4 , loved : wy at n Indian Institute of f GATE Tutcriais vv f STUDY MATERIAL f ag . * ULTIMATE FOR NEET EY. 2 a + ; =) = im & = # 1743, 3rd Floor, “Raghvendra Plaza”, Corner Building, 17th Main Road, 60Mtrs, Behind Bangalore Central Mall, J.P. Nagar, 2nd Phase, Bangalore — 26580751 E-mail: enquiry@gateit com | Website : wavw.gateiit.com Cip pe eee© Copyright reserved with CAREER ON TRACK Physics Study Material Ultimate for NEET Electric Charge and Electric Field 4/1 — 1/50 Electric Potential and Capacitance 2/1 — 2/70 Current Electricity 3/1 - 3/56 2 e= 2*#e2222098098 2202292009227 8280298 9200eeeeesee ELECTRIC CHARGE Electric charge, like mass, is one of the fundamental attributes, @of the particle of which the matter is made. Charge isthe physical property of certain fundamental particles (like electron, proton) by Qvirwe of which they interact with the other similar fundamental Pantcles. To distinguish the nature of interaction, charges are divided no two parts @ Positive (i) Negative ‘We know that matter consists of atoms, An atom consists of a (@eental core (called nucleus) and electrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. Nucleus consists of neutrons and protons. Neutrons do Qt have any net charge. Protons and electrons have equal charges, ‘but of opposite nature. Protons are positively charged while electrons @are negatively charged. Charge on a proton or on an electron is of indivisible nature. We designate this charge by +e and ~¢ ively. Hence, charge in or on any object is always an integral snultiple of the electric charge. In a normal atoms. (@. Number of protons = number of electrons. (ii) Protons have the basic +e charge and electrons have the basic - ¢ charge. (ii) “Hence a normal atom is electrically neutral. Blectrons can travel from one atom to another and from one Qh 0 another. If a body loses one electron, it becomes positively charged Quits +e charge and vice versa (Wit and Dimensional formula S.L. unit of charge is Ampere x sec = coulomb (C), smaller 1. units are mC, uC. © CGS. unit oF charge is Stat coulomb or e.s.u. Electromagnetic qiitof care i ab coulom 1. = 3 x 10? stat coulomt 1 Fo a coulomb, @ Dimensional formula (Q] Gime properties of charge ‘* Charge is transferable : It can be transferred from one body to another. [aT] * Associated with mass : Charge cannot exist without mass but reverse is not true a ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD __ ‘Charge is conserved : It can neither be created nor be destroyed. * Invariant : Independent of velocity of charged particle. Quantization of charge : Ifthe charge of an electron (= 16 x 10°C) is taken as elementary unit i. quanta of charge, the charge on any body will be some integral multiple ofe. 1e., Q = ne withn = 1,2,3... Cage onaboiy canner be #2 1728 or + 10° e etc. Methods of Charging Ordinarily, matter contains equal number of protons and electrons. A body can be charged by the transier of electrons or redistribution of electrons. Basically charging can be done by tree methods 1. Friction 2. Conduetion 3. Induction By friction : In friction when two bodies are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one body to the other. As a result of this, one body becomes positively charged while the other negatively charged, ( When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod becomes positively charged while the silk becomes negatively charged. The decrease in the mass of glass rod is equal 10 the total mass of electrons lost by it (ti) Ebonite on rubbing with wool becomes negatively charged making the wool positively charged. By electrostatic induction : If a charged body is brought near ‘an uncharged body, one side of neutral body (closer to charged body) becomes oppositely charged while the other side becomes similarly charged.a2 Induced charge can be lesser or equal to inducing charge (but never greater it —— © Rae Charging by che : Take two cis one charged and other uncharged. Bring the conductors in contact with each other. The charge (whether -ve or +ve) under its own repulsion will spread over both the conductors. Thus the conductors will be charged with the same sign. This is called charging by conduction (through contact). — {(@) Neutral metal roc (6) Metal rod acquires ‘charge by contact ELECTROSCOPE It is a simple apparatus with which the presence of electric ‘charge on a body is detected (see figure). When metal knob is touched with a charged body, some charge is transferred to the ‘gold leaves, which then diverges due to repulsion. The separation fives a rough idea of the amount of charge on the body. When a charged body is brought near a charged electroscope, the leaves ‘will further diverge, if the charge on body is similar to that on clectroscope and will usually converge if opposite. If the induction Five balls numbered 1 0 5 are suspended using separate threads. Pairs (1, 2), @, 4) and (4, 1) show electrostatic attraction, while pairs @, 3) and (4, 5) show repulsion. ‘Therefore bal 1 must be 2 (a) Positively charged (0) Negatively charged L (@ Neural“ - (d) Made of metal 2, Four metal conductors having diferent shapes 1 A sphere 2. Cylindrical 3. Pear 4, Lightning conductor are mounted on insulating stands and charged. The one witch is best suited to retain'the charges for a longer time is @eeoee 28200020928 8020299888 006 effect is strong enough, leaves after converging may again diverge. Metal ise Fuboor stopper | __potat ro ILLUSTRATION 1. A paisa coin is made up of Al-Mg alloy and weight 0-75 g. It has a square shape and its diagonal measures 17 mm. It is electrically neutral and contains equal amounts of positive and negative charges. Find the magnitude of charge in the coin. INCERT Exemplar} Sol. 1 Molar mass M of Al bas Na = 6:023 x 10? atoms N 2m = mas of A puis cin tas N= NA cm ams 2 Nur of hina ts in ne pis 6:023 x 10° 26-9815, As charge number of Al is 13, each atom of Al contains 13 protons and 13 electrons. -. Magnitude of positive and negative charges in one paisa Ze = 16742 x 1? x 13 x 1-60 x 1079C = 348 x 10'C = 34-8 kC ‘This is an enormous amhount of charge. Thus, we can conclude that ordinary neutral matter contains large amount of positive and negative charges. 0-75 = 16742 x 107 N CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1 @ 1 m2 o3 @ 4 3. The number of electrons in 1-6 C charge will be @ 10” ) 10” f 11x 10% _ @ 11x 10 ‘There are two metallic spheres of same radii but one is solid and the other is hollow, then (a) Solid sphere can be given more charge (©) Hollow sphere can be given more charge (o) They can be charged equally (maximum) @ None of the above a 8®eeeenn 000ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD @, oe @ 5. When a body is carth connected, electrons from the earth flow ino the body. This means the body 8... (@) Unchanged (©) Charged positively (©) Charged negatively (d) an insulator ‘A positively charged insulator is brought near (but doesnot touch) two metalic sphere tat are in contact. The metallic spheres are then separated. The sphere which was intially farthest from the insulator will have : (@) 0 net charge () a negative charge (0 a positive charge (@) either a negative or a positive charge. When a glass rod is rubbed with sik, it (@) Gains electrons from sik ©) Gives electrons to sik (©) Gains protons from silk Gives protons to silk [dentify the wrong statement in the following. Coulomb's Jaw correctly describes the electric force that (@) Binds the electrons ofan atom to its nucleus () Binds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (c) Binds atoms together to form molecules (@ Binds atoms and molecules together to form solids Dielectric constant for metal is @ Zero (©) Infinite oi (@) Greater than 1 @OULOMB's LAW @ 1 two stationary and point charges Q, and Qe are kept at a distance r, then it is found that force of attraction ot repulsion ween them is POD GP HHHLOEAOBLHOL OO eeeeeeneeee 1" 10. A body has ~ 80 micro coulomb of charge. Number of additional electrons in it willbe @ 8xi0% (@) 80x 10-7 (5x 104 @) 128 x 10-7 11. A glass rod rubbed with silk is used to charge a gold leat ‘lectroscope and the leaves are observed to diverge. The lectroscope thus charged is exposed to X-rays for a short period. Then (@) The divergence of leaves wil not be aected ©) The leaves will diverge further (€) The leaves will collapse (@) The leaves will melt 12, One metalic sphere A is given positive charge whereas another identical metalic sphere B of exactly same mass as of A is given equal amount of negative charge. Then G@) Mass of A and mass of B still remain equal () Mass of A increases (6) Mass of B decreases (@) Mass of B increases 13. An isolated solid metallic sphere is given +Q charge. The charge will be distributed on the sphere (a) Uniformaly but only on surface (©) Only on surface but non-uniformly (¢) Uniformly inside the volume (4) Non-uniformly inside the volume 1 N= mi Ins tag 9 or air) k = 1 amen? Newton 0 = Absolute permitivty of air or free space a =m It's Dimensional formula is (M1 L~* T# A?) Coulomb's Law in Vector Form Let gy and q2 be two like charges placed at points A and B in vacuum, separated by a distance r. Due to like nature of charges, they will repel each other. = 885 x 10? Lat Bye the fore on tars qd tod Bay beth force on charge 4: dst aaq be he unit vector fom g © 42+ 4 be unit vector rom ga 6 x From figure, itis clear that jy, amt },. are in the same direction 92 > aout Fa "Greer 2-72 ‘The above equations give the Coulomb's law in vector form. I is also clear from above equations, the magnitude of forces are 1 ads reg? equal 42.. [P| = (Fay |= Since 7,» and 7, are unit vectors, opposite to each other 2 Lt ses Putts value in equation, f,, = <1 2.3 s Fo Tang on 2 1am 9 ee ea Fa my From exatons, 3, = — By ‘Thus, the forces exerted by two charges on each other are ‘equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Therefore, Newton's ‘third law is obeyed. Also the forces due. to, (wo point charges are parallel to the line joining the point charges ; such forces are called central forces and 80 electrostatic forces are conservative forces. eee robs ta gina e,, oto ji ar ea Tra ‘The above equations can also be written in the following @ ‘manner 3 o * 1 G42 ar Ba th, - 7) 40 ir -71P 9 i ice ® and Ro “Get - 7) 4n20 |r,- PoP ° ‘These equations represent Coulomb's law in tems of position, vectors. Effect of medium : When a dielectric medium is completely) filled in between charges, rearrangement of the charges inside the dielectric medium takes place and the force between the same twSD) charges decreases by a factor of K (dielectric constant) e Bee {1 Ge he Fale eee e ere ek =e permit of medium py Principle of superposition : According to the principle of. superposition, total force acting on a given charge due to ‘of charges is the vector sum of the individual forces acting on that ‘charge due to all the charges. Consider number of charges Qy, Qo, Qs force ona charge Q Net force on Q willbe Fy, = B+ # + a ®eerec0seoe2008ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD ‘The magnitude of the resultant of two electric forces is siven by Fas and tana = ILLUSTRATIONS e@eeeoeed © cach is 65 x 107C ? The radii of A and B are negligible fq “mma the tance of seperation. (®) What isthe force of repulsion if ‘© @each sphere is charged double the above amount, and oe (di) the two spheres are placed in water ? — @ielectric constant of water = 80) INCERT] @ SL @ Weare given that, 41 = @ = 65 x 107C, r= 50cm = 05 m © ers ine force of repulsion, e poke Mt e ae en? Oe. ween lores 107) 4 = 15 x 102N ¥ (©) @) 6 the charge on each sphere is doubled and the distance @ deween them is halved, the force of repulsion, F” would become 16 times (as Fe qygz and F = 1/7). Clearly, F = 16 F = 16(1:5 102) = 024N @ Gate te sphere are placed in water (€, = 80), FB _ 15x10, = ESI 2 19 x 10-4N Rn, mae xe 13. Suppose the spheres A and B in previous problem hhave identical sizes. A third sphere of the same size but ‘uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then in contact ‘with the second, and finally removed from both. What