop.Ifthestair
case
cannotb ev e nt
il
a t
e d,bec auseo flocati
ono ro t
herr eas ons,ap osit
ivepr ess
ure50p a
shal
lb ema i
n t
ainedi nsi
d e.Th eme chanismforp ressurizingt hes tai
rcases hal
lo per
ate
automaticall
ywi tht hef i
rea l
arm.Th er oofo fth es h afts hallb e1m a bovet he
surroundingr oo f
.Gl azi
ngo rg l
assb ric
ksi fusedi ns t ai
rcases haftssh al
lha v
ef i
re
resi
stanc era t
ingo fmin i
mu m2h ours.
 Venting o rp re ssuri
za ti
on o fs taircase
s p r
o vi
de s mok e-free p assage t o
peoplebe i
nge va cuatedwh ofaced angero fs u
ffocationb ys mo kei n-h al
ation.
 Allbuil
d i
ngs ,wh i
cha re1 5mi nhe i
ghto rabove,an da llbu i
ldi
ng su seda seducati
onal,
assemb l
y,ins t
ituti
on al
,ind us
tr i
al
,s t
oragea ndh azardou so ccupa ncie
sa vingareamo re
th
a n500s q.mo ne achf loorsh al
lhaveami nimumo ftwos taircases.Th eyshallbeof
encl
o sedt ype;a tleasto neo ft hems hal
lb eone xternalwa l
lo fbu i
ldi
nga ndsh al
lopen
di
rectlyt oth ee xt
er i
or/interioropens paceo rtoa no pe np l
aceo fsafet
y .Further
,the
provi
siono ro therwi seo falternati
ves ta
ircasesshallbes ubj
e c
tt ot here qui
rementsof
tr
ave ldi
s tanceb ei
n gco mp l
iedwith.
 Smo kemo ve sfroma na reao fhigherp ressuretoo neo flowe rp ressure.Pr es
sure
di
fferencesma yb ec ausedb yb uoyancyfromt hefi
re.Ev e ryinterna lescapestai
rs houl
d
th
e reforeb eap rote ct
e ds t
airway.
 I
nternal Stairss hal
l bec onstructedofn on-combustibl
ema te r
ialsth r
ough out
.
 I
nc asei nter nalstairsf ormap a
rto fth eescaper o ute,t heyh a vetob etreate
da s
escapes tairsa nda sap rotecteds tair
wa ytoe n abl
et hemf ulf
ilth e
irr ol
ef ors a
fe
evacuati
o no focc upantsd uri
n gfi
ree mergencies.
 As tai
rca ses hal
l notb ea rrangedroun dalif
ts haf
t.Lifts haftste ndtoc arrysmo keand
f
ireu pwa rdsPe o pl
ee sca pi
ngt hroughs t
airsdown ward smu stbes afefroms uchs moke
andfire.
 Noc omb ustiblema terialshallbeu se
df ordecorati
on/wa llpane l
li
n ginthes t
aircas
e.
 Thee xits i
gnwi tha rrowi ndi
catin
gt hewa yt othee sca per outes h a
llbep rovi
deda ta
sui
tableh eightfro mt hef l
o o
rl evelont hewa l
lands ha l
lb ei l
luminatedb ye l
ectri
cli
ght
connectedt oc orridorc i
rcu i
ts.

 Fl
oori
ndi
cat
orbo
ard
sint
hes
tair
caseshel
ppeo
pleg
etti
ngdownth
es t
air
stoknowon
whi
chf
loo
rtheya
re,
andh
owfarthe
ya r
efromt
hegrou
ndle
ve l
wheret
heywil
lbesa
fe
 f
romt hefi
re.Th i
sal
soh e
lpsinreduc
ingpsy
chol
ogi
calpre
ssureonthemwh i
l
stbeing
evac
uatedincaseofafi
reemergenc
y.
 Nog aspi
ping,
ducti
ngorelec
tri
calpanel
ssha
llb
elai
dinthestai
rway.Thesehav
efire
haza
rdpotenti
al.
 Thelobbyshouldhavenotle
sst h
an4s q.mper
manentventi
l
ati
on,o
rp ro
tect
edf r
om
th
eingressofsmokebyame cha
nica
lsmokecont
rols
yste
m.

