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EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
(ZIMSEC)
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(5009)
A. INTRODUCTION
This syllabus assumes a knowledge of the content of the two year Zimbabwe
Junior Certificate (ZJC) Science Syllabus. It prepares pupils for studies in
physical sciences beyond ‘O’ level as well as being a worthwhile qualification for
those not proceeding with study beyond this level. It places less emphasis on
factual recall of material and more emphasis on the understanding and
application of scientific concepts, principles and skills.
B. AIMS
2 develop concepts and skills that are relevant to the study and practice
of physical science;
10 recognise that the study and practice of science are inter-related and
are subject to economic, technological, social, political, ethical and
cultural influences;
13 develop interest in, and participate in, caring for the local and global
environment.
C. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The following objectives reflect those aspects of the aims that will be assessed.
Specific behavioural learning objectives are stated in each section of the
syllabus.
1.4 scientific phenomena, facts and laws, definitions, concepts, theories and
models;
2.8 apply scientific principles, formulae and methods to solve qualitative and
quantitative problems;
D. ASSESSMENT SCHEME
Candidates will be required to enter for Papers 1 and 2 and either Paper 3 or Paper 4.
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Section B (30 marks, 40 min) will be based on the chemistry section of the
syllabus. It will consist of three free-response questions of fifteen marks
each and each designed to take 20 minutes. Candidates will be required
to answer any two questions. All questions will be designed to give the
same weighting to assessment objectives.
Section C (30 marks, 40 min) will be based on the physics section of the
syllabus. It will consist of three free-response questions of fifteen marks
each and each designed to take 20 minutes. Candidates will be required
to answer any two questions. All questions will be designed to give the
same weighting to the assessment objectives.
Chemistry Question
Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on:
(f) filtration;
(g) tests for oxidising and reducing agents as specified in the syllabus.
The question papers will provide notes on qualitative analysis and data for
the use of candidates in the examination – see data sheets (i) and (ii).
Candidates may also be required to perform some simple calculations.
Physics Question
The question is designed to test candidates abilities to:
(a) follow written instructions for the assembly and use of provided
apparatus, e.g. using ray-tracing equipment, wiring up simple
electrical circuits;
(b) select, from given items, the measuring device suitable for the task;
(g) present their data graphically, using suitable axes and scales
(appropriately labelled and plotting the points accurately);
(g) describe tests for gases, ions, oxidising and reducing agents and/or
draw conclusions from such tests;
E. METHODOLOGY
F. MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
Many topics in the syllabus provide opportunities for quantitative work, including
appropriate calculations. The mathematical knowledge and skills which students
may need in order to cope with the specified objectives and content are listed
below. Calculators may be used in all papers.
- calculate, and use, averages, ratios, direct and inverse proportion and
percentages;
- choose, by simple inspection, a set of points and then draw the best
smooth curve through them;
- read, interpret and draw simple inferences from tables and statistical
diagrams;
G. PRESENTATION OF CONTENT
The syllabus consists of chemistry and physics sections. The topics in each
section are listed below.
Chemistry
4.0 Electrochemistry.
Physics
3.0 Structures.
7.0 Waves.
9.0 Electronics.
The notes and activities in the last column are in no way exhaustive. Teachers
are encouraged to use their own additional examples to assist pupils in
understanding concepts and acquiring skills.
Assessment objectives marked with an asterisk (*) should have been covered at
ZJC. It is anticipated that these will entail revision only and do not need further
detailed treatment, although more activities may be required by the syllabus.
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CHEMISTRY
1.1 Structure of matter - describe the structure of an atom; Nucleus: protons, neutrons, electrons.
- state the charges and relative masses Relative charges and masses; their chemical
of sub-atomic particles; significance.
- define proton number (z) and nucleon Proton (atomic) number, nucleon (mass)
number (A); number.
- explain the significance of electronic Valency, noble gas electronic structure. Significance of the noble gas
structure in compound formation; structure.
1.2 Chemical bonding - describe the formation of bonds; Ionic bonds: electron loss or gain; Examples from the first 20
electrostatic attraction. elements of the Periodic Table.
- relate the physical properties of Melting point, boiling point, solubility, and
compounds to their structures and electoral conductivity.
bonding;
1.3 Elements, mixtures - state the meaning of element, mixture, Elements, mixtures and compounds. Experiments which illustrate
and compounds compound, and chemical reaction; chemical and physical changes.
13
- determine the melting points and Melting points and boiling points as criteria
boiling points of pure substances; of purity.