is the new force of repulsion between A and.B ? INCERT] Sol. We are given that, D charge on sphere A = charge on sphere B e = 4 =65 x 107 qq Fore of repulsion between A and B, Le sets 10? <6:5.x1077) = 9x ~ (0-5)? = 15 x107N Let the third sphere (say C) of the same size but uncharged be Drought in contract with A. Due to the flow of electrons, the two spheres share the charge equally. Therefore. When the sphere C (having charge q/2) touches the sphere B (having charge 4), ‘Total charge on B and C (q + q/2 = 34/2) is equally distributed between them, ‘Thus, charge on B = charge on C = 39/4 IFF js the new force of repulsion between A and B, 3a? ar (g/2)(34/4) ro -3p-3, 2 = ga gs x 10%) =57x109N 4. A negatively charged particle is placed exactly midway between two fixed particles having equal positive charges. ‘What will happen to the charge (0 If itis displaced at right angle to the line joining the postive charges ? (i) it it is displaced along the line joining the positive charges ? Sol. ()) There is always a restoring force toward its original positon. The particle (negative charge) will perform oscillation. (The case of stable equilibrium), (iy Let tne negative charge be dspace towards charge (D ‘Then fw be more han The neve charge wil experience net force towards charge (1) in the direction of its displacement. ‘The negative charge is under unstable equilibrium. ® 3 @ eS O- Ooa6 5. Force of attraction between two point electric charges placed at a distance d in a medium is F. What distance apart should these be kept in the same medium, so that force between them becomes F/3 ? Sol. Let q; and g; be the two point charges. Then, force between the charges, when kept at a distance d apart, 14d Fe Geo d? 1. The ratio of electrostatic and gravitational forces acting between electron and proton separated by 2 distance 5 x 10-1" m, will be (Charge on electron = 1:6 x 10"%C, mass of electron = 9:1 x 10" kg, mass of proton = 16 x 1077 kg, G = 6-7 x 10! NmPrkg?) (@) 2:36 x 10” () 236 x 10” (© 234 x 10" (@) 234 x 108 2. our charges are arranged at the comers ofa square ABCD, as shown in the adjoining figure. The force on the charge ep a the centre O is (@ Zero (©) Along the diagonal BD @) Perpendicular to side AB ‘Two particles of equal mass m and charge q are placed at a distance of 16 cm. They do not experience any force. The @) Along the diagonal AC 3. value of is @. ®) c © Van, @ {ao 4. A total charge Q is broken in two parts Qy and Qo and they are placed at a distance R from each other. The maximum. force of repulsion between them will occur, when @ @=F.a-0-2 2 ” e@=2.q-0e-2 2. PHYSICS - > ‘Suppose that force between the two charges becomes 73 ‘when the charges are kept ata distance x apart, Then CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2 x tS 0 @ a-Fa-Z . Three charges 4g, Q and q are in a straight line in the position of 0, 1/2 and | respectively. The resultant force on q will be zero, if Q = @) -q 0) -2q W@ 4q ‘Two small spheres each having the charge +Q are suspended by insulating threads of length L from a hook. This arrangements taken in space where there is no gravitational ‘effect, then the angle between the two suspensions and the ‘tension in each will be yee 0 ee WO ames OL? ©) 0s aray 1? 8 pe dOF. * 4meq 2L7 oe 4meg LP ‘Two similar spheres having + and ~ q charge are kept at a certain distance. F forve acts between the two. If in the ‘middle of two spheres, another similar sphere having +g ‘charge is kept, then it experience a force in magnitude and direction as, (@ Zero having no éitection (©) SF towards + q charge (0) SF towards - q charge (@) 4 towards + q charge ‘Three charges each of magnitude q are placed at the comers ‘of an equilateral triangle, the electrostatic force on the charge placed atthe center is (ach side of triangle is L) 2 ecg @ Zero Pca 3g et sgt mY far Le © Tareg ° ° »>® ®8ee0e08 > »eeeseosn 20020689 e208 8 8 >eeeeeosve@vsoeeeevsse eee seoeeeeseevoeeeeoeecesves ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 4q > : A Le, 9. Electric charges of 1H, ~ IC and 2uC are placed in air at the comers A, Band C respectively of an equilateral tiangle ‘ABC having length of each side 10 em. The resultant force ‘on the charge at C is @ 09N ®) 18N (© 21N @ 36N 10. Equal charges q are placed at the four comers A, B, C, D of 4 square of length a, The magnitude of the force on the charge at B will be 3q7 4g? ©) Grea? © Frege? 142V)_¢@? ( i) g 2 seen en ( 2 Ja @ = V2 ) 4neqa™ ELECTRICAL FIELD ‘A positive charge or 2 negative charge is sad to crete its field around itself. Thus space around a charge in which another charged particle experiences a force is said to have electrical field init, An eletric field i a vector field because itis responsible for conveying the information for a force, which involves boch magnitude and direction. This field consists ofa distribution of electric field vecirs ], one for each point in the space around a charged object. . In principle, we can define — at some point near the charged object, suchas point P in Fig, (a, with this procedure : AtP, we pace a particle wit a small pose charge qo, called a test charge because we us it 10 test the field. (We want the charge tobe small so that it doesnot disturb the objec charge distrbuton) The rod sets up an Test oe atplane Charged lect file, which can create force eo charge ® =. Se atpalnt P We then measure the electrostatic force 2 that acts on the test charge. The electric field at that point is then an ‘11.7 wo spherical conductors B and C having equal radii and carrying equal charges in them repel each ofher witha force F wen kept’ apart at some distance. A” third. spherical conductor having same radius as that of B bat uncharged is ‘brought in contract with B, then brought in contact with C and finally removed away from both. The new force of repulsion between B and Cis @ Fs © 3PM © FB @ 38 12. Two identical balls having like charges and placed at a certain distance apart repel each other with a certain force. They are brought in contact and then moved apart to a distance equal to half their initial separation. The force of repulsion berween them increases 45 times in comparison with the initial value. ‘The rato ofthe initial charges ofthe balls is @2 w3 os @ 6 13,Two equally charged, identical metal spheres A and B repel cach other with a force 'F’. The spheres are kept fixed with a distance “7 between them. A third identical, but uncharged sphere C is brought in contact with A and then placed at the ‘mid-point of the line joining A and B. The magnitude of the net electric force on Cis @ F © Fo 0) 3FI4 @ FA E == ecw feta) 4% Where qo — 0 so that presence of this charge may not affect the source charge Q and its clectrc field is not changed, therefore expression for electric field intensity can be better writen as = Lim £ 4979 Go Unit and Dimensional formula Newton coulomb CGS. unit - Dyne/stat coulomb. IMLT a“ volt Joule SS es $1 unit Teter” Coulomb x meter Dimension : (E] = Direction of electric field : Electric field (intensity) Gis a vector quantity. Electric field due to a positive charge is always away from the charge and that due to'a negative charge is always ‘towards the charge. Relation between electric force and electric field : In an electric field ]f a charge (Q) experiences a force F = QE. If charge is postive, then force is directed in the direction of fielda x while if charge is negative force acts on it in the opposite direction of field —— F ——_+F? +0 O—> —eo-0 ‘Superposition of electric field : (electric field at a point due to various charges) : The resultant electric field at any point is ‘equal to the vector sum of electric fields at that point due 10 various charges ie. F = E,4+B2+Es+ ‘The Electric Field Due toaPoint Charge To find the electric field due to a charged particle (often called a point charge), we place a positive test charge at any point near the particle, at distance r. From Coulomb's law the force on the test charge due to the particle with charge q is ‘We can now write the electric field set up by the particle (at the location ofthe test charge) as Fag mk ; x BG, 7 Fey 72” (Chareed panicle) The direction of | matches tat of the force on the positive test charge : directly away from the point charge if q is positive and directly toward it if q is negative P r Ly : A aad @ | lez 7 » | eet 7 | © EQUILIBRIUM OF CHARGES Definition : A charge is said to be in equilibrium, if net force acting on it zero. A system of charges is said to be in equilibrium iffeach charge is separately in equilibrium. ‘Types of equilibrium : Equilibrium can be divided in following types : @ Stable equilibrium : After displacing a charged particle ‘rom it’s equilibrium position, if it returns back then itis said to be in stable equilibrium. If U is the potential energy then in case of eu stable equilibrium >" is postive ., U is minimum, (ii) Unstable equilibrium : After displacing a charged particle 9 e from it's equilibrium position, if it never returns back then it is @ said to be in unstable equilibrium and in unstable equilibrium eu “qr iSnegatve ie., U is maximum PHYSICS - x1 (ii) Newea equitorium : Aer displacing a charged parle. @ from it’s equilibrium postion i it nether comes back, nor moves away but remains in the positon in which it was Kept then, itis @ ste a etre at ns etiam 22 Sol. Between the charges the wo field conibutions have opposite directions, and the net elecrc ld is zero atthe place where the magne of equals the magnitude of jf. However, since qe is sulle han qy, this location must be closer 10 ga, in order thatthe field ofthe smaller charg can balance te fd of the larger charge. In the drawing, the cancellation spot is labeled P, and its distance from gis is zero .e., U is constant e ILLUSTRATIONS e 6. Two positive point charges, 1 = + 16 UC and 42 = + 40 UC, are separated in vacuum by a distance of 30-m, as Figure illustrates. Find the spot on the line between) the charges where the net electric field is zero, e ud ep & i. EE e e 30m e e e om bn ACP, Ey = Ep, and using the expression gf = Gae— ir we have k6 10°C) _ k(4-0x 10°C) e (-0m- a)? & Rearranging this expression shows that 4-0 (3-0 m ~ ‘Taking the square root of each side of this equation reveals that 20G0m-d)=+d ‘The plus and minus signs on the right occur because either the Positive or negative root can be taken. Therefore, there are two possible values for d : +20 m and + 6-0 m. The value + 60m corresponds to a location off to the right of both charges, where the magnines of jf, and are equa, but where the directions are the same. Thus, Zand fy do not cancel at this spt. The other value for d corresponds to the location shown in the drawing and isthe zero-field location : d = + 2-0 m.oe e ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD e 7. Figure shows three particles with charges g = +29, @ % =~ 2Q, and gy = - 4Q, cach at a distance d from the ‘origin. What net electric field is produced atthe origin ? © Sot. Charges 4, go, and gy produce electric field vectors Ey @ iz, and g,, respectively, a te origin and the net elec felis be vewor sum Zz B = B+ B+ By. To find this sum, we fre (@Us find the magnitudes and orientations of the three field vectors, 12 © emer off, ich ise wa = GE Simitary, we find the magnitudes of , and zy w be 129 1 e Tey gt mE, © We next must find the orientations of the three electric field vectors at the origin. Because qi a positive charge, the field ctor it produces points directly away’ fom it, and because qp and gs are both negative, the field vectors they. Produce point directly hvard each of them, Thus, the tree eletic fields produced atthe GBindy the tre charged pares ae oeted as in Fig © z, e eo . e Bz - @ ‘We can now add the fields vectorially. However, here we can symmetry to simplify the procedure. From Fig. (i), we see that eric tetas Zand {, have the same direction. Hence, their vgjot sum as hat direction an has the magne 129 e Ate Tega ® a ae e 4ney d?