El

ect
romag
net
ism

Ti
meVar
yingMag
net
icf
iel
d(I
nduc
edEl
ect
ricf
iel
d)

At imevar yingmag neticf iel

di so nei nwhi chthemag ne ticinductinBvar
o i
eswith
time(ifanal te rnatingc urr entispas sedt hr oughthewi ndingo fane l
ectro
mag net,t
henthe
fie
ldpr oduc edbe twe ent hepo lesofthee lectro magnetwi l
lbet imevar yingmag neti
cfi
eld)
.
Considert hec aseo fac onduc tingl ooppl ac edinat i
mevar yingmag neticfie
ld.Asthe
mag neticf l
uxt hr o
ug ht hel oopc hang esandhe ncetherewi llbeani nducedemfi naloop.
Duet othi sinduc ede mf ,acur rentf l
o wst hr o
ug htheloo
p.
Thel oo
pi ss tationar y and f r eee lec
t ronsdo n’texpe rienceany
mag neticf orc e.Thei nduc ede lectricf ielde xert
saf o
r c
eo nf ree
ele
ctronsi nt hel o o
p. Thise lect
r icfieldcaus esf l
owo felec
t r
o nsint he
loo
pandr es
po ns i
bleinduc e dcur rent.
Bys ymme tryt hef or ceatanypo i
nto ft hel o
opmus tbet ang e
ntat
thatpo int .Thuse l
ectr i
cl ineso ffo r
cear es etupbyt hevar ying
mag neticf i
eldsar econc entr i
ccircles.
Thewo r
kdo nepe runi tchar gemo vesthr ough
adistanc edl isE.dlThet
. otalemfde ve l
ope dint helo
opis

ByFar
aday’
slawo
fel
ect
romag
net
ici
nduc
tio
n

Fr
om(
1)&(
2)

Ascl
osedl
ineofE.dli
snotz
ero,weco
ncl
udethatel
ect
ricfi
eldsas
soci
atedwit
hc hangi
ng
magnet
icfi
eldsar
enon-c
ons
ervati
vewhil
ethoseas
soc
iate
dwi thstat
ionar
yc harge
sare
co
nser
vati
ve.
Co
nduc
tio
nCur
rent
:Co
nsi
derac
onduc
toro
fle
ngt
h‘l
’ar
eao
fcr
oss
–se
cti
on‘
A’and‘
n’be
thenumbe roff reee l
ectro
nspe runi tvolume .Then,
Totalno .ofelectro nsintheco nduc t
or=Al n
If‘e
’bet hec har geo ntheelectrons,totalfreechargeint hec onduc tor=Al ne
Ifthisc har gecr ossesanys ectiono ft hecond uct
ori n‘t’sec.thent=l /vd(whe r
evd=dr ift
veloci
tyo ft hee lectronacqui re
dduet oe l
ectri
cfield)
Buti=c har ge/time=Al ne/l/vd=vdAne
Cur renti st her ateofflowo fchar gecarrier
s=vdAne whi chi stermedasCo nduction
Curr e
nt .Cur rentde nsityJ=vdne
Curr e
nti sas c
al arquant itywhe reasC ur re
ntde nsityi save ct
orquant ity.Currentisthe
rateoff lowo fc har gethrought hee ntirecrosssect
iono ft hec onductorbutc urrentdensity
iscurrentpe runi tar eanormal tothedi rect
ionofdr iftve l
ocityo ftheelectr
ons.
Displ ac eme ntCur rent:-Ac cordingt oMaxwe ll,no to nlyt hec urrenti nac onductor
produc eamag ne ticfiel
dbutal s
oac hang i
nge lec
tr icfieldi nvac uum o rinadi e
lect
ric
produc esamag ne ti
cfiel
d.Thusac hang i
nge lect
ricfi el
di sequi valenttoac urrentwhi ch
flo
wsasl ongast hee l
ectr
icf ie
ldi schang ingandpr oducest hes amemag neticeff
ectasan
ordinaryc onduc tioncurrent .
Thi siskno wnasDi s
plac eme ntCur re
nt .
De
f:Thec
urr
entar
isi
ngduet
oti
mevar
yinge
lec
tri
cfi
eldbe
twe
ent
hepl
ate
sofac
apac
ito
ris