- describe and carry out separation of Filtration, crystallisation, distillation, Experiments on separation
mixtures; fractional distillation. techniques.
1.4 The Periodic Table - use proton number and the structure of The Periodic classification of elements. Arrangements of elements
atoms to explain the Periodic Table; according to electronic
configuration of the atoms for the
first 20 elements.
- describe the change from metallic to Periodic trends for Na to Cl; metallic/non- Data on melting points and boiling
non-metallic character across a Period; metallic. points.
Characteristics and acid/base behaviour of Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO2,
common oxides. SO3
- describe trends Group II; magnesium, calcium and barium. Reactions of metals with water,
solubility of hydroxide.
2.1 Stoichometry and the mole - state the symbols of elements and Formulae of compounds; molecular and Formulae restricted to those
concept formulae of compounds; ionic equations. compounds or ions mentioned in
the syllabus.
- write balanced equations including ionic Balanced equations. State symbols. Use the following state symbols in
equations; equations: (s), (l), (g), (aq).
- define and calculate relative molecular Relative molecular mass and formular mass Molecular masses for covalent
mass and formula mass; (Mr). compounds and formula masses
for ionic compounds.
- calculate stoichiometric reacting masses Reacting masses and volumes. Quantitative treatment of
of reactants and products; equations and simple calculations.
Calculations of volumes of
reactants/products.
- calculate volumes of gases in chemical Molar gas volumes. Molar gas volume as 28dm3 at
reactions; room temperature and pressure
under typical Zimbabwean
conditions. Calculation of volumes
of reactants/products.
- use the mole concept to calculate The mole, the Avogadro constant, empirical Solution concentration in g/dm3
empirical and molecular formulae. and molecular formulae. and mol/dm3.
15
3.1 Energy changes - explain the terms exothermic and Bond making and bond breaking. Burning of fuels, reaction of
endothermic reaction; NaCHO3 with dilute acid.
3.2 Speed of reaction - state the factors that affect speeds of Qualitative effect by experimental
reaction; study of such examples as:
- explain the terms reversible reaction Forward and backward reactions. Limited to reactions that can
and dynamic equilibrium; proceed in either direction, e.g. N2
+ 3H2 → 2NH3. Refer to 7.2 and
8.4
16
3.3 Redox - define oxidation and reduction; 1 Gain or loss of oxygen and hydrogen Fe2+, Fe3+ CuSO4 with Fe.
2 Electron transfer
3 Change in oxidation state
4.0 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
4.1 Electrolysis - define electrolyte and electrode Electrolyte, electrodes, cathode and
anode.
- state the conditions determining Electrode reactions, concentration and Electrolysis of:
the electrode products; preferential discharge.
(i) dilute solutions of sulphuric acid,
sodium chloride (carbon electrodes);
(ii) copper (II) sulphate (carbon and
copper electrodes);
(iii) concentrated sodium chloride solution
(carbon electrodes);
(iv) molten halide, e.g. lead (II) bromide
(carbon electrodes).
5.1 Properties of metals - describe the physical properties of Conductivity, ductility and malleability Experiments to demonstrate properties.
and non-metals metals and non-metals;
5.2 Reactivity series - list metals in order or reactivity; Experiments illustrating their reactions (if
any) with air, water or steam,
hydrochloric acid, displacement reactions,
effect of heat on carbonates and nitrates,
and reduction of oxides. Refer to 3.3
- relate the activity series to the tendency Electrochemical series. Construction of an electrochemical series
of a metals to form a positive ion; by experiment.
5.3 Extraction of metals - state the occurrence of iron and Common occurrence in Zimbabwe.
copper;
- describe the extraction and purification Iron: Extraction by blast furnace. Main reactions and conditions. Purpose
of iron and of copper; Purification by oxygen lance of raw materials in blast furnace.
process.
- state the constituents of alloy of iron Cast iron, mild steel and stainless steel, Percentage composition of alloys is not
and of copper; bronze and brass. required.
18
- relate the uses of metals and alloys to Properties and uses of metals and alloys. Examples of uses e.g. industrial,
their properties domestic, protective, ornamental,
structural and medical uses.
5.4 Coating - state reasons for coating materials; Electroplating: copper, nickel and Experiments on rushing and its
chromium. prevention; electroplating or iron nail
with copper.
6.1 Acids and bases - explain the terms acid, base and alkali; The production of H+ (aq) ions by acids An alkali as a soluble base.
and OH (aq) ions by alkalis.