° 119 We must now combine two vectors, jf, and the vector sum Ei+ Ep» that have the same magnitude and tt are oriented ‘symmetrically about the 2x axis, as shown in Fig (i). From the symmetry of Fig. (i), we realize thatthe equal components of (ur two vectors cancel (one is upward andthe other is downward) and the equal x components add (both ae rightward), Thus, the net lect feld atthe origin isin the postive direction ofthe axis and has the magnitude . E = 265, = 26, cos 30° 8. Five charges, g each are placed at the corners of a ‘regular pentagon of side (a) (i) What will be the electric field at O, the centre of the pentagon ? (ti) What willbe the electric field at O if the charge from ‘one of the corners (say A) is removed ? (ti) What will be the electric field at © ifthe charge ¢ at Als replaced by ~ ¢? (©) How would your answer to (a) be affected if pentagon 's replaced by w-sided regular polygon with charge q at each ofits corners ? INCERT Exemplar] Sol. (a) (i) The point O, the centre of ihe pentagon is equidistare from all the charges at the end point of pentagon. Thus, due to symmetry, the electric field due to all the charges are cancelled Out. AS @ result electric field at O is zero. (di) We can write that the vector sum of electric field due to charge A and electric due to other four charges at the center of Pentagon should be zero or, Ea + Eur cures Hienee patie ~ En > [Bearchages|=[EA | ‘When charge q is removed from A net electric field at the center due to remaining charges Eur charges | =|E4 {Geiicn happens wo equa he magnitude of fld Z, along OA.4110, oe (ii) If charge q at A is replaced by ~ q, then electric field due ele to this negative charge Eg ~ Fmeg 7? HonsOA- Hence net electric field at the center Big+ Broorcmes Bat eg, ot tae Greg 1 Heo 7? Bias 1 28 Bua ~ Grey 7? tone OA: (0) if pentagon is replaced by 1 sided regular polygon with charge ¢ at each ofits comers, here again charges are symmetrical bout the center, The net electric field at O would continue to be vero, it does depend on the number of sides or the mumber of charges. Electric field due to continuous distribution of charge ‘A system of closely spaced electric charges forms a continunss charge distibution, To find the field of a continuous charge distribution, we divide the charge ino infinitesimal charge elements. Fach infinitesimal charge element is then considered, as a point charge and electric field “GE is determined due to this charge at given point. The Net ficld atthe given point is the surmmation of fields ofall the clemens. Le, B= f aE FIELD OF RING CHARGE "A ring-shaped conductor with radius a carries a total charge uniformly distributed around it Let us calculate the electric field ata point P that lies on the axis of the ring at a distance x from its center. 'As shown in the figure, we imagine the ring divided into infinitesimal segments of lengths ds. Each segment has charge @Q and acts asa point-charge source of elect ld. Let di be the tlectic field from one such segment; the net electric field at P is then the sum of all conrbuions dE fom all the segments that make up the ring. The calculation of E is greatly simplified because the field point P is at one of the symmetry axis of the ring. So the ficld at P is described completely by its x-component E,. ‘To calculate Ey note that the square of the distance r from ring segment to the point P is 2 = x2 + a. Hence the magnitude, of this segment’s contribution to the electric field at Pis z the component dE, 0 Using cos a = "GG gayle this field along the x-axis is ° 2 e Ey = MBO" ancy x ea? Vx? +a ° os ° “aney (2 +07)? ‘To find the total x-component E, of the field at P, we integra) this expression over all segment of the ring _ \Sor Ge? +a?yP? e Since x does not vary as we move from point to point arouRt the ring, all the factors on the right side except dQ are constant and can be taken outside the integral. The integral of dQ is just total charge Q, and we finally get nag e ee ee, tn ae Gre? “@ + Hlectrc fel is directed away from posivly chars ring «For = 0, =0; this concuson may be arved a symmetry consideration. Ata large distance, from the ring the electric field wile zero, hence it should have certain maximum value ew x= Oandr=< (ors ==) «we masinize he egaton() we can ete va Sp 28 Well 35 Ey ° rormsimn ite of: (7 eo (aye ® G2 a2 P21 +a)! 2x o (wea) ® @+@-32 <08 xt ® @ and the maximum value of the electric field is En 1° (aaa) (a)ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD (b) Obtain its time period INCERT Exemplar} Sol. Let the charge q is displaced slightly by z @ << R) @ Hors the axis oF rng. Net force onthe charge q will be towards ©. The motion of charge q tobe simple harmonic, ifthe force on (@ c*arge q mms: be proportional wo and is directed towards ©. e e Att e LO e ae Electric field at axis of the ring at a distance z from the centre 1 @ Grey (R24 z2) 2 > towards © e @trer= Net force on the charge F, =a AS¢ << R then, Fig, = Fee =-K Qa 4neoR® When xe constant Clearly, force ong is proportional to negative of its Roscemen. Three. mio 9 singe haat e a a r20fE [K 2+ (Emurs : us ILLUSTRATIONS ——_ ILLUSTRATIONS aren 9. Total charge - Q is uniformly spread along length of a = Tete ing of radius R.A smal test charge + ¢ of mass m is kept at the fore of the ring and is given a gentle push along the axis 10. Obtain the formula for the electric field due to a long. of the ring. thin wire of uniform linear charge density 2. ENCERT] Sol. Positive electric charge Q is distributed uniformly along a line, lying along the y-axis. Let us find the electric field at point D On the x-axis at a distance ry from the origin. We divide the line charge into infinitesimal segments, each of which acts as a point charge; let the length of a typical segment at height be dl. Ifthe charge is distributed uniformly with the linear charge density 2. Hence the charge dQ in a segment of length dl is dQ = idl. At point D the differential electric field df created by this element, In triangle AOD; OA = OD tan @ 4'= ro tan 8 ; Differentiating this equation with respect to 6 dl = ry sec? 8 a0 . - 2d Sutottuing he vale of din equation @); d= = of cos 08 Field dE has components dE, eae ia wwe obtain E, and E, . Nove that as the length of wire increases, the angle @ increases, for a very long wire infinitely Jong wire), it approaches n/2, gE, = | Acosede a PN aneghy Beem “7 asinode Bd areom Tus SE 35607,. ee Electric Field Due to Various Charge Distribution Ss e ° 4. Semi circular ring Le Situation e ® 5 e {shes ® ° e e aah, e E,= Gage Cine + Sin B) By xz g7 OSB 008 4) e 2. Infinite line charge e tuation ms rr, : ; e : e f : : a Electric Field ® Electric Field ae e i 4 EY ay 2neor a a . 6. Uniformly charged dise E,* Fpggr UE, = 0 Hence Bae” Fregr Situation ° 3. Semi infinite line charge . ‘Situation . {| ae ° if 1. m : a Electric Field e + £ 2 ee . 7 Infinite thin plane sheet of charge ® ‘Situation : ® < f= « e Electric Field ® ° B 2e5 e e@e ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE ‘As we have seen, electric charges create an elecitic field in @ the space around them. It is useful to have a kind of “ map” that @ BN6S te dretion and strength ofthe fed at varios places. The ‘great English physicist Michael Faraday proposed an idea that @ Provides such a “map” — the idea of electric field lines. @ _, 2% te elect fed is the electric force per unit charge, field lines are also called lines af force. © some pattern of electric lines of force ® OO) © eseesnnevoesenseeeseeo ee eee ee Ee + Properties of electric lines of force (@ Electric field tines come out of positive.charge and go in to the negative charge. & 8 ‘4 (ii) Tangent to the field line at any point gives the direction of the field at that point. (iii) Field lines never intersect each other. (Gv) Field lines are always normal to conducting surface. (9) Field tines do not exist inside a conductor. “ (vi) The electric field lines never form closed loops. (While ‘magnetic lines of forces form closed loop) (ti) “The number of lines originating or terminating on a charge is proportional to the magnitude of charge i.e. |Q| = ‘umber of lines. In the following figure | Q, | >| Qp | (i) IF the tines of forces are equidistant and parallel straight lines the field is uniform and if either lines of force are ‘ot equidistant or straight line or both the field will be ‘on uniform, also the density of fled lines i proportional to the strength ofthe electric fel. pas —=S iy =a > = WE=E, E> Ey488. ILLUSTRATIONS, 11, Figure shows four choices for the electric field lines: between three negative point charges (-q, -gs and -2g) and ‘one positive point charge (+4g). Which of these choices is the ‘only one of the four that could possibly show a correct representation of the field lines? (a) Figure a (b) Figure b (c) ‘Figure c (d) Figure d * =e : Ft @ © © © Sol. Electric field lines begin on positive charges and ends on negative charges. The tangent to a field line at a point gives the irection of the electric field at that point. Equally spaced parallel field lines indicate that the field has a constant value (magnitude and direction) in the corresponding region of space. ‘Answer (a) is incorrect. Field lines can never cross, a8 they do at point P in Figure a. If two field lines were to intersect, there ‘would be two electric fields at the point of intersection, one associated with each line. However, there can only be one value of ihe electric field at a given point “Answer (b) is incorrect. The number of field lines that leave a positive charge or end on a negative charge is proportional to the ‘magnitude of the charge. Since 8 lines leaves the + 4g charge, ‘one-half of them (or 4) must end on the -2g charge, and one-fourth of them (or 2) must end on each of the -@ charges. Figure b incorrectly shows 5 lines ending on the -2q charge and 1 tine ending on one of the -¢ charges. ‘Answer (d) is incorrect. Figure d is incorrect because the field lines between the +4q charge and the ~ 2q charge are parallel; and evenly spaced, which would indicate that the field everywhere in this region has a constant magnitude and direction. However, the field between the +49 charge and the -2¢ charge certainly is stronger in places close to either of the charges. The field lines should, therefore, have a curved nature, similar (out not identical) to the field lines that surround a dipole. “Answer (c) is correct. Figure ¢ contains none of the errors discussed previously and, therefore, is the only drawing that could be correct. 12. Which among the curves shown in figure cannot possibly represent electrostatic field lines? INCERT] i PHYSICS - xi Sol. Figure (a), (b), (d) and (¢) cannot represent electric field lines due 10 the following reasons: (The electric field lines should be normal to the conductor which is not so in figure (a) ‘The electric field lines should start from positive charge and end at negative charge which is not so in figure (0), The electric field lines should not intersect each other which they do as in figure (d) ‘The electric field lines should not form closed loops which they do as in figure (¢). w auiy ww) e © Only figure (c) is corréet as it represents electric field lines ‘due to two equal positive charges. 13, Figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges A;B and C eeo0008 @eoasenne0e800809380 ®ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD : @ Which charges are positive? (i) Which charge has the largest magnitude? Why? (ii) In which region or regions ofthe picture could the electric field be zero? Justify your answer. (@) Near A ©) Near B (© Nearc @ Nowhere INCERT Exemplar] Sol. © Here, in the figure, the electric lines of force starts from A.and C. Therefore, charges A and C must be positive, (ii) The mumber of electric lines of forces starting from charge ‘Care maximum, so C must have the largest magnitude, (iii) From the figure we see that a neutral point exists between charges A and C. Here, more number of electric lines of forces show higher strength of charge C than A. Thus, electric field is zero near charge A hence neutral point lies near A. hotion oF CHARGE PARTICLE IN ELECTRIC FIELD When charged particle initially at rest is placed in the @ _wiform feta Suppose a charged Particle having charge Q and mass m is @iiaty at resin an elec field of stength E. The parce wil experience an electric force which causes is modon. (i) Force and acceleration: The force experienced by the qed Particle is F = QE. OF © Acceleration produced by is fore is a= = OF @ Wi Velocity: sppose at point A particle is at rest and in time it reaches the point B where it’s velocity becomes v. Also if AV Potential difference between A and B.S ~ Separation between A and B e = ® @ ¥ Qu (i) Momentum : Momentum p = my, p'= mx 2 = Qe = mx PO _ agav ® iv) Kinetic energy: Kinetic energy gainéd by the particle in eo S If charge Q is given a displacement 7° = (7, 1+ ry J+ rh) ‘nan electric eld E = (Ey 1+ Ep J+ Ey &)- The work done is W=Q(E.7)= Q (Er + Eats + Est) Work done in displacing a charge in an electric field is path ‘independent. * When a charged particle enters with an initial velocity at rright angle to the uniform field ‘When charged particle enters perpendicularly in an electric field, it describe a parabolic path as shown : F Wr = Wa Wor = Oxoid oS tn pi isdien suger cantan apne a pray ieceabeee ‘Since the motion of the particle is accelerated along y- axis : oy~1(Q0YE) ons etalon which shows y = 2 i) Velocity at any instant : At any instant fy, = u and vd Rye yea = ft CEE en eae) a FB is the angle made by v with x-axis then14, An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary ‘under a constant electric field of 2-85 10* N/C in Millikan’s ‘ll drop experiment. The density of the oil is 1-26 g/cm’. ‘Estimate the radius of the drop. (g = 9°81 mis* ; ¢ = 1-60 x WO. INCERT] Sol. Here; q (charge on the drop) = 12 ¢ ie 12 (16 x 10-C) = 192 x 10°C E = 255 x 10'Vin 1.26 pier? = 1:26 x 10° kgim’ g = 981m Let r be the radius of the drop. As the drop is held stationary under constant electric field E, force on the drop due to electric field (QE) p (density of oil) = weight of the drop (mg) 4x oc ge -(“2r* og ‘ge Otis tape 9 4 3 319-2 x 107 €)(255 x 10* Vm) _] x 3-18(1-26 x 10° kg/m? )(9-81m/ 5?) | = 0-981 x 10m = 9-81 x 10% mun 15. A particle of mass m and charge (-g) enters the ‘region between the two charged plates initially moving along X-axis with speed ¥, (like particle 1 in figure). The length of plate is L aad a uniform electric field E is maintained between the plates. Show that the vertical deflecting of the particle at ae 7 {NCERT] mv?) Sol. Force acting on particle of charge -g in positive Yeairection, Le, Fy = gE the far edge of the plate is va | <— ‘Acceleration experienced by the particle, i.¢., F, 5 ge Say Fat ‘Time taken by the particle to cover the distance L, L poe ‘Vertical deflection of the particle at the far edge of the plate, yaeyey a e 3 és : 1 or ee eS the charged particle is a parabola whichis similar to the motion of, projectile in the gravitational fel 16, Figure shows the tracks of three charged particles in 4 uniform electrostatic field projected parallel to plate with ‘same velocity. Give the signs of the three charges. Which of the three particles has the highest charge to mas ratio? @ Sol. (1) and (2) are negative while (3) is positive os ‘Acceleration of each particle a = “T> Deflection suffered by a particle, “Hence (3) will have highest gim ratio. ELECTRIC DIPOLE ‘System of two equal and opposite charges separated by 2 fixed distance is called a dipole, ®@Fessesvsevensesdeeseeeeeeeaeeeoeeeeeoseses rection of electric field. This is the Qe cioie. ‘Axial tne Dipole moment : It is a vector quantity and is directed from ‘negative charge to positive charge along the axis, It is denoted a8 pj and is defined as the product of the magnitude of either ofthe charge andthe dipole length Le. 3 = (2?) Its S.L. unit is coulomb-metre or Debye (1 Debye = 3-3 x 10° C x m) and its dimensions are M° L! T! A’. * Electric field and potential due to an electric dipole : If a, e and g are tree points oo axial, equatorial and general position at a distance r trom the centre of dipole +o e Bie, 4 2 @ At axial point : Electic field and potential are given as, i am Gre, 73 rected from ~ 4 t0 + @ wp ae Va~ Greg 72 Angle between and 7 is 0° (@) At equatorial point: E,~ G5, 23 hanna to-q)and V, = 0, Angle between and 7 is 180° * Dipole in an external electric field : When a dipole is kept in an uniform electric feld, the net force experienced by the dipole zero as shown in fig. ‘The net torque experienced by the dipole is t = pE sin @ Fo PxE Hence due to torque so produced, dipole align itself in the Position of siable equilibrium. ar (ii) Rquitibrium of dipole : When © = 0° i.e., dipole is placed along the electric field it is said to be in stable equilibrium, because after turning it through a small angle, dipole tries to align ielf again in the direction of electric field. When @ = 180° f., dipole is placed opposite to electric field, itis suid to be in unstable equilibrium. 17. In.a certain region of space, electric field is along the Z-direction throughout. The magnitude of electric field is, however, not constant but increases uniformly along the Positive Z-direction, at the rate of 10° N/C per metre. What are the force and torque experienced by a system having a total dipole moment equal to 10-7 Cm in the negative Z -divection ? INCERT] z Sol. Here; p 10°7Cm 10° (NIC) per meter = 108 N/Cm als F = q E+ (-q(E+ a8) = a “| #) (as q dZ = p = dipole moment) dé Thus, ¥ acts ina direction opposite to 4E ip, along negative Z-dretion, F=iF Further, rf = 007 om (>) = 1028 Since pL tz, 18. An electric dipole formed by two particles fixed at the end of a light rod of length Z. The mass of each particle is ‘m and the charges are -g and + g. The system is placed in such a way that the dipole axis is parallel to a uniform electric field E that exists in region. The dipole is slightly rotated about its centre and released. Show that for small angular 0 (ort = pE sind = pE sin 180° = 0) displacement, the motion is SHM. Evaluate its time period.118 Sol. Suppose that the dipole axis makes an angle @ with the electric field at an instant. The magnitude of the torque om it is ‘This torque will tend to rotate the dipote back towards the electric field. Also, for small angular displacement sin @ ~ @ so that E® [Negative sign is because torque applied by field will be opposite to angular displacement 6. ‘The given figure gives electric lines of force due to two charges gy and ga. What are the signs of the two charges ? a (a) Both are negative (b) Both are positive (0) qx is positive but gis negative (d) 4) is negative but gz is positive 2, Which of the following figure represent the electric ficld ‘ines due to a single positive charge ? @ 4 o zt — ae aRenee aa gO oO eee ae 3. ‘Which of the following figure represent the electric field lines due to a single negative charge ? @ ” Se oe Pen One: (ae sere ae ce periods T= 2x CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 PHYSICS - xi ee “The moment of inertia of the system about the axis of rotation m2 xn 4) 2qE 4 here e hikaebed ml ‘Thus, the motion is angular simple harmonic and the time [ml 24E 4, Figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges 'A.B and C. Which of the following charges are positive ? AY @ yy Xe} (@) Only A ®) Only C (©) Both A and C © @ Both Band C ‘5. Two point charges +89 and 24 are located at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The location of a point on the x-axis at ‘which the net electric field. due to these two point charges is 7A zero is @ 8L ) 4L L @ 2. o> 6. Two point charges Q and -3 Q are placed at some distance If the electric fleld atthe location of Q is E then at the location of -3Q, It is @ -E © EI ( -3E @ -E/3 17, ‘Three identical point charges, as shown are placed at the @ ‘vertices of an isoscelés right angled triangle. Which of the rumbered vectors coincides in direction with the electric field at the mid-point M of the hypotenuse le 3 eesevse 8Se0v000e0282 00888989382 2 ve8 2CHOCCESHHSESE LES ECEEOCESOEHOEOHOSOCESLOOOCE ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD @i 2 o3 @ 4 8. In the following four situations charged particles are at equal distance from the origin. Arrange them the magnitude of the net electric field at origin greatest first Y 54 aad’ i x Gy OO» 0-9 aE ae role Y ty - xe oex «wo “2 Caw go @ > ti) > Gi)> 0) Gi) > W > ity > a) © @ > iti) > di) > dy) @ a> ii > Wy > @ ‘A charge particle is free to move in an electric field. It will travel () Atways along a lie of force () Along a line of force, if its initial velocity is zero (©) Along a line of force, If it has some initial velocity in the direction of an acute angle with the line of force (@) None of the above . A charged particle of mass mi and charge q is released from ‘est in an electric field of constant magnitude E. The kinetic nergy of the particle after time #is = 25? side @ = o Eq? Cn Or ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS LAW Electric Flux Electric flux is a measure of ‘flow’ of electric field through 2 surface. Tt is equal to the product of an area element and the Perpendicular component of E, integrated over a surface. 1119 1. An electron falls through a small distance in a uniform electric field of magnitude 2 x 10 NC*. The direction of the field is reversed keeping the magnitude unchanged and a proton falls through the same distance. The time of fall will be (@) Same in both cases (©) More in the case of an electron (©) More in the case of proton (@) Independent of charge 12. The electric field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole and direction ofthe dipole moment (@) Will be parallet ©) Will be in opposite direction (0) Will be perpendicular @ Are not related 13. A given charge is siuated at a verain distance from an electric dipole in the end-on position experiences a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, the force acting on the charge will be @ 2F ® F/2 @ F/4 @ FI 14, An electric dipole is kept in non- uniform electric field. It experiences (Ga) A force and a worque ©) A force but nota torque (© A torque but not a force (@) Neither a force nora torque 15, An clectic dipole consisting of two opposite charges of 2 10 C each separated by a disance of 3 cm is placed in an electric field of 2.x 10° N/C. The maximum torque on the dipote will be @ 2x10'Nm © 12x 109Nm (0 24x 101Nm @ 24x 107Nm Flux of electric field through any area 3 is defined as, 9 =EAcosdorg_ Fx Incase o arabes ld or cued area ¢ = [Eds Hs $1 Uniti (Volt x m) or N= For a closed body ourward flux is taken to be positive while inward flux is taken to be negative.ema Si sss 2m Gauss's Law and it's een be Se So, E~Gmeg R? fo ‘According to this law, the total flux linked with a closed surface called Gaussian surface (The surface need not be a real ‘physical surface, it an also be an hypothetical one) is (1/eq) times the charge enclosed by the close surface i.e, 1 9 = fE = 55 Qn) Bctrc field in f B- GA is complete eletrc field. tt may be parly dve to charge with in the surface and partly due to charge ‘outside the surface. However if there is no charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface, then f E+ 4A’ = 0 ‘The electric field fis resulting from all charges, both those inside and those outside the Gaussian surface. IMPORTANT POINT : Keep in mind, the electric field due toa charge outside the Gaussian surface contributes zero net flux through the surface, because as many lines due to that charge enter the surface as leave it. Electric Field due to Charged Conducting sphere (or shell of charge) : Tf charge on a conducting sphere of radius R is Q (and o = surface charge density) then electric field in different situation are (@ Outside the sphere: If point P les ouside the sphere or? eor? ee Bia? aneg ft Q=oxA=ox4RR) (i Atthe surface of sphere : At surface r = R Application of Gauss's law in different situations (iii) inside the sphere : Inside the conducting charged sphere electric field is zero every where E, =0 Define Field due to Uniformly charged non-conducting sphere : ‘Suppose charge Q is uniformly distributed in the volume of a ‘non-conducting sphere of radius R (@) Outside the sphere : If point P lies outside the sphere If the sphere has uniform volume charge density pr? Fou “Ger then (ii) At the surface of sphere : At surface r= R 12) pe Ee” Greg RB? 3e0 Gi Inside the sphere : Ata distance r from the centre Ene A Infinite thin plane sheet of charge Consider a thin infinite-non-conducting plane sheet having uniform surface charge density o. Electric field near the sheet 1. Ifa closed body (not enclosing any charge) is placed in an electric field (ether uniform or non-niform Flux id total flux linked with the closed body will be zero = © TSF DCHD C10 CSO A DOO Y OOO SHS OFS OOOO EC19. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the electric flux through this surface ? INCERT Exemplar] Sol. According to Gauss'law, the electric flux through an enclosed surface i gven by f Bsa $ = “ms. ‘The net charge on a dipole is given by - q+ g hence Gensou = 0 Hence the electric flux through a surface enclosing a dipole 0, oe BE Se £0 £0 20. If the total charge enclosed by a surface is zero. does ‘it imply that the electric field everywhere on the surface is zero ? Conversely, if the electric field everywhere on a surface ‘is zero, does it imply that net charge inside is zero. Sol According to Gauss’ law the flux associated with any closed surface is given by fE-a $ (charge enclosed by surface) 1 Arey @ 0 If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface respectively is and @» the electric charge inside the surface will be (a) G+ 40 © @-d0e (0 Gr + eavleo @) @2- Ole 'S. Consider the charge configuration and spherical Gaussian surface as shown in the figure, When calculating the flux of the electric field aver the spherical surface the electric field will be due to 2@e020e2ne0 8088880888 00888 808388898 O86ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 6. Aneleciric dipole is put in north-south direction in a sphere filled with water. Which statement is correct (@) Electric fax is coming towards sphere ©) Blectric x is coming out of sphere (©) Electric flux entering into sphere and leaving the sphere are same (@_ Water does not permit electric fux to enter into sphere 7. The electric flux for Gaussian surface A that enclose the charged particles in tree space is (given q, = - 14 nC, 2 = 78-85 nC, q, = ~ $600) : Gaussian (@ 10° Nm? C4 oa ©) 10° CN? me? ae (0) 632 x 10° Nm? Ct surface 8 (@) 632 x 10 CN" ne? 8. Electric charge is uniformly distributed along 2 straight wire of radius 1 mit: The charge per centimeter length of the wire is Q coulam. Another cylindrical surface of radius $0 cm and Jength 1m, symmetrically encloses the wire as shown in Fig. The total electric flux passing through the cylindrical surface is woe soem 2 one @ % oe 100 1009 Oa, Oe 9. A.solid metallic sphere has a charge + 3Q. Concentric with the sphere is a conducting spherical shell having charge - Q. ‘The radius of the sphere is a and that of the spherical shell is b @ > a). What is the electric field at a distance Ra < R < 0) from the centre Q 3Q © reR © 2reoR 4Q Oat © sr20 10. An elec feld given by B= 47-349? 4 2)) pieces ‘Gaussian cube of side 1 m placed at origin such that its three sides represents x, y and z axes. The net charge enclosed within the cube is @) eq (0 Se () 3e @ ww 423 1. A point charge q is placed at a distance a/2 directly above the centre of a square of side a. The electric flux through the square is a aa we Bae (eh ae aa 12. Three infinitely long charge sheets are placed as shown in figure. The electric field at point P is @ 4o% 404 0 ty - € 13. Two infinitely long parallel conducting plates having surface charge densities + o and ~ o respectively, are separated by a small distance. The medium between the plates is vacuum, If eas the dielectic perminivity of vacuum, then the electric field inthe region between the plats is ° (a) 0 volts/meter o) Deo voltsimeter o 20 © ot voltsimeter @ - voltsimeter 14. Ata point 20 cm from the centre of a uniformly charged Giclectric sphere of radius 10 em, the electric field is 100 Vim. The electric field at 3 cm from the centre of the sphere wil be @ 150 Vim ) 125 Vim (0 120Vim @ Zero 1S. The eletric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius R as function of the distance from its centre is represented graphically by @ ©i Five Styrofoam balls are suspended from insulating threads. Several experiments are performed on the balls and the following observations are mode (D Ball A repels C and attracts B, Gi) Ball D attracts B and has no effect on E. (ili)A negatively charged rod attracts both A and E. ‘An electrically neutral Styrofoam ball gets attracted if placed nearby a charged body due to induced charge. What are the charges, if any, on each ball ? scoot > E Aaa C «Die ia er a Raia Bhat ceric. olga adh ae ss! Sessa. 90 gt Re eae TEARS) Sol. (c) From (i) A and C both are charged, either positively or negatively. From (i) Both D and E has no charge and from (i), Ais positively charged. Therefore from (), B is negatively charged. ‘Two free point charges + q and + 4g are placed a disance apart. A third charge is so placed that all the three charges are in equilibrium. Then (@) unknown charge is - 44/9 (®) uskiwown charge is ~9 4/4 (@) It should be at (v3) from smaller charge between them. (@) It should be placed at (21/3) from smaller charge between them, 2 Sol. (a) ee 4g al ees For equilibrium of all the changes net force on each charge should be zero. 4 FD - AR = oe force 00 = a =x3 SOLVED EXAMPLES (Net force on A) 3. Two identical spheres of same mass and specific gravity (which Is the ratio of density of @ substance and density of water) 2-4 have different charges of Q and - 3Q. They are suspended from two strings of same length / fixed to points at the same horizontal level, but distant / from each other. When the entire set up is transferred inside a liquid of specific gravity 0-8, itis observed that the inclination of cach string in equilibrium remains unchanged, Then the dielectric constant of the liquid is @ 2 3 © 1 (@) None of these Sol. (0) vo PS Fk no" Vos ” Vo- oe = eeepc p-o 24-08 — 4. Four point positive charges’are held at the vertices of a square in a horizontal plane. Their masses are 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg. Another point positive charge of mass 10 kg is kept on the axis of the square. The weight of this fith charge is balanced by the electrostatic force due to those four charges, If the four charges on the vertices are released such that they can freely move in any direction (vertical, horizontal ete) then the acceleration of the centre of mass of the four charges immediately after the release is (Use g = 10 mis) (@) 10 m/s? downwards (©) 20 m/s? downwards (@) 210 @ 10 mis upwards. Sol. (b) ‘The net electrostatic force on 10 kg charge should be F, = 100 N upwards + Net electrostatic force on remaining four charges = 100 N downwards 2=ePen0e0080808088868088880880808 88898008 C8 @+ Net force on remaining four charges = Net electrostatic force + net weight =100'N + 100 N = 200 N downwards = Acceleration of centre of mass of the four charges ‘immediately after the release _ Net Force Net mass 200 Ao” = 20 m/s* downwards A simple pendulum having bob of mass m and charge + q has Jength 1. It is placed in downward vertical electric field. The time period of small oscillation is IX aN ed «aie (@) nt defined T 2n |= @) equal 0 2%) tess than 2x,| (© Yess tnan 2) (0) Restoring torque t = (mg + gE) I sin @ T me =2n < 2x] See _ £ T= 28 ig + gE at 8 @ ‘Two small spheres with mass m, and m, hang from massless, © inoulating treads of length f, ard fy, The two spheres carry charges qi and q2 respectively. The spheres hang such that © they are on same horizontal level ad the threads are inclined ‘to the vertical at angles , and @). Which of the condition is @ required if 6; = 0, e e ‘e e i e ma Mee @@ m-m © \ail = lal Oa nak o poe e Sol. (a) Since both the small spheres are at same horizontal level, the electrostatic forces on both spheres are in horizontal direction. The FBD of left sphere is shown in figure er a Fes Blectostatc force rg ‘The sphere isin equilibrium = Toos@ = mg and T sin@ = Fs =i, ae ‘The magnitude of electrostatic force on each sphere is same irrespective of its charge for 8, = @>. the necessary condition is m™; = ms 7. A positive point charge +Q is fixed in space. A negative point charge -q of mass m revolves around fixed charge in elliptical orbit. The fixed charge +Q is at one focus of the ellipse. The only force acting on negative charge is the electrostatic force due to positive charge. Then which of the following statement ae (a) Linear momentum of negative point charge is conserved (©) Angular momentum of negative point charge about fixed positive charge is conserved (©) Total kinetic energy of negative point charge is conserved (d) Electrostatic potential energy of system of both point charges is conserved | (O) Since net force on negative charge is always directed towards fixed positive charge, the torque on negative charge about positive charge is zero, Therefore angular momentum of negative charge about fixed positive charge is conserved. ‘8 The charge and mass of two particles are + Q, M and - g, m respectively. The particles separated by a distance L, are released from rest in a uniform electric field E. The electric field is parallel to line joining both the charges and is directed from negative to positive charge. For the separation between Particles to remain constant, the value of L is (K = G==~) (M+ mKQg (M+ m)KQq © VEq@M+on = © \E@n+0M) mM KQg mM KQg © VE@M+ Qn) © \5OM+ amSol. In order to maintain constant separation, the particles must have the same acceleration, ‘Assuming the system of both charges to accelerate towards left. Applying Newton's second law, equation of motion to the left particle we get ce 2Q ae 0 Under given condition the aceleration of both charges should ‘be same and should also be equal to acceleration of centre of mass of both the charges. ~—Fha_ - Q-@E 5 ‘oialmass m+ M . ‘Hence from equation (i) and (ii) we get (Me mROG E(@M + Qm) 9, An infinite number of charges, each of, charge 1 HC, are placed on the x-axis with co-ordinates x = 1, 2, 4, 8, fa charge of 1 C is kept at the origin, then what is the net force acting on 1 C charge (@ 9000 N (©) 12000 N (© 24000. (@ 36000 N Sol. (0) The schematic diagram of distribution of charges on x- axis is shown in figure below : Total force acting on 1 C charge is given by 1 1x1x10% | 11x10 aol FGF Lex xi a oO 1 10° ( “4m & =9 x10 x 106] 7 4 ag 9 x10 x 106 x 5 9 x 108 x $= 12000 10, A charge Q is fixed at a distance d in front of an infinite metajp plate, The lines of force are represented by sof. ss . & any e ran : - a BS . th Sol. (a) Metal plate acts as an equipotential surface, therefore field lines should enter normal to the surface of the mé plate. 111. The lines of force of the electric field due to two charges q and Q are sketched in the figure. State if (a) Qis positive and |Q| > |q| (©) Qis negative and |Q| > |4] (qs positive and'|Q| < |g] (@) q is negative and |Q| < |g] Sol. (c) q is +ve because lines of force emerge from it JJ < |a| because more lines emerge from q and less lines terminate at Q 12. Figures below show regular hexagons, with charges at vertices. In which of the following cases the electric ficld the centre is not zer0 jge008200000 e9see0e00© 2 o3 4 @. 2 Heectric field at a point due to positive charge acts away from the charge and due to negative charge it act’ towards the Eneta0 ® Figure stows «racks of tree charged panicles crossing a e uniform electrostatic field with same velocities along horizontal. Give the signs of the dhree charges. Which particle has the @ Bishest charges to mass rato ? oe”! 2 3 (@) cannot be calculated G. (6) Charge 1 and 2 are deflected towards the positive plate, hhence they are negatively charged particles. On the other hand, © charge 3 is positively charged particle, as it gets deflected towards negative plate ieieiaatemes. = ee Sie al he te chard parce a ria eas felis voli, cy renal Gee ac of cern ft lores anion Hyena prod nth pe ofa cated pl ty ee rea ‘Now, the initial velocity of the charged particle along vertical. iat charge ona pce a ne en coals eee As E and 1 are same for all the charged particles, it follows that ie im ‘Since the charged particle 3 suffers maximum deflection along vertical, its charge to mass ratio is highest. 