Wi
dthofSt
air
cas
e

Fol
lowi
n gmini
mumwi dthshal
lbeprov
idedfors
tair
cases
:
a)Resi
de n
tia
lbui
ldi
ngs(dwell
i
ngs)1
.0m
b)Resi
de nt
ial
hotelbu
ildi
ngs1.
5m
c)Assemblybui
ldi
ngsl
ikeaudi
tori
um,the
a t
resandci
nemas 2.
0m
d)Educati
onalbui
l
ding
su pto30mi nhei
g ht 1
.5m
e)I
nsti
tuti
onalbui
ld
ingsli
kehospi
tal
s 2.
0m
f)Allo
t herbui
ld
ings1
.5m

Fi
reLi
ft
s

 Thislif
tc anbeu sedevenb yb uil
dingo ccupa ntsexceptd uringfi
ree mergencies.Th i
sisa
l
if
td e si
gnedt oh a
v eadditi
on alprotec t
ionwi t
hc ontrolst oe nabl
eitt ob euse dunder
thed i
rectco nt
rolofthef i
res erviced uri
ngf ires.
 Forf ir
e f
ighti
ngo perati
onsi nh ighr i
s eb uil
d i
ngs,itwi l
lb ea l
mo stimp ossi
blef orfi
re
fi
ghterst ocarryth ei
re q
u i
pme nt’
st ot heu pp erfl
oo rso fat al
lbuil
dingwithoutt heuse
ofli
ft,whichismu che asi
eran dq ui
ck ertha nc arry
ingth emu pthrou g
hs tai
rs.
 Full
ya ut
oma tedfireli
ftsh av i
ngmi nimumc a paci
tyf or8p assengerswi the me r
gency
switcho ng roundlevelshallb epro vi
d ed.Ing eneral,buil
d i
ngs15mi nh eightan dabove
shallbepro vi
dedwithfireli
fts .
 I
nc aseo ffireonlyfir
ema ns hallope r
a t
et h efireli
ft.Inn ormalcou r
se,li
ftma yb eused
byo t
h erpersons.
 I
nc as eoff i
re,fi
reme ncanc omma nde ert hel i
ftfort heirexclusi
veu se.As wi tc
hina
gl
as sfrontedb oxma rkedFir eman’sSwi tc hp l
ac e
da tg roundl evelandb yope rat
ionof
thi
ss witchf i
remenc anr ecalltheliftifitisi nn or
ma lo perati
ona ndu ti
li
set helif
tfor
thei
ru se.
 Eachf i
rel if
ts hallb ee qu ippedwi t
hs ui
tablein t
e rcommu ni
ca t
ione quipme ntfor
commu nicati
ngwi t
ht hecon t
r olroomo nth eg roundflooro ftheb u
ildi
ng
 On efireli
ftper2000m2o ffloora r
e ash allbeprov i
ded .
 Firelif
ts houldbep rovid
e dwi thac ei
li
ngh atchforu s einc aseo femerg ency,sothat
whe nthec argetss t
ucku p,i
ts hallbee asilyo perab
le.
 Byo p eni
ngt heh at
c h
, f
irebr i
ga d
ema yb ea b l
et ore scuep eopl
et rappedinl i
ftswh i
ch
haves uddenlystoppedinc aseo faf ire.Th el i
ftshallbes owi redthatinc aseo fpower
fa
ilure,i
tc omesd owna ttheg roundl evela ndc omest os tand-st
ill
wi t
hd ooro pen.
 Auto mati
cc hangeoverf romn orma ls upp l
yt og en erators upplyisv e ryimp ort
ant
becauset heg e
neratorr o
o mma yno teasilyb eaccess i
bleinc as
eo fas everefi
re .
 Thes peedo fthef i
relif
ts hallbes ucht hatitc anrea cht hetopfloorfromg rou ndleve
l
withi
no nemi nute

Ex
ter
nal
Sta
irs

 I
tisdesi
rab
let
oprovi
deext
erna
lsta
irc
asesi
ncas
eofhi
gh-r
iseb
uil
di
ngs
.Ex
ter
nal
s
tair
s,whenpr
ovi
dedsha
llcompl
ywit
hthefo
ll
owi
ng:
  Thefl
ig
htsa n
dlandi
ngsofanexter
nales
capesta
irshoul
dbeoffir
er e
sis
tin
g
co
n s
truc
tio
n ;
 Al
lexter
nalstai
rsshal
lbedi
rect
lyconne
ctedtothegro
und;
 Nowa l
lopenin
go rwin
dowo pensontoorclo
setoa next
ernalsta
irs
.Flamescanl
eap
outofs uc
hd oo
rsa ndwindowsi nexte
rnalwall
so faff
ec t
edb ui
ldi
ngh a
mper
ing
ev
acuati
onandfir
efi
ghti
ngoper
ation
s.
 Therout
et otheext
ernals
tai
rsshal
lbefre
eofobstr
ucti
onsatallt
ime.