- describe the characteristics of acids and Corrosive action, the role of water, action pH (whole number only) as a measure of
bases; of litmus and universal indicator paper. acidity or alkalinity.
6.2 Preparation of salts - explain the term neutralisation; H+ + OH → H2O Spectator ions remaining as a salt in
solution.
- describe the preparation of pure Displacement, neutralisation and Preparation of salts by action of dilute
samples of salts; precipitation; purification by evaporation acids on metals, carbonates and bases;
and crystallisation. refer to 1.3.
6.3 Identification of ions - identify cations, anions and gases; Cations: Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Cr3+, Observation and deduction; qualitative
and gases Cu2+, Zn2+, NH4+ experiments based on simple reactions
Anions: Cl-, I-, CO32-,SO42-, NO3- of cations and anions. (See notes for use
Gases: O2, Cl2, H2, NH3, SO2, CO2 in qualitative analysis Data Sheet page
ii).
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7.1 Sulphuric acid - outline the manufacturer of sulphuric Contact process; sources of raw materials.
acid;
- explain the optimum conditions for the Temperature and catalyst. Qualitative understanding of conditions
manufacture of sulphuric acid; only. Refer to 3.2 Le Chatelier’s
principle is not required.
- describe the properties of sulphuric Strong non-volatile acid. Reactions with Oxidising properties not required.
acid; metals and bases. Dehydrating agent.
7.2 Ammonia - outline the manufacture of ammonia; Harber process; sources of raw materials.
- explain the optimum conditions of the Temperature, pressure and catalyst. Le Chatelier’s principle is not required.
manufacture of ammonia;
7.3 Nitric acid - outline the manufacture of nitric acid; Catalytic oxidation of ammonia; sources of
raw materials.
- state the industrial uses of nitric acid; Production of fertilizers, explosives, dyes
and extraction of gold.
- outline the manufacture of nitrogen Ammonium nitrate. Neutralisation of HNO3 Refer to 6.1
fertiliser; with NH3. Crystallisation.
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7.4 Industrial gases - outline the manufacture of industrial Oxygen: liquefaction of air and electrolysis Interdependence of Zimbabwe Electricity
gases; of water. Steel making, welding Supply Authority (ZESA), Zimbabwe Iron
and medical treatment. And Steel Company (ZISCO) and Sable
Chemical Company (SCC) with reference
to manufacture of industrial gases
should be emphasised.
8.1 Fuels - define fuel; Energy source. Fuel as a material that can be burned to
give out heat or provide chemical
energy.
- identify fuels; Solid fuels: wood, coal, coke, charcoal. Blend as containing ethanol and petrol.
- state the uses of the products of Coke, coal gas, benzol and ammonia.
destructive distillation;
- compare the thermal efficiency of fuels; Energy production related to carbon Comparative practical study of thermal
number. efficiency of liquid fuels.
- explain complete and incomplete Reactants, products, energy production Practical exercise using a burner with air-
combustion; and equations. hole open and closed. Dangers of
incomplete combustion.
- describe the social and economic Deforestation, pollution, acid rain, ozone
implications of using fuels; layer depletion, greenhouse effect, and
carcinogenic effects of by-products.
8.2 Hydrocarbons - state the composition of hydrocarbon; Carbon and hydrogen only.
- name and give the general and General formulae and structural formulae. Only structural formulae of methane,
structural formulae of alkanes and ethane, propane, butane, 2-methyl
ethene; propane, pentane, 2-methyl butane, 2,2-
dimethyl propane and ethene required;
no names required
- distinguish between saturated and Double bonds and reactivity. Use of any liquid alkene to show
unsaturated hydrocarbons; unsaturation.
8.3 Alcohols - describe general characteristics of General formula and function group.
alcohols;
- describe the preparation of ethanol by Fermentation: role of yeast and conditions. Practical preparation of ethanol from
fermentation; Fractional distillation. sugar or maize.
- describe chemical properties of ethanol; Combustion, oxidation to ethanoic acid; Treatment of aldehydes not required.
dehydration.
8.4 Carboxylic acids - describe the general characteristics of General formula and functional group. Only structural formula of ethanoic acid
carboxylic acids; required.
- describe the formation of ethanoic acid; Oxidation of ethanol by air and potassium Vinegar as a product of oxidation by air.
dichromate (IV).
