CHEN 305 Lecture Note 1

Chemical
Reac+on Engineering I
(CHEN 305)

Lecture 1

Chemical Engineering Department
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
1
Instructors
B.O. Aderemi
BEng (UNIBEN), MSc , PhD (ABU) Abdulazeez Yusuf ADa
BEng, MSc, PhD (ABU)
Office: Room C20 Third Floor Old Building
08033844528 (Text Only) Office: Room 11 PTDF Building
benjaminaderemi@gmail.com 07063365325 (Text Only)
zeezoaKa@yahoo.com,
Office Hour: 2-‐4pm Tuesday
zeezoaKa
@zeezoaKa
Office Hour: 10am -‐12noon Thursday
1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 2

Course Descrip+on
•  Chemical Reac0on Engineering is the applica0on of chemical reac0on

rates and reac0on mechanism (chemical kine0cs) in the op0mum
design and opera0on of a chemical reactor. It integrates skill from
chemical kine0cs, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer,
mass transfer and economics in building exper0se in reactor design,
opera0on and trouble shoo0ng.

Course Outline
•  Introduc+on •  Interpreta+on of batch reac+on kine+c

•  Classifica+on of reac+ons data from constant volume batch
•  Defini+on of reac+on rate reactor
•  Variables affec+ng reac+on rates •  Reversible and Irreversible
•  Kine+cs of homogenous reac+ons •  Series, Parallel and Autocataly+c reac+ons
•  Elementary and non-‐elementary
reac+ons •  Variable volume batch reactor
•  Molecularity and reac+on order •  Reversible and Irreversible
•  Rate constant •  Series, Parallel and Autocataly+c reac+ons
•  Temperature dependency theories •  Analysis of total pressure data
•  Ac+va+on energy
•  Rate expressions from postulated
•  Single ideal reactors
mechanisms •  Batch, mixed and plug-‐flow reactors
•  Design equa+ons
Course Learning Objec+ves
•  An ability to understand the concept of reac0on, reac0on rate and factors
affec0ng reac0on rate
•  An ability to develop rate expressions from postulated mechanisms
•  An ability to interpret and analyse batch kine0c data from constant volume batch
reactor
•  An ability to interpret and analyse batch kine0c data from variable volume batch
reactor
•  An ability to iden0fy, formulate and solve problems involving batch, mixed and
plug flow reactors

Measurable Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
•  Understand the classifica0on of reac0ons into: single/mul0ple,
elementary/non-‐elementary, reversible/irreversible, homogeneous/
heterogeneous, etc.
•  Formulate rate expressions for elementary and non-‐elementary reac0ons
•  Understand reac0on mechanism and the rate determining or rate-‐limi0ng
step
•  Analyse kine0c data (using the integral and differen0al methods)
•  Analyse and solve problems involving the three fundamental reactor types
(plug flow reactor (PFR), con0nuous s0rred tank reactor (CSTR), and the
perfectly mixed batch reactor)
•  Design a simple reactor (i.e. suggest a suitable reactor type, es0mate the
volume and/or residence 0me of the reactor, and the rate and extent of
reac0on)
Ground Rules
•  No Entry 10 minutes aèr commencement of the class

•  All phones should be switched off
•  Interac0ve Class
•  Timing
•  3 hours per week
•  12 weeks
•  2 hours lecture & 1 hour tutorial
•  10 minutes break aèr the first hour

Assessment
•  AKendance
•  Home works and Unannounced quizzes (10%)
•  Tests
Ø Test I (15%): Week 6 (Thursday, 27/02/2020)
Ø Test II (15%): Week 10 (Monday, 31/03/2020)
•  End of Semester Exams (60%): Faculty to Schedule

Reference Text
•  Octave Levenspiel, Chemical Reac+on

Engineering, Third Edi+on, John Wiley &
sons

•  H. Sco^ Fogler, Elements of Chemical
Engineering, 3rd or 4th edi+on, Pren+ce
Hall Interna+onal, Inc.
•  Missen, R. W. Introduc+on to Chemical

reac+on engineering and kine+cs, John
Wiley & sons, 1999

Mo+va+on
Chemical Reac0on Engineering
Petroleum Refinery
Physical Transport Phenomena
Gas Processing
Thermodynamics
Food & Beverages
Process Dynamics and Control
Manufacturing
Unit Opera0ons
Biotechnology
Process Modelling and Simula0on
Chemical Industry
Process Design
Pharmaceu0cals
Process Safety and Environment
Pulp & Paper
Materials
Safety Industries
Management and Finance
Plas0cs
Chemical Engineer 10
1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I
Introduc+on
Chemical Engineering
Physical Chemical Physical

