Mass Transfer 2: Section # 10

Mass Transfer 2
Section # 10
1
Solids- Free coordinates in Leaching
 Sometimes, we don’t use the triangle for representing the leaching ternary
system.
 Rectangular diagram is used in such cases. It is similar to (Ponchon-Savarit)
used before in distillation.
 B
S A S A
2
 In this new form, the y-axis is called N.
N = B / (A+S)
 In this new form, the x-axis is called X or Y
X,Y = A / (A+S)
 The x-axis represents X if we are dealing with an underflow stream.
The x-axis represents Y if we are dealing with an overflow stream.
 In this new form, all the quantities are solid free.
 So, the quantities we are dealing with are Ln’, Vn’,………etc.
Where:
Ln’ = Ln – B , Vn’ = Vn – B ( We only need A+S)
 It is easy to prove that:
Ln = Ln’ (1+NLn) , Vn = Vn’ (1+NVn)
3
 Where is the locus of Underflow?!
- It can be given by any of the 4 methods taken in the 1st section.
- The most accurate method is to have an experimental data table
between N and X as follows:
N X
2 0
1.98 0.1
1.94 0.2
1.89 0.3
1.82 0.4
1.75 0.5
1.68 0.6
1.61 0.7
4
 Where is the locus of Overflow?!
- It can be given by any of the 2 methods taken in the 1st section.
- Example:
Overflow streams
contain 1 lb oil-free
meal per 9 lb of solution
5
 How is the ideal stage represented?!
- Here, we don’t have the vertex (B) to match with !
- In this new form, the ideal stage is simply represented by a vertical
line
6
 How is the actual stage represented for ηoverflow≠ 100% ?!
- ηoverflow = yn - yn+1 (Measurement from the left)
yn * - yn+1
Example:
Yn+1 = zero
Xn=0.2
ηoverflow = 80 %
7
 How is the actual stage represented for ηunderflow≠ 100% ?!
- ηunderflow = xn-1-xn (Measurement from the Right)
xn-1 - xn*
Example:
X2 = 0.4
Y3=0.2
ηunderflow = 80 %
8
 How to calculate number of ideal stages?!
A) Conventional method
1) Match y1 with xo and extend the line.
2) Match yn+1 and xn till you meet the extended line between y1 and xo. The point
got is (R)
3) Match y1 vertically with the underflow locus to get x1. (y1-x1) is the first ideal
stage.
4) Match x1 with R to cut the overflow locus in y2
5) Match y2 vertically with the underflow locus to get x2. (y2-x2) is the first ideal
stage. B) Op. line projection
6) Match x2 with R to cut the overflow locus in y3 We can also project
7) Repeat the steps till you reach xn. The operating curve
8) To calculate a fraction of a stage: in a downward
Fraction of a stage = xn – x last complete stage diagram as done in
xexcess – x last complete stage Ponchon Savarit
9
10
11
12
13
 How to calculate number of actual stages?
1) There is a classic method that we will know later in the problems.
2) Another method which is similar to that used in (Ponchon-Savarit) can also be
used here.
- This method depends on having pseudo equilibrium relation between X and Y, so
that we can directly calculate number of actual stages. The graph below shows an
example for that relation
14
 How to calculate number of actual stages?
2nd method steps:
- Locate the solids-free coordinates diagram above that of the pseudo-equilibrium
relation.
- Get point (R) by matching Y1 and Xo, and matching Xn and Yn+1.
- Descend from Y1 to the pseudo-equilibrium curve. Then move horizontal to the
45 line. Finally, go vertically upwards to cut the underflow locus in X1actual.
- Match X1actual with R to cut the overflow locus in Y2.
- Descend from Y2 to the pseudo-equilibrium curve. Then move horizontal to the
45 line. Finally, go vertically upwards to cut the underflow locus in X2actual.
- Match X2actual with R to cut the overflow locus in Y3.
- Continue using the same steps till you reach Xn or exceed it.
15
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20
Single stage problem
 In a single stage leaching of soybean oil from
flaked soybeans with hexane, 100 kg of soybeans
containing 20%wt oil is leached with 100 kg
fresh hexane solvent. The value of N for the
slurry underflow is essentially constant as 1.5 kg
insoluble solid/kg solution retained. Calculate
the amounts and compositions of the overflow
and the underflow products.
21
Solution:
 As nothing is stated about the overflow locus, we will take it as (B=0)
 Steps:
a) Plot the underflow locus
b) locate xo, and yn+1 on the diagram
c) Apply lever arm between Lo’ and Vn+1’ to get point (M)
d) Match B with M to cut the overflow locus in y1, and the underflow
locus in x1
Why?
a) From material balance, we know that (Lo’ + Vn+1’ ) = (L1’+ V1’) = M
b) So, y1 and x1 lie on the same straight line with M
c) But we have one single ideal stage, so y1 and x1 lie also on the same
Vertical line
 Locus of underflow:
B = 1.5 xB = 0.6
22 A+S
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 20 0
B 80 0 0.6 Ln 0
S Zero 100
Total 100 100
(A+S) 20 100
N = B / (A+S) 4 0 1.5 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 1 0
 As nothing is given about the amount of solid in the solvent, and as it is also
not one of the requirements, we have put it zero in the above table.
 AS nothing is stated about the overflow locus, we have taken as (B=zero)
 Degrees of freedom on the overall:
Nv = 12 , Ne = 3, Ng = 8 , NAR = 1 D.f = zero no trial and error
23
24
25
26
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 20 0
B 80 0 0.6 Ln = 80 0
S Zero 100
Total 100 100 133.33333 66.666
(A+S) 20 100 53.33333
N = B / (A+S) 4 0 1.5 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 1 0 0.168 0.168
 Calculation steps:
1) MB on B 2) Calculate Ln 3) Get V1
4) From NLn and BLn get (A+S)Ln
5) MB on (A+S), get (A+S)V1
6) From the steps shown in the previous slides, get X1, and Y1, and put them in
the table
27
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 20 0 8.96 11.04
B 80 0 0.6 Ln = 80 0
S Zero 100 44.3733 55.6266
Total 100 100 133.33333 66.666
(A+S) 20 100 53.33333 66.666
N = B / (A+S) 4 0 1.5 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 1 0 0.168 0.168
 Calculation steps:
7) From X1, and (A+S)Ln get ALn and SLn
8) From Y1, and (A+S)V1 get AV1 and SV1
28
Leaching Sheet , Problem#2’
 Givens:
Lo : B=2000 lb, A=800 lb, S=50 lb
Vn+1 : A=20 lb, S=1310 lb
Ln: A=120 lb
Locus of underflow: Experimental data is given (the same data shown in slide 4)
Basis: 1 hr
Counter current
 Required:
a) The composition of the strong solution
b) The composition of the solution adhering to the extracted solid
c) The weight of the solution leaving with the extracted meal
d) The weight of the strong solution
e) The number of units required
29
Leaching Sheet ,
Solution
Problem#2’
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 800 20 120
B 2000 0 0
S 50 1310
Total 2850 1330
(A+S) 850 1330
N = B / (A+S) 2.3529 0 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.94 0.015
 AS nothing is stated about the overflow locus, we have taken as (B=zero)
30 [As the underflow locus isn’t given directly as a composition]