8.5 Soaps and detergents - outline the manufacture of soaps and Soaps: alkalis and fats and vegetable oils. Glycerol as a by-product.
detergents; Detergents: acids and petroleum products.
- distinguish between addition and Joining of units. Joining of units with or without the elimination of water or some
condensation polymerization; other molecule. Addition polymerisation represented by:
X H X H X H
Many C C → - C- C- C- C-
H H H H H H
PHYSICS
1.1 Measurement of length - identify the scale division on Ruler, vernier calliper, Practice on measuring should be given throughout the
and time measuring devices; thermometer, measuring course wherever applicable.
cylinder, stopwatch, forcemeter,
ammeter and voltmeter.
- read an instrument scale to
the nearest division;
- use SI units; Metre, second, kilogram, Kelvin Derivation of other units from these, e.g. newton, joule,
and ampere. watt, etc.
- convert units.
1.2 Scalars and vectors - distinguish between scalar Magnitude and direction.
and vector quantities;
2.1 Speed, velocity and - state the meaning of Displacement, speed, velocity and
acceleration displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.
acceleration;
- plot, draw and interpret For a body (a) at rest, (b) moving with Ability to handle negative acceleration is
distance/time and speed/time constant speed, (c) moving with constant expected. No derivation or use of the
graphs; acceleration. Shapes of curves. three equations of motion required.
2.2 Forces - state the effects of a force; Change of size, shape, speed or direction. Experiments to demonstrate the effects
Newton’s first law. of forces.
- describe the effects of friction on Reducing motion. Friction as a force that opposes motion.
the motion of an object; Experiments to show how friction can
be reduced.
- use the relation between force, Newton’s second law in the form F = ma. F to be the resultant force.
mass and acceleration;
2.3 Mass, weight and centre of - define mass; Mass. Mass defined as a measure of the
mass inertia of an object. Weight defined
using F = ma. Concepts to be
illustrated by practical work.
- define weight; Weight.
- describe the effect of the position Stable, unstable and neutral positions.
of the centre of mass on the
stability of objects;
2.4 Density - calculate the density of liquids Liquids and regular and irregular solids. Practical determination by the method
and solids; Use of kg/m3 as units of density. of displacement of irregular solids.
3.0 STRUCTURES
3.1 Beams - define beam; Beams. A supported bar which bears a load.
- describe a beam by its cross- T, L, and I shaped beam, solid and hollow
sectional area; box ( and) and cylindrical beams.
- compare the strength of beams; Relation between strength, cross-sectional Practical work on beams using similar
shape and depth. quantities (mass per unit length) of
material but different cross-sectional
shapes.
- explain the effects of push and Compression, tension and shear. Experiments to demonstrate crushing,
pull forces; compressing, buckling and bending:
stretching and snapping.
- explain how stress is distributed Compression, tension and neutral zones. Experiments using foam rubber blocks,
in a loaded beam; Internal stress, areas of strength and green twigs and hollow stems.
weakness.
- explain the advantages of trusses Economy, mass and strength/mass ratio. Problems associated with scale. Lighter
over beams; structures to have less mass to sustain
their own weight. Experiments to
illustrate strength/mass ratio of a beam
and truss.
- explain how a load can be Compressive and tensile forces.
distributed throughout a truss;
- Identify struts and ties in a truss; Transmission of forces by connecting Experiments to determine members
members. under tension or compression.
- explain the design of a roof truss; Distribution of load. Construction of models.
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3.3 Joining materials - describe methods of joining Pinning: An example of each type of joint should
materials. Wood – screws, nails and bolts; be made and tested.
Metal – bolts and rivets.
Surface contact:
wood – gluing with or without
dowels and tongue and groove;
Metals – soldering, brazing and
welding;
Plastic – plastic welding and gluing.
- compare the strength of joints; Sizes of contact area, number and position
of pins.
3.4 Large structures - identify materials used in large Wood, metal, concrete and stone.
structures;
- compare properties of Compressive and tensile strengths, mass Durability in relation to decay, corrosion
construction materials; and durability. and rusting.
- explain the design and materials Pier and beam bridge, arch bridge and Construction and loading of models. An
used in different types of bridges; suspension bridge. appreciation of both durability and cost
as factors in determining choice.
- explain composition and shape of Earth and concrete; straight and arch dams.
dam walls;
4.1 Energy - identify different forms of energy; Kinetic, heat, light, electrical, chemical, Reference to fuel (chemical) energy,
gravitational potential and nuclear energy. hydro electrical generating, solar
The joule as the unit of energy. energy, geothermal energy and wind
energy.