114. In figure two positive charges qo and qs fixed along the y-axis, exert a net electric force in the + x-direction on a charge q: fixed along the'x-axis, Ifa positive charge Q is added at (x, 0), the force on 4, y y % & 4 4 @ Z (40) - a 4 @ (ii) (@) stall increase along the positive x-axis (©) shall decrease along the positive x-axis (6) shall point along the negative x-axis (d) shall increase but the direction changes because of the imersection of Q with gz and qs [NCERT Exemplar] Sol. a) We kaow like charges repel and unlike charges attract. ‘The net electrostatic force on the charges gy by the charges qo and 4y is along the positive a-direction, Hence the nature of force between qi, g2 and qi, qs should be attractive. It means 4} should be negative. This can be represented by the figure given below Now a positive charge Q is placed at (x, 0), Bence the nature‘of force between gy and Q (positive) will be attractive and the force on gy by the charge Q should be along positive x-axis direction. Now we can say net force on the charge qy due 10 charges 2, 9 and Q should be along the same direction as siven in the diagram below Now it is clear from the figure given above that the force on 4 shall increase along the positive x-axis due to presence of positive charge Q placed at (x, 0). 15. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere (igure). The electric fic is best given by © <= 73 o = eS ‘a © —Oe @ —OL INCERE Exemplar} Sol. @) ‘The explanation to this problem can be done by keeping two things in mind (@ Concept of induction (i) The electric field lines interact with a conducting body ‘nonmally. ‘Let us discuss the phenomenon of induction involved in this ‘ease, When a positive point charge is brought near an isolated ‘conducting sphere without touching the sphere, then the free clectrons in the sphere are atracted towards the postive charge, ‘Thus, the left surface of sphere has an excess of negative charge and the right surface of sphere has an excess of postive charge, It should be noted that both kinds of charges are ‘bound in the metal sphere and cannot escape. They, therefore, reside on the surface ofthe sphere. ‘An electric field lines start from postive point charge and ends at negative charge induced on the left surface of sphere ‘Also, electric field line emerges from a positive charge, in case of single charge and ends at infinity. Induced charge 9 Here, all these, conditions are fulfilled in Fig. (a). 16. The electric flux through the surface s = s ) EI 2 0 ® i) w (@) in Fig. (vis the largest () in Fig. ii is the least (©) in Fig. Gi) is same as Fig. (ii) but is smaller than Fig. ww) (@) isthe same for all the figures (NCERT Exemplar] — @ Sol. (d) According to Gauss’ law of electrostatics that the total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the char enclosed divided by the permittivity £., 7 e essa & e ‘Thus, electric flux through a surface doesn't depend on 8G shape, size or area of a surface but it depends on the amount of charge enclosed by the surface. ° In given figures the charge enclosed are same it means electric flux through all the surfaces should be same. Hi option (d) is correct. ° 17, Five charges gi, day da» Qs and ds are fixed at their positions as shown in Figure, $ is a Gaussian surface. e ° The Gauss’ law is given by FE dS re which of following statements js correct ? ® (@ E on the LHS of the above equation will nave@ cemtribution from gy, 4s and, 4s and gs while q onthe RHS wil have a contribution from q, and q, only @ (© E on the LHS of the above equation will have contribution from all charges while q on the RS have a conibuion frm ga and gy only (@ E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS va ‘have a contribution from 41, 43 and qs only (0) Bath Eon the LHS and q on the RHS wil nA contributions from q and q, only NCERT Exemploy[AND ELECTRIC FIELD ‘Gaussian Surface % Is =a 1.) According to Gauss’ law, the term enoass OM the right a includes the sum of se oft equation f#- 43 ~ a ears eed by te suri caled(Gusian src) In eft side equation the electric field is due to all the charges present both inside as well as outside the Gaussian surface. Hence in given question, E on LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will have a contribution from qs and qq only. Hence option (b) is correct Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole P ig placed as shown. Which of the following statements is correct ? eeoeeceeporee (a) The dipole will not experience any force () The dipole will experience a fotce towards right (©) The dipole will experience a force towards left (@) The dipole will experience a force upwards INCERT Exemplar] . () If the lines of forces are equidistant and parallel straight lines the field is uniform and if either lines of force are not ‘equidistant or straight line or both the field will be non-uniform. The number of electric field lines passing per unit area is proportional to the strength of electric field. For example see the following figures. eceasresepoeeeeeoee Exoey Hence in given question, from given pater of eletric field lines itis clear thatthe strength of electric field decreases @ from lett to right. As a result force on charges also decreases from left to right. Here in given figure, the force on charge -@ js greater than force on charge +q in tur dipole will experience 4 force towards left. Hence option (c is correct. 19. A point charge +q is placed at a distance d from an isolated ‘conducting plane. The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is (@ directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane (©) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane (©) directed radially away from the point charge (@ directed radially towards the point charge INCERT Exemplar] Sol. (b) If a point positive charge is placed near an isolated conducting plane, free electrons are attracted towards the positive charge. Result ofthis some negative charge developes ‘on the surface of the plane towards the positive charge side nd an equal positive charge developes on opposite side of the plane. The electric field lines are away from positive charge and perpendicular to surface. Hence the field ata point P on the other side of the plane is directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane, hence option (b) is correct. 20, A hemisphere is uniformely charged positively. The electric field ata point on a diameter away from the centre is directed (@) perpendicular to the diameter (©) parallel to the diameter (0) at an angle tilted towards the diameter (@) at anangle tilted away from the diameter Sol. (a) In case of a uniformly positive charged hemisphere, if a point situated at @ point on a diameter away from the centre, the electric field should be perpendicular to the diameter. In this case the component of electric field intensity parallel to the diameter cancel out 21. Three charges of (+ 2), (~ @) and (- ¢) are placed at the comers A, B and C of an equilateral trianale of side a as shown in the adjoining figure. Then the dipote moment of this ‘combination is @ qa GalsSol. c) The charge + 2q can be broken in + q, + g. Now as shown in figure we have two equal dipoles inclined at an angle of 60°. Therefore resultant dipole moment will be PR aP. Poa = Vp? + p+ 2pp ws = V3p = V3qa 22, The electric field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole and direction ofthe dipole moment (@) Will be parallel ©) Will be in opposite direction (©) Will be perpendicular (@) Are not related Sol. () The direction of electric field at equatorial point A or B will be in opposite direction, as that of direction of dipole moment 23, Three identical dipoles are arranged as shown below. What 1 Popa sh, we te eter ld ( a) (0 Ze o 2p Sol. (¢) Point P lies at equatorial positions of dipole 1 and 2 and axial postion of dipole 3 Hence field at P duet dipole 1 5-4 (towards ef) k Boop Cowart ef 9 an _ ken L ue dipole 3 £5 = GP (tomas rig ~ So net field at P wil be zero. e , co 12h e +6 eee ° +29 _ 39 aaa. 3 rey : 6 24, Ina reson of sce the lei felis inthe «recon ang proportional © x ie. B= Eye? conider an imaginary — cubical volume of edge with sees paral to he axes SP ‘coordinates. The charge inside this volume will be a) xer0 ©) Ea? ake a (0 Foe @ %eoRe Sol. (b) Field at face ABCD = Ep? ‘Flux over the face ABCD = - Eqtya? The negative sign arises as the field is directed into the cube Field at face EGH.= Eo(%o + a) 1 Flux over the face EFGH = Ep (to + @) a? Flux over the other four faces is zero as the field is parallel the surfaces. 1 oval flux over the cube = Eyl? = =~ ‘where q is the total charge under the cube q = & Foo @FeeewVe7 2290 HR 88828 OCCBOeSHOCCHFHSHCSHSEHEECEHSOEHOHEOHSSCEHOETA8 “Two concentric conducting thin spherical sells having radii r4 and rp (7 > 74) are charged to Qu and - Qu (JQu|>|Qul)- The electrical field along a line, (passing through the centre) is e ‘ e ® | - = ~ O j i si ef et } 0 6 x @ |. (@) Inside the shell A, eleciic field Bi, = 0 At the surface of shell A, IQ Pp — Ga fixed positive value) By rs ‘Two copper balls, each weighing 10g are kept im air 10 em apart. If one electron from every 10° atoms is transferred from. ‘one ball to the other, the coulomb force between them is (atomic weight of copper is 63:5) (a) 2-0 x 10N ©) 20x 10°N (©) 20x 10°N @ 20 10°N ‘A charged metallic ball is lowered into an insulated metal can, Insulating thread Metal can + Insulated stand ‘The ball is made to touch bottom of the can. Then it is placed ‘on the disc of electroscope shown below. Final observation must be Metal cise Metal rod y + Gold leaves MISCELLANEOUS ‘Between the shell A and B, at a distance x from the common ‘centre i 5+ 230d veces teats ‘At the surface of shell B, = E1Qa = Qn) i By a Ga ned negative value Bocuse 1Qal < ]Qa) Outside the both shell, at a distance x from the common centre Eout = - Ea (@s 1’ increases negative value of ok Ga a WF EXERCISE —_ (@) leaves of electroscope diverges (©) leaves of electroscope converges (©) leaves of electroscope remains unaffected (d) leaves of electroscope oscillates ‘An electroscope is given a positive charge, causing its foil Jeaves to separate. When an object is brought near the top plate of the electroscope, the foils separate even further. We conclude (@) that the object is positively charged. (©) that the object is electrically neutral (©) that the object is negatively charged, (@) none of these ‘The diagram shows the arrangement of three small uniformly charged spheres A. B and C. The arrows indicate the direction of the electrostatic forces acting between the spheres (for ‘example, the eft arrow on sphere A indicates the electrostatic foree on sphere A due to sphere B). At least two of the‘spheres are positively charged. Which sphere, bat & () sphere A ©) sphere B (0) sphere C (0) 0 sphere [A point charge + Q is placed at the centroid of an equilateral triangle, When a second charge + Q is placed at a vertex of the triangle, the magnitude of the electrostatic force on the central charge is 8 N. The magnitude of the net force on the central charge when a third charge + Q is placed at another vertex ofthe triangle is (@) x00 ©) 4N © 4J0N @ 8N ‘Two small balls, each having equal positive charge Q are suspended by two insulating strings of equal length L from 2 hook fixed 10 a stand. If the whole setup is ‘transferred to a satellite in orbit around the earth, the tension in each string is ‘equal to f \e 4 a @ xm » 2 o wo © ar ae ‘An electron (of charge ~ ¢) revolves around a long wire with uniform charge density 2 in a circular path of radius r. Its ‘kinetic energy is given by de de Ine Tr © Ter @ © Ire One In two cases, two identical conducting spheres are given equal charges, in one case of the sume type whereas in another case of opposite type. The distance between the spheres is not large comparing with the diameter. Let F; and F, be the magnitude ofthe force of interaction between the spheres, as shown, then 9. 