Raw Material Treatment Treatment Treatment Products
Processes Processes Processes
Recycle
Physical
Chemical
Raw Material Products
Processes
Processes
Crude oil Drying Combus0on PMS
Natural Gas Dewatering Cracking LPG
Chemicals Purifica0on Hydrotreatment Drugs
Iron Ore Cooling Reforming Drinks
Farm Produce Separa0on Pyrolysis Plas0cs

Example
Steam Reforming
Gases 3H2 + N2 NH3 Ammonia for
Steam Cracking Ethylene + ΔHRO = -‐46.1KJ/mol Fer0lizer
Naphtha
Crude oil Ether Products
Kerosene
H3PO4, SiO2
Fuel Oils CO + 2H2 CH3OH Methanol
300 oC, 70atm
Coke & Asphalt
CDU
Methane
Steam Cracking Ethylene + H3PO4, SiO2
Ethane 500 – 900 oC Ether Products
C2H4 + H2O 300 oC, 70atm
C2H5OH Ethanol
Natural Gas Propane
Butane
Condensate Steam Reforming Synthesis
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 Gas
GSU ΔHRO = +206KJ/mol
@25oC

Chemical Reac+on Engineering
Chemical Reac+on Engineering is

the applica+on of chemical
reac+on rates and reac+on
mechanism (chemical kine+cs) in
the op+mum design of a chemical
reactor
Design and Operate Chemical Reactors

Chemical Kine+cs and Chemical Reactor
•  Chemical Kine+cs is concerned with rates of chemical reac+ons i.e.,
the quan+ta+ve descrip+on of how fast chemical reac+on occur and
the factors affec+ng these rates

•  Chemical Reactor is a device in which change in composi+on of maêr
occurs via chemical reac+on.

Classifica+on of Reac+ons
Endothermic reac0ons
Exothermic reac0ons
Useful for reactor design

Single reac0ons
Mul0ple reac0ons Homogeneous reac0ons
Heterogeneous reac0ons
ClassificaPon
Cataly0c reac0ons
of ReacPons Elementary reac0ons
Non Cataly0c reac0ons
Non-‐Elementary reac0ons
Reversible reac0ons
Irreversible reac0ons
Classifica0ons not exclusive
Equilibrium reac0ons
Non-‐Equil. reac0ons
Classifica+on of Chemical Reac+on
Cataly0c Non Cataly0c
Most gas phase reac0ons Most liquid phase reac0ons

Homogenous
Fast reac0ons such as burning Reac0ons in colloidal systems:

flame Enzymes and microbial reac0ons
•  Burning of coal •  Ammonia synthesis

•  Roas0ng of ores •  Oxida0on of Ammonia to produce
Heterogeneous •  AKach of Solids by acids nitric acid
•  Gas-‐liquid absorp0on with reac0on •  Cracking a crude oil
•  Reduc0on of Iron ore to iron and steel •  Oxida0on of SO2 to SO3
•  Reduc0on of Iron ore to iron and steel

Reac+on rate
•  A chemical reac+on is said to have taken place when a detectable number
of molecules of one or more species have lost their iden+ty and assumed a
new form by a change in kind or a number of atoms in the compound and/
or by a change in structure or configura+on of these atoms.
•  Rate at which these species loss their iden+ty is Reac+on Rate
•  Three basic ways species loose their iden+ty:

•  Decomposi+on
•  Combina+on
•  Isomeriza+on

Chemical Reac+on
ways a specie looses its chemical identity
Decomposi0on C9H12 C6H6 + C3H6

Cumene Benzene Propylene
NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Combina0on Sodium Ethyl acetate Sodium Acetate Ethanol
Hydroxide
CH3 CH3
Isomeriza0on CH2 C CH2 CH3 CH3C CH CH3

Rate Equa+on
From Mole balance equaPon
In – out + Genera0on = Accumula0on

out
In System 𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 −𝐹↓𝑗 +𝐺↓𝑗 = 𝑑𝑁↓𝑗 /𝑑𝑡 
Fj
Fjo Gj
𝐺↓𝑗 = ∫0↑𝑉▒𝑟↓𝑖  × 𝑉 
𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 −𝐹↓𝑗 +∫0↑𝑉▒𝑟↓𝑖  × 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑁↓𝑗 /

𝑑𝑡 
𝑟↓𝑗 = 1/𝑉 𝑑𝑁↓𝑗 /𝑑𝑡 
𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 =𝐹↓𝑗 =0, 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

Rate Equa+on
Consider
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶+𝐷
Reactants Products