- explain the relationship between Dependence of potential energy on mass Experiments to show that P.E. depends
gravitational potential energy and and height; of kinetic energy on mass and on mass and height and K.E. on mass
kinetic energy; speed. and speed.
4.2 Work - explain that when work is done Relationship between work and energy.
energy is changed from one form
to another or transferred;
- calculate efficiency; P = E/t; the watt as the unit of power. Efficiency expressed as a percentage or
fraction.
- calculate power;
30
5.1 Machines - calculate mechanical advantage, Levers, pulleys and inclined planes. Calculations on screws not required.
velocity ratio, and efficiency;
5.2 Pressure - relate pressure to force; P = F/A; the pascal as the unit of pressure.
- calculate pressure;
- calculate the pressure of columns P = gh Densities will be given. Refer to section
of fluids from their densities; 3.4 on dams.
- describe the construction and use The manometer. The influence of atmospheric pressure
of a simple manometer; on the manometer to be discussed.
5.3 Fluid systems - describe the structure of simple Lift and force pumps. Lift pumps illustrated by the Blair
pumps; shallow well pump (model) and force
pumps by the bicycle pump.
- explain the operation of simple Hydraulic system: the motor car braking Calculations on hydraulics should be
hydraulic system. system and hydraulic jack. covered.
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6.1 The kinetic theory - explain the physical properties of matter Solids, liquids and gases.
in terms of kinetic theory of matter;
- relate variation of volume with the Absolute zero. Volume and temperature. Calculations based on :
Celsius temperature of a gas at
constant pressure; P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
- state the meaning of melting point and Melting and boiling. Relate melting and boiling to
boiling point; solidification and condensation
respectively.
- Calculate the heat capacities of objects Heat supplied = mc (1 - 2) Calculations on electrical method and
from experimental data; = heat gained method of mixtures.
-
- Explain why different materials have Particles of different materials
different heat capacities; responding differently to heat input.
6.3 Heat transfer - describe experiment to distinguish Good and bad conductors. Metals, non-metals, liquids and gases.
between good and bad conductors of
heat;
7.0 WAVES
7.1 Wave properties - describe wave motion; Demonstrate practically sing springs,
ropes and ripple tank.
- draw wave-fronts and rays to represent Reflection and refraction of wave fonts and Demonstrate practically reflection and
the passage of waves; rays. refraction of wave-fronts.
7.2 Electromagnetic wave - describe the regions of the Radio, microwaves, infra-red, visible light, No recall of actual wavelength is
electromagnetic spectrum; ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. required.
7.3 Light - describe an experiment to illustrate the Reflection at plane surface. Experiments using plane mirrors.
law of reflection;
- calculate refractive index; sin i = n(a constant i.e. refractive index) Experiment to determine the refractive
sin r index using a rectangular prism.
- explain total internal reflection; Critical angle and total internal reflection. Experiment on total internal reflection
using a rectangular prism.
34
- draw ray diagrams to illustrate the Nature and position of the images.
formation of real and virtual images;
- explain how to measure the focal length Focal length. Lens formula not required.
of a convex lens;
= size of image
size of object
- describe the use of a single lens to form Camera and eye. Practical application expected, but no
a real image; details of operation required.
8.1 Magnetism - state the properties of magnets; Polarity, field direction and strength. Practical activities on magnetism to be
carried out.
- plot and draw field lines for pairs of in- Magnetic fields. Use of a plotting compass and iron
line bar magnets; filings.
- account for the attraction and repulsion Like and unlike poles.
of magnets in terms of interacting
magnetic fields;
8.2 Electrostatic - show an understanding that there are Concept of charge, the electron. Experiments to illustrate attraction and
positive and negative charges; repulsion of charged objects.
- explain the principles of a lightning Discharge at a point, height, conduction and Design of domestic lightning
conductor; earthing. conductors.
8.4 Current electricity - explain the flow of current in a circuit; Charge flow. Distinction between direction of flow of
electrons and convectional current must
be made.
- Explain the relationship between Potential differences proportional to current. Experiment to verify Ohm’s Law.
potential difference across a conductor
and the current passing through it;
- state the limitations of Ohm’s law; Variation of resistance of conductor with Ohm’s law does not apply to semi-
temperature (e.g. in a bulb), bending, conductors, rectifiers or conduction
tension or if placed in a strong magnetic through gases.
field.