10. u. Cre) ® R=F @ hor OR E> Fo (0 Ey = Eo > Ea @ Eq=Ec< En 16. The following diagram shows the eletric field lines Between two opposite charges. The postive charge is indicated by the black circle, the negative charge by the white circle. An electron starting from rest tte indicate postion (0), and accelerated to high speed by the electric field will follow most likely which trajectory ? Two infinitely large charged planes having uniform surface charge density + 6 and ~ 6 are placed along x ~ y plane and ‘¥=£ plane respectively as shown in the figure. Then the nature of electic lines of forces inx -z plane is given by ©) Ey = Ep = Ec 17. 18, Two point charges +4q and +g are placed at a distance L apart. A third charge Q is so placed that all the three charges are in equilibrium. Then location and magnitude of third charge will be to Aradaaee fom +4gcare, 42 ©) Ata distance from +49 charge, - 4 © Ata disance = fom +49 charge, - $2 16 Kiitace 2 po tcc, 8Feces 19, ABC is an equilateral triangle. Charges +g are placed at each ‘corner. The electric intensity at O will be ©) “aneg r ge ae- (0) Zero © Tet Five point charges each having magnitude “q’ are placed at the comer of hexagon as shown in fig. Net electric field at the centre ‘O' is g. To get net electric field at “O' be 6B. charge placed on the remaining sixth commer should be 19——-@9 @ 6q @ 5q ©) -5q Calculate te ratio of electrostatic to gravitational force between two electrons placed at certain distance in air. Given that me = 91 x 105! kg, ¢ = 1:6 x 10" Cand G = 66 x 101 No ke, a. () 42x 10% @ 56 x 10% ‘The distance between two equal balls having unlike charges is 2.cm. The radii of the balls are much less than the distance ‘between them. The balls attract each other with a force of 36 x 10° N, After the balls have been connected by a wire and the latter has been removed, the balls repel each other with a force of 20-25 x 105 N. Determine the original charges on the balls, @ +8x10°C&-2x 10°C ©) -6 x 10°C& +15 x 10°C @ +4x10°C&-1x 10°C @ -8 x19 C&+2% 10°C . Two electric dipoles of moment p and 64 p are placed in ‘opposite direction on a line at a distance of 25 cm. The electric field will be zero at point between the dipoles whose distance from the dipole of moment P is @ Som S. a9 or © 10cm @ 4+ 2C and +6C two charges are repelling each other with a force of 12 N. If each charge is given - 2C of charge, then the value of the force will be (@) 41 (Anractive) ©) 4N Repulsive) (©) 8N (Repalsive) @) Zer0 25, Three charges ~ qi, + q2 and - 3 are placed as shown in the figure. The x-component of the force on ~ q; is proportional to bo Ox * o) B-% cse © &+% sno @ +4 oso A point charge 50 wC is located in the x-y plane at the position 7 @ &-S sno veoor Z = (273) m: Te cece fed a the point of position vector 7 = ¢g 5 }) ms im vector form is equal 10 @ g(-31+4)) Ym — © 90cai-4jy Vim (0 qn¢-3t+43) Wim Gd) gon(3i— 43) Vim ‘Two metal pieces having a potential difference of 800 V are 0:02 m apart horizontally. A particle of mass 1:96 x 10° kg 4s suspended in equilibrium between the plates. If ¢ is the elementary charge, then charge on the particle is @e © 3 (0 6 @ & 2. 28, The electric field in region is radially outward with magnitude E = Ay. The charge contined in a sphere of radius Yo centered atthe origin is igh © Fray ©) AneoAyi Ant. pale A Oe © Fe 6 e e@ 2 9 2 e ® e e 29, An electric dipie is inated in an electric field of uniform intensity E whose dipole moment is p and moment of inertia is Lf the dipole is displaced slighly from the equlbrium position, then te angular frequency ois osiations is @®e7e02e0e8 0280820203089 096o (ey o(g)” @ (#)" «(al |. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges placed 2 cm apart. When the dipole is placed in a uniform electric field of strength 10° N C7, it experiences @ maximum. torque of 02 10-* Nm. Find the magnitude of each charge @ 2c () Onc (© 15uC @ 40uc Two short dipoles pk&-!& are located at (O, 0, 0) and (Lm, 0, 2 m) respectively. The resultant electric field due 10 the two dipoles atthe point (Lm . 0, 0) is PE in @ Taney © o cee let o yeh eee . Two point electric charges of values q and 2g are kept at a distance d apart from each other in air. A third charge Q is to bbe Kept along the same line in such a way that the net force acting on q and 2q is zero. Calculate the position of charge Q in terms of q and d. d ad © Trt OEE ad a © Frat Gein . Ib is required to hold four equal point charges +q in equilibrium at the comers of a square. Find the point charge that will do this, if placed at the centre of the square. oS) 55} , Se ae ‘Two infinitely long parallel wires having linear charge densities 4; and Ao respectively are placed at a distance of R metres. 4 ' i ina cares 1) “ne Dap 2h K 2hiigs @ K-33 m KE ans ihe ask @ Ke ‘35. The insulation property of air breaks down at E = 3 x 10° volt’meire. The maxirnum charge that can be given toa sphere of diameter Sm is approximately in coulombs) @ 2x107 @ 2x10 ( 2104 @ 2x:108 36. A charged ball B hangs from a silk thread S, wihich makes an angle © with a large charged conducting sheet P, as shown in the figure. The surface charge density o of the sheet is Proportional to @ sno @) wand © cos @) coro 37. A smnall sphere carrying a charge ‘q’ is hanging in between ‘wo parallel plates by a string of length L. Time period of Pendulum is Ty, When parallel plates are charged, the time Period changes to T. The ratio T/T is equal to v2 3/2 e+ er ate @\—9 o£ m v2 g @ ak (d) None of these 38. Three similar charges +g are placed on 3 comers of an cquilatera triangle ABC of side a. How many minimum charges should be placed on a circle of radius a with centre at A so that resultant force on the charge placed at the centre is 2 pe tong vais: Re @4 o339. A solid metallic sphere has a charge + 3Q. Concentric with this sphere is a conducting spherical shell having charge -Q ‘The radius of the sphere is a and that of the spherical shell is b (@ > a), What is the electric field at a distance R (a < R < ) from the centre @ 3Q © reoR © Fre 3Q 4Q © FreoR? © FregR? 40. ‘The magnitude of electric field intensity at point B (2, 0, 0) ue to a cipole of dipote moment, 7 = 74 JF} kept a origin is (assume that the point B is at large distance from the alayineles Je ie § Oa o @ St 41. An clectric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 40 N/C. Graph shows the magnitude of the torque ‘on the dipole versus the angle @ between the field and the dipole moment 7. is equal 0: - cy VALI ©) 20x10 Cm @ 50 x10%C-m 42, Two charges each equal to ng(n-! < y3) are placed at the comers of an equilateral triangle of side a. The electric field atthe third comer is Es where (Eo = q/ 4neoa?) (@) Es = Fo ) Bs < Eo (0) Es > Ey (@) B2Eo 43. Figure, shown below, shows three situations involving a charged particle and a uniformly chargd spherical shell. The charges ‘and radii of the shells are indicated in the figure, If F,, F and FF are the magnitudes of the forces on the particle duc to the presence ofthe shell in situations (D, (ID) and (IID respectively then’ sen (@) 125 x10 C-m (9) 25 x 10%C-m Od ay @ eee ® F>R-B (0 B=B>R @ F>h>F 44, There are three concentric thin spheres of radius a, b, ¢ (a> b> 0). The total surface charge densities on their surfaces are 6, ~6, 6 respectively. The magnitude of electric field at r (distance from centre) such that a > r > Bis: @ 0 or rene) © Bae OH) a vomeoftese €0F 45. A. cepartile is released from rest 10 cm from a large sheet carrying a surface charge density of - 2:21 x 10°C /m? . It will strike the sheet after the time. (€9 = 884 x 10 C/ Nm?) @ 4ys © 2s ( 2N2ps @ 4/7 ws 46. A linear charge baving linear charge density , penetrates a cube iagonally and then it penetrate a sphere diametrically 23 ‘shown . What will be the ratio of flux coming cut of cube and o 47. A ting of radius R, has charge -Q distributed uniformly over it. A charge q is placed at the centre of the ring such that the electric field becomes zero at a point on the axis of the ring distant ‘R’ from the centre of the ring. The value of charge q is @ We w 2 o Qn @ Qn @a®epevneneeeeevene 82 O28eee0e8 0208008808080 00648. In the figure shown, find the ratio of the linear charge densities ‘A, (on semi-infinite straight wire) and Az (on semi-circular Pat that is, 2y/h 80 tat te ed at O salon y cretion a @ 2 © 15 o3 @ 25 49, Two concentric rings, one of radius R and total charge +Q and the second of radius 2R and total charge Q, lie in x-y plane (4e., z = 0 plane). The common centre of rings lies at origin and the common axis coincides with z-axis. The charge is uniformly distributed on both rings. At what distance from origin is the net electric field on z-axis zero. zeis were isthe ‘ila zero R a ap 1, as R “i O Wr @ J2R 0. ‘The number of electrons to be put on a spherical conductor of radius 0-1 m to produce an electric field of 0-036 N / C just above its surface is @ 27x 108 ©) 26 x 10 (25 x 108 @ 24x 08 S.A sphere of radius R contains a total charge +Q which is uniformly distributed throughout its volume. At a distance 2R from the centre of sphere, a particle having charge +4 is fixed. P is a point on surface of sphere and lying on line joining the centre of sphere and point charge. For what value of q will the electric field at P be zero. @? OQ © 32 @ 2 452. Six charges are placed at the vertices of a regular hexagon as shown in the figure. The eleciric field on the line passing ‘through point O and perpendicular to the plane of the figure as 1 function of distance x from point O is (assume x > > a) 49-0 wy ape @o o a 20a V3Qa © page Orme The electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius Ras a function of the distance from its centre is represented ‘graphically by et & A @ | ® ' ® ef & \ 4 o | @ | a ‘Now, match the following columns, Colum Cohan Q i | Om neh ay ti, | Oey q@|o u.| 65 le 2Q | Oss Tay38 PHYSICS - xi Codes (@) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason q eo) a is correct explanation of Assertion. 2 z - (©) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is £ ei not the correct expkanation of Assertion. Z 4 z 7 (©) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false. g q a ‘ P (@) If both the assertion and reason are false. 4 7 s ? q 36. Assertion : A metalic shield in form of a hollow shel! may be built to block an electric field 5. Two isolated objects A and B are charged either by friction, 2 ie: sapstion oc teibtdn Maially ect Ah aves oad De Reason: In.a hollow spherical shicld, the clectric field uncharged. If gA and qB are the magnitade of final charge on inside itis zero at every point. ‘A and B respectively, then match column J and column I 57. Assertion : A charged body cannot attract another uncharged body crams me Reason: Opposiely charged bodies attract each other. i | qn=a p. | charge transfer by conduction @a OB fi. | ax2an 4. charging by fiction (me @pD ‘$8. Assertion : A charged particle is fTee 10 move in an electric it | @ =40-75) 1. | ctersingtiyéndcbl field. It does not move along an electric line of 2 force ? Now match the given columns and select the correct option Reason: Its initial position decides tat it will move along from the codes given below. the line of force oF not Codes @a 0) B i i ii oc @D z 7 7 59. Assertion : The surface charge densities of two spherical 2 2 conductors of different radii are equal. Then the b q P r electric field intensities near their surface are lic q r P also equal a - 7 5 Reason: Surface charge density is equal to charge per L unit area ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE PROBLEMS 60, Assertion : If 2 proton and an electron are pliced in the same uniform electric fleld. They experience In Each of the question, a statement of, Assertion (A) is ates Se eee | Remmn Sec eon et are independent its mass = ANSWERS OF UNSOLVED EXERCISES =: (CHECK YOUR PROGRESS— 1 J CHECK YOUR PROGRESS—3, L@*M3@ 40. & w L@2t@io 40 & @ 60 7H RO 9% OH 00 6 6 7% 0 & O % w 0 w Lo 2m B@ LO 2%) B@ wa 18. w CHECK YOUR PRoGRESS—2_] CHECK YOUR PROGRESS—4 L@2O3s@ 4@ & @ LO 2@3@ 4% 5 © 6a@70%8@ 8H W@ 60 2@ 8M %@ Ww 1 @ 2@ B.