Hori
zontal
Exit
s:
(
a)Ho ri
zont
alexi
tsar
ep ar
ti
cul
arl
yu s
efuldur
ingfi
ree mergenc
iesi
nh ospi
tal
s(he
althcare
oc
cupanci
es)foreva
cuati
ono fbedr
idde
np ati
entsorp a
tie
ntss u
ffe
rin
gf romimmo b
il
it
y.
Adj
oini
ngcompart
ment
sint
owh i
chhori
zonta
levacuat
ionisdoneshoul
dalsohaveafl
oorarea
su
ffi
ci
enttoacc
ommodateeva
cuee
sfromtheadjoi
ni
ngco mpar
tment.

(
b)Somet
ime
s,p
rogres
siv
eh or
izo
ntalev
acuat
ionma
yal
soh
avet
obea
dop
tedd
epe
ndi
ngo
n
t
heemer
genc
ysi
tua
tio
na ndt
hefaci
li
ti
esava
il
abl
e.

I
ll
umi
nat
ionofme
ansofexi
t
St
air
cas
ea n
dcor
rid
orli
ght
ssh
all
con
for
mtot
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
a)Thestai
rcas
ea n
dc or
rido
rli
ghti
ngs h
allbeonsepara
tec i
rcu
itsandsha
llbeind
epend
entl
y
c
onnect
eds othati
tcouldbeo p
erate
db yones wi
tchinst
all
ati
ono nthegroun
df l
ooreas
il
y
a
cces
sibl
etofir
efi
ghti
ngstaf
fatanytimeirr
espect
iveoftheposi
tio
no ft
heindi
vid
ualco
ntrol
o
ftheli
ghtpoint
s,i
fany.Itsho
uldbeminiat
urecir
cuitbr
eakertypeofswit
chs oastoavoi
d
r
epl
acementoffu
seincaseofcr
ises

(
b)St ai
rcasea ndcor
ridorli
ghti
ngshallal
sob ec on
nectedtoa lt
ernat
ives uppl
y.The
al
ter
nati
ves ou
rceofs
upplymaybep rovi
dedbybat
terycon
tin
uousl
ytri
cklecharg
e dfr
omt h
e
el
ect
ricma i
ns.
Onec ont
rolswit
chattheg r
oundleve
lwillhel
pinputt
ingone merg
encyligh
tsf orprompt
i
ll
umi
na t
ionofesc
aperou
tes.Min
iat
ureci
rcui
tbreak
ersavoi
dfreq
uentfus
er e
placement.

Re
fug
eAr e
a s
 Fo rbuil
dingsmorethan24mi nheight
,ref
ugeareaof15sq.
mo ranare
ae qu
ival
entto
0.3s q.
mp erp ers
ont oa ccommo d
atet h
eo ccupantsoftwoc onsecut
iveflo
ors,
whicheverishi
gher,s
hallb
ep ro
v i
dedasunder.
 Fo rfloorsa b
ove24mta ndu pto39m-On erefu
gea r
eao nth
ef l
oorimmediat
ely
above24m.
 Fo rfloorsabove39m-On erefugeareaonthefl
oorimmedi
atel
yabove39ma ndsoo n
aft
ere very15m.Re fug
ea r
eap rovi
dedinexce
sso ft
h ere
qui
rement
ss hal
lbecounted
towardsFAR.
 Th er ef
ug ea r
e ashallbep rovi
dedo nt hep eri
pher
yo fthe flo
ora ndo pen
toai
r,at-leas
to nonesi
de,prot
ectedwithsui
tabl
erai
li
ngs.

Ra
mps
 Rampss hal
lcompl
ywi tha l
lt heappl
ica
blere q
uire
mentso fstai
rwaysrega
rdi
ng
encl
osu
recapac
itya
n dl
imi
tin
gd i
mensi
ons.
 Theslopeofaramps hal
lnotexcee
d1in1 0.Ramp swit
hs l
opesgreat
erth
ant hos
e
re
comme nd
edrenderthemd i
ff
ic
ulttobeused,parti
cul
arl
ybyp hy
sic
all
yhandi
capp
ed
el
derl
ypeopl
eandchil
dren,
andhencethi
srequi
rement.

Ra
mpsi
nme
anso
feg
res
sar
ere
qui
redt
obee
ncl
ose
dorp
rot
ect
ed.
Fur
the
r,t
heymu
sth
avel
and
ing
s
l
oca
teda
tth
eto
p,a
tth
ebo
tto
man
datd
oor
sop
eni
ngi
ntot
her
amp