MODULE 4

THE DEFINITE
INTEGRAL AND
METHODS OF
INTEGRATION
Week 7-11
 Introduction

The definite integral of a function is closely related to the antiderivative and

indefinite integral of a function. The primary difference is that the indefinite
integral, if it exists. is a real number value, while the latter two represent an
infinite number of functions that differ only by a constant. The relationship
between these concepts is Will be discussed in the section on the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, and you will see that the definite integral will have
applications to many problems in calculus.

Pre-competency Checklist (Formative Assessment/ Diagnostic)

Before we proceed to our discussion try answering the problems below. Write
your answer in your answer Sheet.

3
1. ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
2. ∫−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
3. ∫−1(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Learning Resources

Use the following link to view the learning resource materials in this lesson.
a) https://www.cliffnotes.com/study-
guides/calculus/calculus/integration/definite-integrals
b) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts
c)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts#Product_of_two_funct
ions
d) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_substitution
e) https://examplemath.com/integration-by-substitution-examples

Explore /Task/Activities

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

The development of the definition of the definite integral begins with a function
f(x), which is continuous on a closed interval [a, b]. The given interval is
partitioned into “n” subintervals that, although not necessary, can be taken to
be of equal lengths (∆ x). An arbitrary domain value, x,i is chosen in each
subinterval, and its subsequent function value, f(x i) , is determined. The
product of each function value times the corresponding subinterval length is
determined, and these "n" products are added to determine their sum. This
sum is referred to as a Riemann sum and may be positive, negative, or zero,
depending upon the behavior of the function on the closed interval. For
example, if f(x) > 0 on [ a, b], then the Riemann sum will be a positive real
number. If f(x) < 0 on [ a, b], then the Riemann sum will be a negative real
number. The Riemann sum of the function f(x) on [ a, b] is expressed as

Riemann Sum may, therefore, be thought of as a “sum of n products.”

Example: Evaluate the Riemann sum for f(x) = x 2 on [1,3] using the four
subintervals of equal length, where xi is the right endpoint in the ith subinterval.

Solution.
Because the subintervals are to be of equal lengths, you find that

The Riemann sum for four subintervals is

If the number of subintervals is increased repeatedly, the effect would be that
the length of each subinterval would get smaller and smaller. This may be
restated as follows: If the number of subintervals increases without bound
( n → + ∞), then the length of each subinterval approaches zero
(△ x → + ∞). This limit of a Riemann Sum, if it exists, is used to define the
definite integral of a function on [ a, b]. If f(x) is defined on the closed interval
[a, b] then the definite integral of f(x) from a to b is defined as

if this limit exits.

The function f(x) is called the integrand, and the variable x is the variable of
integration. The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration with a
referred to as the lower limit of integration While b is referred to as the upper
limit of integration.

Note that the symbol ∫. used with the indefinite integral, is the same symbol
used previously for the indefinite integral of a function. The reason for this will
be made more apparent in the following discussion of the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus. Also, keep in mind that the definite integral is a unique
real number and does not represent an infinite number of functions that result
from the indefinite integral of a function.
The question of the existence of the limit of a Riemann sum is important to
consider because it determines whether the definite integral exists for a
function on a closed interval. As with differentiation, a significant relationship
exists between continuity and integration and is summarized as follows: If a
function f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b], then the definite integral
of (x) on a, b] exists and f is said to be integreble on [ a, b]. In other words,
continuity guarantees that the definite integral exists, but the converse is not
necessarily true.

Unfortunately, the fact that the definite integral of a function exists on a closed
interval does not imply that the value of the definite integral is easy to find.