@ Ld 2% BE} Wo bo e®eeeeeneeseeeseentevseenene8 e20800208000 8ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD_ 4139 ee 26.) 27.0) 2.0) 9. @) 30.) ORO BO HO me) LO22oO RM 4M 5& & 0 37.0 BO 9 4 © 6@7%@ & © 9 dd) 10. d@. &@oq & © 44.) 45. (a) nL 2 Bod wd 18. 46. (0) 47.) 48. @) 9.) 50.) 3.0 2. 51. 0) 52.) $3.6) Sh @) 5S.) 10 2@ B@ (24. id) 28. () ‘56. @) 57. d) $8. fd) ‘59. b) oO. o) seas HINTS & SOLUTIONS OF UNSOLVED EXERCISES = 80 x10 a Qa NaN Maree g ~ 8x10 1. Let us consider 1 ball has any type of charge. 1 and 2 must have different charges, 2 and 4 must have different charges ‘.e., 1 and 4 must have same charges but electrostatic attraction is also present in (1, 4) which is impossible. 2. Incase of spherical metal conductor the charge quickly spreads uniformly over the entire surface because of which charges stay for longer time on the spherical surface, While in case of ‘non-spherical surface, the charge concentration is different at different points due to which the charges do not stay on the surface for longer time, 1.6 e@ 16x10"? 4, Because in case of metallic sphere either solid or hollow, the charge will reside on the surface of the sphere. Since both spheres have same surface area, so they can hold equal ‘maximum charge. 5. When a positively charged body connected to earth, electrons flow from earth to body and body becomes neutral. 6. The positively charged insulator pulls the free electron in spheres towards left till electrostatic equilibrium is reached. Hence if both spheres are now separated, the sphere II has deficiency of electrons, i.e. it has Positive charge. 1 i EX 3 7. On rubbing glass rod with silk, excess electron transfered from glass to silk. So glass rod becomes positive and silk becomes negative. 8 Nuclear forve binds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, 3 n = 10" 9. Dieletric constant K = Permittivity of metals () is assumed to be very high. 11. Charge on glass rod is positive, s0 charge on gold leaves will also be positive. Due to X-rays, more electrons from leaves will be emitted, so leaves becomes more positive and diverge further. 12, Negative charge means excess of electron which increases the mass of sphere B. 13, The charge given to a sphere will be distributed uniformly over the surface CHECK YOUR PROGRESS—2 Gm.m, Gravitational force Fo = = 6:7 x10" 9-1 x10! 1:6 x 1077 x10 =39 x 1047N Fo Blectrostatic force Fe = Go 9x10? «1-6 x10" x 1-6 x10" seg a SOUT KLCRAM EO 210; 2 x10? =922 x 108N So. 922X108 a 96 5 10? ; 3-9x10-7 2. We put a unit positive charge at O. Resultant force due to the ‘charge placed at A and C is zero and resultant charge due to B and D is towards D along the diagonal BD. 3. They will not experience any force if |Fa"|=|F.” a6, - 6x107)? Re (16 x 107 :+= Quand R= tS 10,0 -01) 7 From (i) and (i) F eiiests 0 an. ee iY wwbemaximim 7 =0 9 == 9 ee 4ne9 r. ‘The force between 4q and q ; Fy = Qxa The force between Q and qF: = Fe, G72)? 4g? ce ieee Tyo f bn os i bn below Thus angle @ = 180° and Foree = Fae~ 7 2 Initially, force between A and Cis F = 2 ‘When a similar sphere B having charge + Q is kept at the mid point of line joining A and C, then Net force on B is Fy = Fs fe =k tre CaF ine (@irezion is shown in figure) In a following figure since |F,"| =|Fy’| =|Fo | and they are equally inclined with each other, so their resultant will be zero. F, = force on C due to charge placed at A 10 x2 x10 = 9.10% ee as oxi)? = *8N vane f Fs c)iz Fy = force on C due to charge placed at B <9 cio? Os eaeena ones, = Net force on C Foa = (Fa)? + (Fy)? + 2Fq Fy 608 120° =18N 10. After following the guidelines mentioned above Foa = Fac + Fo = Fa + + Fp 2 1 tniay F = eS conductor comes in contact alterately with B and C then removed, so charges on B and Care Q/2 and 3014 respectively og. BY (fig. A). Finally when a third spherical @ 2 a sas ee 8 eB © ja a eee a o © Ss @ e e o e ° e e e e e e * e e ® e e e ° e . e e ® e ® ® e ® 2Qi+Q Q+Q aad Finally : S452 Qn + Q2? _ 4. 54, Q1Q2 ? P Itis given that F = 4:5 F so 2 ir e @ e e e @ Fa e e e e e fi) * HQ /2)? iQ? @ Foreon Cue w A, Fy aye ® KQ(Q/2) J aceon te 8, QQ _ 24g" © Net force on C, Fue = Fa - Fa e i. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS—3 Since the lines of forees are terminating on the charges both © have wo be negative. ‘The field lines ofa single positive charge are radially outward 3. The feld lines of single negative charge are radially inward @ inde given figure, the electric lines of force emanate from A and C. Therefore, charges A and C mustbe positive. ® tne net fet wl be zeo ata pont ote te hurges and @ ‘ear he charge which ssa n magia ‘Suppose E.F. is zero at P as shown, 8q__ kg) k a “ Heneat Ps! Tipe =F I=L So distance of P from origin is L + L = 2L. ‘The field produced by charge - 3 Q at A, this is E as mentioned in the Example. 3 1 B= 39 (along AB erected tvards negative charee A 8 o@——_____6 0 er Now field at location of - 3Q i.e., field at B due to charge Q E wie B= -S- = F (long AB dieted away rom positive charge) Ex, = Electric field at M due to charge placed at A By = Electric field at M due to charge placed at B Fe = Electric fel at M due to charge paced at C Es, et As seen from figure |, |= [Eg |, $0 net electric QO field at M, Eyer = Ea ; in the direction of vector 2 If electric field due to charge |q| at origin is E then electric field due to charges |24|, |3q|. |4g| and |5q| are respectively 28, 3E, 4E and SE Y Y se: 2e 36 * Of ae * se] o aw Y Y Of ae 2° * see * au oy Ey = (GE)? +(SE)* = 5V2E, Bw = (GE + GE) = 3VZE,Eq = 45 +26 = OE and Ey, = 3E+E=4E = Eg > Em > Em > Ewy 9. Because E points along the tangent to the lines of force. If inital velocity is zero, den due othe force, it always moves in the direction of E. Hence the particle will always move on some ines of force 10. Fre Since # « m, a proton takes more time. 12. The direction of electric fleld at equatorial point A or B will be in opposite direction, as that of direction of dipole moment. k2p 1 eee 13. Force on charge F = q E,) = 9% 1 ‘When r — doubled; F > - times 14. As the dipole will experience two forces which ae although opposite But not equal. -. A net force will be there and as these forces act at different points of a body. A torque i also there. 15, Maximum torque = pE 2x 104 x3 x 10 x2 x 10 12x 103 Nm CHECK YOUR PROGRESS—4 1 1. By using J E48 Quod % 1 2. By Gaus's law @ = <— Qoeinad > Ques = $0 = C8 X 10° + 4 x 109) €9 = 4 X 10° £o Coulomb. 4 na Gy % Qe One = a bio 5S. The electric field is due to all charges present whether inside ‘or outside the given surface, 6. In electric dipole, the flux coming out from positive charge is ‘equal to the flux Coming in at negative charge ‘Le, total charge on sphere = 0, From Gauss law, total ux, passing through the sphere = 0. 7. Flux is due to charges enclosed per £9 c+ Total flux = (14 + 78:85 ~ 56)nCieq 4x “Fxe5 85 x 10% x9 x 10? x 40 1000-4 Nm?/C i.e. 1000 Nm? Ct 8. Total enclosed charge q = 100 Q coulomb 85 x 10°C x @@e@eeoe2nen8ede00080 © eee eg 9. Blectric field at a distance R is only due to sphere because @ leit field due to shell inside it is always zero Sat fates 30, ° Hence electric field = aes a 10. The x-component of electric field is constant and does not ‘contribute to net flux through the closed surface. Due to y-component, i Incoming flux = ~ 6 units y=) ‘Outgoing flux = - 9 units y= 11, An imaginary cube can be made by considering charge q atthe ‘centre and given square is one offs face st So flux from given square (i. one face) 6 = Ge 21s io Electric field ouside of the sphere Exug = > @ © Electric field inside the dielectric sphere Ei, u 2 a = At3om, E = 100 x Bete “Hey? w<® pr? Enite = 357? eR ‘ce. inside the uniformly charged sphere field varies linearly 1 (E = n with distance and outside varies according to B = MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE. Number of atoms in given mass 10 p = By X 602 x 108 = 9:48 x 102 « A 8 be tom — ‘Transfer of electron between balls 9-48 x 1022 10 Heence magnitude of charge gained by edch ball, Q = 948 x 10 x 16 x 10° Force of attraction between the balls 9-48 x 106 ois c F=9 x10? x 2x 108 N. eeeeeeceeevecagceeeeneveeece 2D When charged metalic ball touches the bottom of can, all of its charge goes to the outer surface of the can. (Net charge on conductor lies only on its surface. @ When ball is withdrawn from the can, it is uncharged. When ball is placed on the disc of electroscope. Final charge on the ‘eaves is reduced 50 leaves of electroscope converges. 3. The object stiould be positively charged. Being positively charged, itrepets positive charge from tp plate towards eaves causing to separate more. 4. Tecan be seen from the diagram that only the sphere B and sphere C repel Hence they both must be of same type. According to the fact that at least rwo spheres are positively charged, therefore both spheres should be positively charged, Since atraction occurs for two remaining pairs it can be concluded thatthe sphere A is negatively charged 5 R = fa? oa? 4244s 120° = 4N 2 aN 6. A satellite is in a state of free fall & hence weightlessness. ‘Thus only electric force is responsible for the tension L €K= 5m Tagore 8. In Case I when both are positively charged, due to induction Positive charge moves outwards on spheres, increasing effective distance between centres of charge causing magnitude of the force to decrease. ‘When placed towards left or right of any charge, net force can never be zero as distance being unequal. On bisector line also horizontal components are added up hence answer is (d) Electric field is perpendicular to the equipotental surface and is zero every where inside the metal. 11. Option (@) shows lines of force starting from ove positive charge and terminating at another. Option (b) has one line of force making closed loop. Option (d) shows all lines making closed loops. All these are not correct. Only option (¢) is correct. 12, Patem (a) can be eliminated because field lines cannot sSmultancously originate from and converge ata single point ; (6) can be eliminated because there are no charges in the region, and so there are no sources of field lines ; (d) can be eliminated because electrostatic field lines donot close on themselves. 13. Electric lines of force never intersect the conductor. They are Perpendicular and slightly curved near the surface of conductor.ee spit 14, The electric field is always perpendicular to the surface of a conductor. On the surface of a metalic solid sphere, the electrical field is oriented normally (ke. directed towards the centre ofthe sphere). ‘At A and C, electric lines are equally spaced and dense thas why Ex = Eo > Ep “Trajectory wil be tangent to electric fekd The electric field imensty due to each uniformly charged infinite plane is uniform. The electric field intensity at points A,B, C and D due to plane 1, plane 2 and both planes are siven by Ey, Ep and E as shown ia figure 1. Hence the electric lines of forces are as given in figure 2 15. 16. W. (gure 2) 3. Let third charge be placed at a distance x; from + 49 charge as shown and it should be negative x4 + 5» = ————— £ For neutral point between 4g and @ dg a (L~ 4) Now) gine L 2L L 1 Ban diols 3 3 “q 20, To obtain net field 6E at centre O, the charge to be placed £P remaining sixth corner is ~ Sq. (see following figure) e % ° EN e ec pat ° @ ° 4 e Fee 1_exe e 2. Egy 4mm i oe ° Grey Go - Setting G = 6-6 x 107! Nm?kg? ; m, = 91 x 10°! ke ad = 16 x 10°C, we get ° r e E. 42 x 10%. fe ‘22. Let q; and ~ q2 be the charges on the two balls. ° Before connecting with a wire : -—|_ fh Bae arracing, Or Gig = 4 eo FP e Setting F = 36 x 10% Nand =2cm = 0-02 m, we get gigs = 16 x 10° ‘After connecting with a wire : Let q’ be the charge on ca) ball. Then e = 42h) G-& etry 2 e 1 2x(q- 2 @ F axe) crops or q-m =2% (rer ® Setting FP = 20-25 x 105N ® andr = 02m, we get e 1 ~% =6 x 108 “y Solving the equations (i) and (i), we obtain a =8x 10°C ® And q = 2 x 10° C (negative) 2 e