KC04403

Lecture 10
 Techniques of Integration

 8.2 Integration by Parts

 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals
 8.4 Trigonometric Substitutions
 8.5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial
Fractions
Trigonometric Identities
 8.2 Integration by Parts

 Key Ideas
 Originates from Product Rule
 Need to figure out which is f(x) and which is g’(x)
 Look for the simplest possibility that is easy to integrate

 4 possibilities
 Need to use more than once
 Need to create dv
 Need to rearrange the equation
 Can use Tabular system for repeated application
 Integration by Parts

 The key is in figuring out which is f(x) and which is

g’(x) or u and v
 Definite Integrals

 Same as before
 Example 2

Key Idea – Create dv by setting dv = 1 dx

Example 3
 Example 3 (c0nt)

Make sure you can do Example 4 and Example 5

 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals

 Key Idea
 Know your basic trigonometric derivative
 Know your basic trigonometric identities
 Power Law, Substitution, etc
Trigonometric Identities
 Key Derivatives
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

 The key is in combining substitution, power law, and

trigonometric identities
Case 1 – m is odd, n is even
Case 2 – n is odd
Case 3 m is even, n is even
Case 3 m is even, n is even
Eliminating Square Roots
Products of Tangents and Secants

 Key Idea is the relationship

𝑑
tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Example 5
 Example 5 (cont)

Example 6 and Example 7 are useful to study

Products of Sines and Cosines
Example 8
 8.4 Trigonometric Substitutions

 Key Idea
 Pattern Matching
 If your integral has 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 pattern
 Determine what is a, x, dx, and substitute
 Simple substitution based on trigonometric and Pythagoras
relationship
Basics of Trigonometry
Substitution
Watch the range of the integrals
Do Example 2 and Example 4
 8.5 Integration o f Rational
Functions by Partial Fractions

 Key Idea
 Some integrals are in the form f(x)/g(s)
 Expand Rational Function into Partial Fractions and Integrate
it
 Can use Partial Fraction Expansion or Heavyside Method
 Integral will mainly ln x form
 Flow chart
 g(x) must be factorisable
 If f(x)>g(x), do long division first
 Rewrite rational function part into partial fractions
 Integrate
Example
For Power
For Irrational Fractions i.e. f(x) > g(x)

1. Notice that f(x) is bigger

2. Do long division
3. On rational fraction proceed as usual

Please do other examples in text book

 Tutorial Questions

 8.2 5,14,26,33
 8.3 9, 12, 29, 38, 51, 72
 8.4 1, 7, 9
 8.5 1, 11, 18, 24, 35