Properties of definite integrals

Certain properties are useful in solving problems requiring the application of

the definite integral. Some of the more common properties are
 6
Example 1. Evaluate ∫2 3𝑑𝑥

Solution.
6
∫2 3𝑑𝑥 = 3 (6 - 2)
=12
3 3
Example 2. Given that ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 ,evaluate ∫0 −4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution.
3 3
∫0 −4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −4 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= (-4) * 9
= -36

9 38 4
Example 3. Given that ∫4 √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = , evaluate ∫9 √𝑥𝑑𝑥
3

Solution.
4 9
∫9 √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = -∫4 √𝑥𝑑𝑥
38
=- 3

3
Example 4. Evaluate ∫3 (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 11)𝑑𝑥

Solution.
3
2
∫ (𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 11)𝑑𝑥 = 0
3

3 3
Example 5. Given that ∫1 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 6 and ∫1 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 10
3
Evaluate ∫1 [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥
Solution.
3 3 3
∫1 [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 6 + 10
= 16

METHODS OF INTEGRATION

Integration by Parts

In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by

parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product
of functions in terms of the integral of the product of their derivative and
antiderivative. It is frequently used to transform the antiderivative of a product
of functions into an antiderivative for which a solution be more easily found.
The rule can be thought of as an integral version of the product rule of
differentiation.

If u = u(x) and du = u'(x) dx, while v = v(x) and dv = v'(x) dx, then the
integration by parts formula states that

∫udv= uv - ∫vdu

When to use integration by parts?

The rule of thumb is to try to use U-Substitution, but if that fails, try Integration
by Parts. Typically, Integration by parts is used when two functions are
multiplied together, with one that can be easily integrated, and one that can
be easily differentiated.

When you decide to use integration by parts, your next question is how to split
up the function and assign the variables u and dv. Fortunately, a helpful
mnemonic exists to make this decision: Lovely Integrals Are Terrific, Which
stands for Logarithmic, Inverse trig, Algebraic, Trig. (If you prefer, you can
also use the mnemonic Lousy Integrals Are Terrible.) Always choose the first
function in this list as the factor to set equal to u, and then set the rest of the
product (including dx) equal to dv.
The method of integration by parts is specifically helpful when the integrand is
the product of two kinds of function such as

When can you use integration by parts?

Typically, Integration by parts is used when two functions are multiplied

together, with one that can be easily integrated, and one that can be easily
differentiated.

Applications

Finding antiderivative

Integration by parts is a heuristic rather than a purely mechanical process for

solving integrals; given a single function to integrate, the typical strategy is to
carefully separate this single function into a product of two functions u(x)v(x)
such that the residual integral from the integration by parts formula is easier
to evaluate than the single function. The following form is useful in illustrating
the best strategy to take:

On the right-hand side, uis differentiated and vis integrated; consequently it

is useful to choose uas a function that simplifies when differentiated, or to
choose vas a function that simplifies when integrated. As a simple example,
consider:

Since the derivative of ln(x) is 1 / x, one makes (ln(x)) partu, since the
antiderivative of 1 / x 2 is -1 / x, one makes 1 / x 2 dx part dv. The formula now
yields:
The antiderivative of -1 / x 2 can be found with the power rule and is 1 / x

Alternatively, one may choose uand vsuch that the product u' (∫v dx)simplifies
due to cancellation. For example, suppose one wishes to integrate:

If we choose u(x) = ln(lsin(x)l) and v(x) = sec2x, then u differentiates to

1 / tan x using the chain rule and vintegrates to tan x; so the formula gives:

The integrand simplifies to 1, so the antiderivative is x. Finding a simplifying

combination frequently involves experimentation.

In some applications, it may not be necessary to ensure that the integral

produced by integration by parts has a simple form; for example, in numerical
analysis, it may suffice that it has small magnitude and so contributes only a
small error term. Some other special techniques are demonstrated in the
examples below.

Polynomials and trigonometric functions

In order to calculate

For higher powers of x in the form,

repeatedly using integration by parts can evaluate integrals Such as these; each
application of the theorem lowers the power of x by one.
Exponentials and trigonometric functions

An example commonly used to examine workings of by parts is

Here, integration by parts is performed twice. First let

Then:

Now, to evaluate the integral, we use integration by parts again, with:

Then:

Putting these together,

The same integral shows up on both sides of this equation. The integral can
simply be added to both sides to get

Which arranges to

where again C (and C’ = C / 2) is a constant of integration.

