Announcements

• Read 12.8 and 12.9 after Monday Lecture, Skip 12.10

• Homework 7 Due Friday, November 19

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 Multiple Stages

Similar to other process we want a countercurrent multistage

process

V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

Solution Options

• Stage by Stage Solution

• Linear Algebra
• Clever Graphical Method

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V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

Stream Flowrate Composition

Feed ( L0 ) Fixed Fixed

Raffinate (LN ) unk Fixed

Solvent (VN +1 ) Fixed Fixed

Extract (V1 ) unk unk

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 Overall Mass Balance

V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

Becomes
VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN

Mass Balance over all stages

L0 + VN +1 = LN + V1 = M

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 Overall Mass Balance: Components

VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN

Overall Component Mass Balance for each component

L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1 = LN xCN + V1 yC1 = M xCM

Solve for compositions

L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1 L0 xA0 + VN +1 yAN +1

xCM = xAM =
L0 + VN +1 L0 + VN +1

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 VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN

Feed flows and composition locate coordinates of point M

L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1
xCM =
L0 + VN +1

L0 xA0 + VN +1 yAN +1
xAM =
L0 + VN +1

VN +1 , M , and L0 are on the same line

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 VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN

LN xCN + V1 yC1 = M xCM

Indicates that points V1 , M , and LN are on the same line

The output compositions must be on the equilibrium line

This final line is not a tie line!

V1 and LN are not in equilibrium!

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 This final line is not a tie line!
V1 and LN are not in equilibrium!

V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

8
 Stagewise Calculation

Once we know the final compositions we need to find how many

equilibrium stages we need to accomplish this separation

V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

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 V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

Stage 1 Stage n

L 0 + V2 = L 1 + V1 Ln−1 + Vn+1 = Ln + Vn

Starting at stage 1

L 0 − V1 = L 1 − V2 = ∆

by induction it is obvious

∆ = Ln − Vn+1 For all n

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 Operating Point

• ∆ is the operating
point

• ∆ is common to every
line connecting Ln and
Vn+1
• ∆ can be anywhere

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 Locating the Operating Point

Around each stage the material balance for each component is

Stage 1 Stage n

x0 L0 + y2 V2 = x1 L1 + y1 V1
xn−1 Ln−1 + yn+1 Vn+1 = xn Ln + yn Vn

Starting at stage 1

xC0 L0 − yC1 V1 = xC1 L1 − yC2 V2 = Bc

by induction it is obvious

xCn Ln − yCn+1 Vn+1 = BC = xC∆ ∆

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 Locating the Operating Point

Around each stage the component material balance is

Ln xCn − Vn+1 yCn+1
∆xC∆ = Ln xCn − Vn+1 yCn+1 xC∆ =
∆

Apply this equation at end stages to find ∆ coordinates

∆ = L0 − V1 = LN − VN +1

L0 xC0 − V1 yC1 LN xAN − VN +1 yAN +1

xC∆ = xA∆ =
∆ ∆

End stage compositions are known from overall mass balance.

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 Stagewise Calculation

• Do Overall Balance
• Locate ∆
• Repeat
– Draw Operating
Line Ln to ∆
– Locate Vn+1
– Follow Tie Line to
Ln+1

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 Minimum Flowrate Calculation

• When we satisfied the

overall mass balance we
did not consider the num-
ber of stages.

• No consideration of tie
lines in the overall balance

• If VN +1 is too low, you will

need infinite stages.

• An operating line will be

the same as a tie line.

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 Stream Flowrate Composition

Feed ( L0 ) Fixed Fixed

Specified Raffinate (LN ) unk Fixed

Solvent (VN +1 ) min Fixed

Extract (V1 ) unk unk

xA,yB

L0

LN

VN+1
xB,yB

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Extend tie line through L0

xA,yB

L0

LN

VN+1
xB,yB

In stage stepping we would follow an operating line from L0

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Follow tie line to V1min

xA,yB

L0

V1min
LN

VN+1
xB,yB
Now we can find Mmin

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Two Operating lines to find Mmin

xA,yB

L0

V1min
M LN

VN+1
xB,yB

with Mmin use lever arm to find minimum value of VN +1

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 Minimum Flowrate Calculation Overview

• Extend tie line through L0

• Follow tie line to V1min
• Intersection of LN V1min and L0 VN +1 gives Mmin
• Solve for minimum flow rate VN +1min

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Also we can find a ∆min

xA,yB

L0

V1min
M LN
∆min
VN+1
xB,yB

Real ∆ should be closer than ∆min

We should rigorously use the tie line with maximum slope to find
∆min

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 Problems to think about

What effect does an integral number of equilibrium stages have on

the overall mass balance? How will this effect design?

22
 Problems to think about

What happens if I add another feed stream?

SN-1

V1 V2 VN VN+1

L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN

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