- explain the relationship between the Thickness and length of a conductor. Qualitative only.
resistance, length and cross-sectional
area of a wire;
- calculate resistance in simple circuits; Series and parallel resistors. No more than three resistors in parallel.
8.5 Electric circuits - set up simple electric circuits; Cells, switches, resistors, variable resistors, Practical activities on electric circuits.
bulbs, ammeters, voltmeters and fuses.
- predict the direction of motion of a Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule. Experiments to show relationship
current-carrying conductor in a between directions of current, field and
magnetic field; motion.
- describe the operation of a d.c. motor; Electrical to mechanical energy; field, Construction and manipulation of a
current and motion. simple d.c. motor.
- describe the operation of a generator; Mechanical to electrical energy. Generator as reverse of a motor.
- state factors affecting the magnitude Strength of field; number of turns and Experiments to illustrate the effect of
and director of induced potential relative motion between field and coil. the three factors on the induced
difference across a generator coil; potential difference.
- state the difference between a.c. and Voltage-time graphs. Sketching of graphs of voltage output
d.c.; against time for a.c and d.c. circuits.
38
8.7 Electricity in the home - describe uses of electricity in the home; Heating, lightning and motors. Including lamps in parallel.
- calculate the cost of electricity; The kilowatt-hour. Practical work on reading of electricity
meters.
8.8 Transformers - describe the structure and principle of Primary and secondary coils; laminated No calculations on the efficiency of
operation of a basic iron-cored core. Voltage transformations. Efficiency transformer.
transformer; and cooking. Eddy currents.
9.0 ELECTRONICS
9.1 Thermionic emission - explain that a hot filament emits The electron gun.
electrons;
- describe how these electrons can be Acceleration and collimation of electrons.
directed into an electron beam;
- describe the effect of a magnetic or Bending of electron beam. No details of shape required.
electric field on an electron beam;
39
10.1 Radioactivity - explain how an unstable nucleus Spontaneous and random emission: release The effect of stability of the proportion
disintegrates; of particles and energy. of neutrons to protons.
- explain the meaning of radioactive Nuclear equations. Use of equations involving symbols to
decay; represent changes in the composition of
the nucleus when particles are emitted.
- explain the meaning of half-life; Decay curve. Simple calculations which might involve
information in tables or decay curves.
40
- describe safe handling and storage of Safety precautions and storage. Use of photographic film badges
radioactive materials; for exposure detection.
- describe the effects of radioactive Soil, water, air, plant and animal life.
emissions on the environment.
41
The glossary is meant only as a guide; it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has
been kept brief in respect of the number of terms and their definitions. It should be borne in
mind that the meaning of a term depends in part on its context.
2. Deduce means that the candidate is expected to draw logical and valid conclusions from
given information. Such information may be all be given in the question or may depend
on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question. Candidates are not expected to
produce and answer by recall.
3. Define (the term(s) …..) means to state precisely the meaning of a term.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally,
i.e. the candidate had greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the
material to be included in the answer.
5. Determine implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is
obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a
m
standard formula, for instance density of an object may be calculated using d
V
6. Estimate implies an approximate calculation of the magnitude or quantity concerned.
8. Find means to establish the quantity concerned using a suitable measuring instrument,
e.g. length, using a ruler, or mass, using a balance.
11. Predict implies that the candidate is expected to state what is likely to happen by analysis
given information. Such information may all be given in the question or may depend on
answers extracted in an earlier part of the question. Candidates are not expected to
produce an answer by recall.
42
12. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve
need only be qualitatively correct.
In diagrams, sketch implies that the candidate is expected to make a simple, freehand
drawing: nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions. Important details must be
shown.
13. State means to give a concise answer with little or no supporting argument.
14. Suggest may imply that there is more than one possible answer or that candidates are
expected to apply their general knowledge to a novel situation.
15. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s) ….) implies that a definition
should be given, as well as some relevant comment or explanation. The amount of detail
expected is determined by the marks allocated.
DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1 4
H
Hydrogen He
1 Helium
2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
B C N O F Ne
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Li Be 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lithium Beryllium
3 4
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
Na Mg 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sodium Magnesium
11 12
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge At Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Polonium Radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
226 227
Fr Ra Ac
Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89 +
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
*58-71 Lanthanoid series
+90-103 Actinoid series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
a 232 238
a = relative atomic mass
Key X Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
X = atomic symbol
b Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
b = proton (atomic) number
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
The volume of any mole of any gas is 24dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
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