Let us try to understand how integration by parts is used to find the integral of
two multiplied function using the following examples.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ e x cos x dx

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ x cos x dx

Integration by Substitution

Integration by Substitution “Integration by Substitution” (also called “u-

Substitution” or “The Reverse Chain Rule") is a method to find an integral, but
only when it can be set up in a special way. The first and most vital step is to
be able to write our integral in this form: Note that we have g (x) and its
derivative g' (x)

In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution or change

of variables, is a method for evaluating integrals. Direct application of the
fundamental theorem of calculus to find an antiderivative can be quite difficult,
and integration by substitution can help simplify that task. It is the counterpart
to the chain rule for differentiation, in fact, it can loosely be thought of as using
the chain rule "backwards." it may be simpler to completely deduce the
antiderivative before applying the boundaries of integration. This becomes
especially handy when multiple substitutions are used.
Before stating the result rigorously, let's examine a simple case indefinite
integrals.

This frequently used, but not all integrals are of a form that permits its use. In
any event, the result should be verified.

For definite integrals, the limits of integration must also be adjusted, but the
procedure is mostly the same.

2
Example 1: Consider the integral ∫0 𝑥 cos(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

Since the lower limit x = 0 was replaced with u – 1, and the upper limit x = 2
with 22+ 1, a transformation back into terms of x was unnecessary.

Alternatively, one may fully evaluate the indefinite integral first then apply the
boundary conditions. This becomes especially handy When multiple
substitutions are
 1
Example 2: For the integral ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

A variation of the above procedure is needed. The substitution x = sin u

implying dx = cos u du is useful because (1 - sin2 u)1/2 = cos u. We thus have,

The resulting integral can be computed using integration by parts or a double

angle formula 2 cos2 u = 1 + cos (2u), followed by one more substitution. One
can also note that the function being integrated is the upper right quarter of a
circle with a radius of one, and hence integrating the upper right quarter from
zero to one is the geometric equivalent to the area of one quarter of the unit
circle or = π / 4.

Antiderivatives

Substitution can be used to determine antiderivatives. One chooses a relation

between x and u, determines the corresponding relation between dx and du by
differentiating, and performs the substitutions. An antiderivative for the
substituted function can hopefully be determined; the original substitution
between x and u is then undone.

Similar to example 1 above, the following antiderivative can be obtained with

this method:

where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

There were no integral boundaries to transform, but in the last step reverting
the original substitution u = (x 2 + 1) was necessary. When evaluating definite
integrals by substitution, one may calculate the antiderivative fully first, then
apply the boundary conditions. In that case, there is no need to transform the
boundary terms.
The tangent function can be integrated using substitution by expressing it in
terms of the sine and cosine:

Using the substitution u = cos x gives du = -sin x dx and

Let's explore other exercises to enhanced our knowledge in dealing with other
similar functions through integration by substitution.

Example 3. Find the integration of sin mx using substitution method.

Solution:

We know that derivative of mx is m. Thus, we make the substitution mx = t

so that mdx = dt . Therefore,

∫sin mx dx = 1 / m ∫sin t dt
= -1 / m cos t + C
= -1 / m cos mx + C

Example 4. Find the of 2x sin (x 2 + 1) using substitution method.

Solution:
Here, we know that derivative of x 2 + 1 is 2 Thus, we use the substitution
x2+ 1 = t so that 2x dx = dt. Therefore,
∫2x sin (x2 + 1)dx = ∫sin t dt
= -cos t + C
=-cos (x2 + 1) + C

Example 5. Find the integral of ∫xe x^2dx using by substitution

Solution: Let us take x 2 = t, then 2x dx = dt

∫xex^2dx = ½ ∫ex^2 2x dx
= ½ ∫et dt
=1/2 et + C
=1/2 e x^2 + C
 Post-Competency Checklist

Problem Solving. Evaluate the following integral and please include your
solution in your answer sheet.

Evaluate the following definite integral

7 7
1. Given that ∫3 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = −2 and ∫3 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 9
2. Evaluate ∫1 𝑑𝑦
0 (1+3𝑦) 2
Evaluate the integral using Integration by parts
1. Evaluate ∫x ln x dx

Evaluate the integral using Integration by substitution

(𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥)
1. ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥
2. ∫
√𝑥