1
c
all
edDispl
acementCurrent
.Itiso
nlyanappar
entc
urr
entr
epr
ese
nti
ngt
her
ateo
ftr
ans
por
tof
c
hargef
romo nepl
atetoanot
her.
Fore xampl e,letusc onsiderthepl ateso fapar al
lelpl atec apac i
torc onnec tedtot he
termi nalso fabat ter
y. Thec onducti
onc ur r
e ntf romt hebat teryg radual l
yc hargesthe
capac it
orpl ate
s.Unt ilt hevo l
tageacros sthec apac itorbec ome sequalt ot hebat tery
voltag e
,conduc ti
oncurrentf lo
wsi nthele adso fthec apac i
tor.Butt hec onductio ncurrent
isno tcontinuo usacro
sst hegapbe tweent hepl atesast hereisnot ransferofchar g
eac r
oss
thepl ates.Butac co
rdingt oMaxwe l
l,t
hec hang inge l
ectr i
cfiel
dbe twe e
nt hepl at e
sserves
thepur poseo fco
nductionc urrentinsi
det heg ap.Thedi splaceme ntc urrentde ns i
tyJdi n
theg apwi llpr o
vetobee xactl
yJt husretainingt heconc eptofthec ont i
nuityo fc urrent.
If‘
q’ isthec hargeontheanyo neplateoft hecapac ito
ratanyi nstantdur i
ngc har gi
ngand
Ai sitsarea. Theele
ctri
cf iel
dinbe tweenthec apac ito
rpl atesisgivenby,

Di
ffe
rent
iat
ingwi
thr
espe
ctt
ot

Thust hedis
placeme ntcurre
ntintheg apbet
weenthec apacito
rplate
sisfoundt
obeequal
tothec onductio
nc urrentflowi
ngi nt hele
adsoft hecapac i
tor.Itmaybeno tedthat
dis
placementc urrentinvacuumi snotac ur
rentint hese
ns ethati
tdescr
ibest
hemotion
ofsomec hargedpar ti
cl
e s
.Buti tisac urre
ntint hes e
nset hatithasamag net
icfi
eld
ass
ociatedwithit.Thisi
sani mportantprope
rtyofthedisplacementcur
rent.

Maxwe
ll’
sEquat
ions
:-Maxwe
lli
n18
62f
ormul
ate
dthebas
icl
awso
fel
ect
ric
ityand
magne
tis
mi ntheformo
ffo
urf
undame
ntale
quat
ions
.The
see
quat
ionsar
ekno
wnas
Maxwell
'
sequat
ions
.
2
Heusedthef oll
owingf oursteps.
(
a).
Elec
tricf i
eldori
ginate sonposi
tivec
hargeandterminatesonnegat
ivec
har
ge.
(
b).
Magne ticfi
e l
dli
ne salwaysf ormaclos
edloop.
(
c)
.Avar yingmag neticfieldincl
udeanemfandhe nceele
ctricf
iel
d.
(
d).
Magne ticfi
eldsareg enerate
dbymo vingcharg
eorcurrent.
Theintegralformsoft heseequatio
nsaregivenbel
ow:

Maxwe
ll
'se
quat
ionsc
anal
sobes
tat
edi
nthedi
ffe
rent
ial
for
masf
oll
ows
:

Thefirstoft
heseequatio
nsisthestat
eme ntofGauss
'sl
awi ndif
fer
entialfo
r m.Itst
ates
thatthediverg
enceo fel
ect
ricfi
eldvect
or(i.
e.
,thenetoutfl
owo fe
lect
ricfluxpe runit
volumepe rs
econd)is1/0timesthechargedensi
ty.Itisti
meindependentsteadystate
equati
on.Thefl
uxo ftheli
nesofele
ctr
icforcede
pendsuponchar
gedensi
ty.Chargeactsas
asourcefo
rthelinesofe
lec
tricf
orce
.
Thes e
c onde quationr eprese
nt sGaus slawf ormag neticfieldswhi chsaysthatthe r
ec an
benone tMag neticfluxt hroug ht hesurfacebe caus etherec anbenone tmagneticchar ge
(
indi vidualmag neti
cpo les)e
nclos e
dbyt hes urface.Anyvo lumee nclos
edbyas urfacewi ll
containe qualando ppo si
temag neti
cpo lesleadingt oane tmag neti
cpolesstre
ng t
hz er o
.
Sincei s o
latedmag neticpo lesandmag neticc urrentsduet ot hem havenophys i
c al
signifi
c ance.The re
fore,mag neticlinesoff or
ceing e
ne r
al aree i
therclos
edcurvesorgoofft o
infinity. Consequentlyt henumbe rofmag neti
cl inesofforcee nteri
nganyar bit
raryc l
ose d
sur f
acei se xactlythes amel eavingi t
.I tme anst hatf l
uxo fthemag neti
cinduc t
ion
acrossanyc lose
ds urfac eisalwaysz ero.Iti st imei ndepe ndents t
eadys t
atee quati
o n.
The reisnos o
ur c
efort helinesofmag neti
cf l
uxi nt hevo lume .
Thethirdequati
onistheFaraday'slawofel
ect
romagnet
icinducti
onindiff
erent
ialf
orm.
Faraday'
slawo fEl
ect
r o
mag neti
cinduct
ionst
ates"
Theel
e c
tromagnet
icf
orce(e
mf)around
aclos
edpathisequalt
one g
at i
verateofc
hangeofmagne
ticfl
uxlinkedwiththepath"
.The
–vesi
gnsig
nifie
sthetruthofLenz’sl
aw.Iti
sti
medependentequati
on.
Thef
our
thequati
onre
pres
entt
heMaxwel
l'
smodif
icati
ono
fAmpe
re'sl
aw toi
nclude
ti
mevar
yingf
iel
ds.TI
tisti
medepe
nde
nte
quat
ion.Themag
net
omo
tivef
orc
earounda

3
clo
sedpat hi sequalt otheconduct
ioncur r
entJpl usdis
placementcurrentJdthroughany
surfacebo unde dbyt hepath,where
Equat i
o no fElect
romag neticWave :
-LetusapplyMaxwe ll'
sele
ctro
mag netice
quatio
nstoa
homo geneous ,iso
tropicdi e
lect
ricme dium. Ast hedielec
tricme di
um o f
fersinfi
nite
resi
stanc et othec urrent,andhe nceitsconduct
ivityiszero,i.
e.
,J=0 .Inhomo g
eneous
iso
tropicme dium, thereisnovo l
umedi stri
butio
no fcharge.Thus,thec harg
edensit
yi s
zero

Henc
eMaxwe l
lequati
onsr
educ
esto
Eqns
.(
5)and(
6)repre
sentt
herel
ati
onbe
twe
ent
hes
pac
eandt
imevar
iat
iono
fmag
net
ic

f
iel
d ande le
ctri
cfiel
dE.Thes
earecal
le
dwaveequati
onsf
or andEre
spe
cti
vely.The
se
e
quatio
nshavet hesamegene
ralfo
rmo fthedi
ffe
rent
iale
quat
iono
fwavemo t
ion.The
g
eneralwaveequati
onisr
epre
sent
edby

wherevisthevel
oci
tyofwaveandyisi tamplit
ude ,c
ompari
ngwitheqn.
(
7)
,wecans
ay
2
thatthefac
torµ hast
hesamesi
gnif
icanceas1/
v. S
owefindthatt
hevari
ati
ono
fEand
ar
epropagat
edi
nhomoge
neous
,is
otr
opicme di
umwi thavel
oci
tygi
venby

4
Thusthevel
oci
tyofpropag
ationofEandBissameastheve
loc
ityofl
ig
ht.
Equati
ons(
5)&(
6)
indi
catewavepropagati
oni nthreedimensi
onals
pace.Thesewavesinvo
lveperi
odi
c
vari
ationo
fele
ctr
icandmag neti
cfi
elds
.Sothe
yarecall
ede
lec
tromag
neti
cwaves.

PoyntingVect
or:-El
ect
romag
net
icwavest r
anspor
te ne
rgyf
rompointt
opo
int.
Therate
ofener
g yf
lowperunitare
ainaplanee
lec
tromagne
ticwavei
sdef
ine
dbyavect
orScal
le
d
the"Po
yntingvec
tor"
.

Tt
hedi
rec
tio
nofSg
ive
sthedi
rec
tio
ninwhi
cht
hee
ner
gyi
str
ans
fer
red.
Eand r
efe
rto

ins
tantane
ousval
uesatt
hepoi
ntunderco
nsider
ati
on.
2
Thedimensi
onis(
vol
txamper
e)/met
er =joule
/m2

5
6