Expressed as the rate of disappearance of reactants Expressed as the rate of forma0on of products
−𝑟↓𝐴 =1/𝑉 𝑑𝑁↓𝐴 /𝑑𝑡  =−𝑟↓𝐵 =1/𝑉 𝑑𝑁↓𝐵 /𝑑𝑡  𝑟↓𝐶 =1/𝑉 𝑑𝑁↓𝐶 /𝑑𝑡  =𝑟↓𝐷 =1/𝑉 𝑑𝑁↓𝐷 /𝑑𝑡 
The Nega0ve Sign
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 
Based on unit volume of reac0ng fluid

Rate Equa+ons
Based on unit mass of solid in fluid state systems
−𝑟′↓𝐴 =1/𝑊 𝑑𝑁↓𝐴 /𝑑𝑡  𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 
All these defini0ons are encountered
in Heterogeneous systems
Based on unit surface of solid in gas-‐Solid systems
−𝑟′′↓𝐴 =1/𝑆 𝑑𝑁↓𝐴 /𝑑𝑡  𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 
Homogeneous systems, Vr = V
Based on unit Volume of reactor, if different from reac0on volume 𝑟↓𝐴  =𝜌×𝑟′↓𝐴 
−𝑟′′′↓𝐴 =1/𝑉↓𝑟  𝑑𝑁↓𝐴 /𝑑𝑡  𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 
𝑉×𝑟↓𝐴  =𝑊×𝑟′↓𝐴  = S×𝑟′′↓𝐴  = 𝑉↓𝑠 ×𝑟′′′′↓𝐴  =𝑉↓𝑟 ×𝑟′

Based on unit Volume of solid in gas-‐solid systems
−𝑟′′′′↓𝐴 =1/𝑉↓𝑠  𝑑𝑁↓𝐴 /𝑑𝑡 𝑀
𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 

Variables affec+ng reac+on rate
Variables affecPng reacPon rate
Homogeneous System Heterogeneous Systems Example: reactant

diffusing in to a porous
catalyst pellet surface
while the product
Temperature
Complex system with Mass transfer diffusing out.
Pressure more than one phase &
can be endothermic or Heat Transfer
Composi0on exothermic
Catalyst In both cases many steps can be involved, the slowest If the heat released is not
step in the series is the rate controlling or limi0ng step removed fast enough,
A B C D there will be temperature
distribution
Reac0on Rate (r A) = F (Temp, Press, Comp, etc)

CHEN 305 Lecture Note 1

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Chemical

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 2

• Chemical Reac0on Engineering is the applica0on of chemical reac0on

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 3

• Introduc+on • Interpreta+on of batch reac+on kine+c

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 5

• No Entry 10 minutes a`er commencement of the class

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 7

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 8

• Octave Levenspiel, Chemical Reac+on

• Missen, R. W. Introduc+on to Chemical

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 9

Physical Chemical Physical

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 12

Chemical Reac+on Engineering is

Design and Operate Chemical Reactors

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 13

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 14

Useful for reactor design

Most gas phase reac0ons Most liquid phase reac0ons

Fast reac0ons such as burning Reac0ons in colloidal systems:

• Burning of coal • Ammonia synthesis

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 16

• Three basic ways species loose their iden+ty:

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 17

Decomposi0on C9H12 C6H6 + C3H6

NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 CH3COONa + C2H5OH

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 18

From Mole balance equaPon

In – out + Genera0on = Accumula0on

​𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 −​𝐹↓𝑗 +∫0↑𝑉▒​𝑟↓𝑖 × 𝑉 = ​𝑑​𝑁↓𝑗 /

​𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 =​𝐹↓𝑗 =0, 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 19

The Nega0ve Sign

​𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Based on unit volume of reac0ng ﬂuid

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 20

𝑉​×𝑟↓𝐴 =𝑊​×𝑟′↓𝐴 = S​×𝑟′′↓𝐴 = ​𝑉↓𝑠 ​×𝑟′′′′↓𝐴 =​𝑉↓𝑟 ​×𝑟′

1/19/20 Chemical Reac0on Engineering I 21

Homogeneous System Heterogeneous Systems Example: reactant

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•  Chemical Reac0on Engineering is the applica0on of chemical reac0on

•  Introduc+on •  Interpreta+on of batch reac+on kine+c

•  No Entry 10 minutes a`er commencement of the class

•  Octave Levenspiel, Chemical Reac+on

•  Missen, R. W. Introduc+on to Chemical

•  Burning of coal •  Ammonia synthesis

•  Three basic ways species loose their iden+ty:

𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 −𝐹↓𝑗 +∫0↑𝑉▒𝑟↓𝑖  × 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑁↓𝑗 /

𝐹↓𝑗𝑜 =𝐹↓𝑗 =0, 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑/𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 

𝑉×𝑟↓𝐴  =𝑊×𝑟′↓𝐴  = S×𝑟′′↓𝐴  = 𝑉↓𝑠 ×𝑟′′′′↓𝐴  =𝑉↓𝑟 ×𝑟′