Leaching Sheet ,
Solution
Problem#2’
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 800 20 120
B 2000 0 0
S 50 1310
Total 2850 1330
(A+S) 850 1330
N = B / (A+S) 2.3529 0 0
 Steps: X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.94 0.015
b) Calculate xo, and yn+1 , then locate them on the diagram
c) Apply lever arm between Lo’ and Vn+1’ to get point (M)
d) Perform MB on B to get BLn
e) I know that Xn will be on the underflow locus, so I want to use the 2 givens
about Ln together with the underflow locus to locate Xn.
31
Leaching Sheet ,
Solution
Problem#2’
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 800 20 120 700
B 2000 0 2000 0
S 50 1310
Total 2850 1330
(A+S) 850 1330
N = B / (A+S) 2.3529 0 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.94 0.015
 Steps:
f) Nn / Xn = B / (A+S) =B/A = 2000 / 120 = 16.666667
A / (A+S) Ln Ln
(There is only 1 line having the above slope that can pass by the underflow
locus)
g) From the origin, construct a line having the slope (16.66667) to cut
32 the underflow locus in Xn
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 800 20 120 700
B 2000 0 2000 0
S 50 1310 893.333 466.66
Total 2850 1330 3013.33 1166.666
(A+S) 850 1330 1013.33 1166.666
N = B / (A+S) 2.3529 0 1.9736 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.94 0.015 0.11842 0.6
 Steps:
h) Match Xn with M to cut the overflow locus in Y1
i) Read Y1 and Xn, and out them in the table
j) Complete the table normally
33
Solution
 To calculate number of ideal stages, follow the slides from 9 to 13
 NTS=4
 The results are of course the same as number 2.
34
 Givens:
Lo : B=2000 lb, A=800 lb, S=50 lb
Vn+1 : A=20 lb, S=1310 lb
Ln: A=120 lb
Locus of underflow: Experimental data is given (4th method taken before in plotting
the underflow locus)
[ηunderflow = 80%]
Basis: 1 hr
Counter-current
 Required:
a) The composition of the strong solution
b) The composition of the solution adhering to the extracted solid.
c) The weight of the solution leaving with the extracted meal
d) The weight of the strong solution
e) The number of units required
35
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 800 20 120 700
B 2000 0 2000 0
S 50 1310 893.333 466.66
Total 2850 1330 3013.33 1166.666
(A+S) 850 1330 1013.33 1166.666
N = B / (A+S) 2.3529 0 1.9736 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.94 0.015 0.11842 0.6
 The same material balance table of problem 2’
36
To get number of actual stages:
1) Match Xn with Yn+1 and extend.
2) Match Xo with Y1 and extend till you meet the extended line between xn
and yn+1
3) Match Y1 vertically with the underflow locus to get X1*
4) As we know that ηunderflow = Xn-1-Xn = 0.8
Xn-1 - Xn*
Then for the 1st stage:
X0-X1 = 0.8 locate X1 on the underflow locus.
X0- X1*
5) Match X1 with Y1. This is the 1st actual stage
6) Match R with X1 to cut the underflow locus in Y2
7) Match Y2 vertically with the underflow locus to get X2*
8) X1-X2 = 0.8 Locate X2 on the underflow locus.
37
X1 - X2 *
To get number of actual stages (Cont’d):
9) Match X2 with Y2. This is the 2nd actual stage
10) Match R with X2 to cut the underflow locus in Y3
11) Repeat the steps till you reach Xn or exceed it.
38
39
40
41
 Continue using the same sequence to find that number of
actual stages = 5
 This is of course the same result as that got from number 5
42
May 2010
 Givens:
Lo : Lo=1000 kg/hr, %A = 28%, %S = 2.5%
Vn+1 : Vn+1 = 500 kg/hr, %A = 1.5%
Ln: %A = 5%
Locus of underflow: Experimental data is given
Counter current
 Required:
a) The amount of extract, and its oil content
b) The amount of solution retained by the meal and the oil content in
it
c) The number of stages required
43
May 2010 (Cont’d)
 Where is the locus of Underflow?!
N X
2 0
1.98 0.1
1.942 0.2
1.887 0.3
1.818 0.4
1.751 0.5
1.681 0.6
1.613 0.7
44
May 2010 (Cont’d)
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 280 7.5 0.05*280 273.5
= 14
B 695 0 695 0
S 25 492.5
Total 1000 500
(A+S) 305 500
N = B / (A+S) 2.27869 0 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.918 0.015
[As the underflow locus isn’t given directly as a composition]

45
May 2010 (Cont’d)
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 280 7.5 14 273.5
B 695 0 695 0
S 25 492.5
Total 1000 500
(A+S) 305 500
N = B / (A+S) 2.27869 0 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.918 0.015
 Steps:
b) Calculate Xo, and Yn+1 , then locate them on the diagram
c) Perform MB on B to get BLn
46
May 2010 (Cont’d)
Solution
Lo Vn+1 Ln V1
A 280 7.5 14 273.5
B 695 0 695 0
S 25 492.5
Total 1000 500
(A+S) 305 500
N = B / (A+S) 2.27869 0 0
X,Y = A / (A+S) 0.918 0.015
Steps:
d) Nn / Xn = B / (A+S) = B / A = 695 / 14 = 49.64

A / (A+S) Ln Ln
(There is only 1 line having the above slope that can pass by the underflow locus)
e) From the origin, construct a line having the slope (49.64) to cut
the underflow locus in Xn
f) Continue normally to get the requirements
47

Mass Transfer 2: Section # 10

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Mass Transfer 2: Section # 10

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Mass Transfer 2

30 [As the underflow locus isn’t given directly as a composition]

 The same material balance table of problem 2’

[As the underflow locus isn’t given directly as a composition]

d) Nn / Xn = B / (A+S) = B / A = 695 / 14 = 49.64

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