METHODS FOR SOLVING

INTEGRATION:

 Methods of Integration include different methods of solving

complex and simple problems of integration in calculus.

 To apply a specific method of integration, first, we need to

identify the type of integral involved and then apply the
most suitable method of integration to solve it.

 first recall the concept of integration.

 Integration is the process of combining very small strips of a
figure to get the area of the whole figure. It gives the area
under the curve of a function.
 We use different methods of integration to find the integral
of complex functions.
 “To simplify the integral problems, we need to identify the
type of function to be integrated and then apply the
integration method which makes it easier to solve.”

Following are the the techniques for solving integration

problems:

7 Techniques of Integration:
 Substitution.
 Powers of sine and cosine.
 Trigonometric Substitutions.
 Integration by Parts.
 Rational Functions.
 Numerical Integration.
 Reverse chain rule

 Substitution Method:

 The substitution method is also commonly called the u-

substitution method of integration.
 In this method of integration by substitution, any given
integral is transformed into a simple form of integral by
substituting the independent variable by others.
 Take for example an equation having an independent
variable in x,
i.e. ∫sin (x3).3x2.dx———————–(i),
In the equation given above the independent variable can
be transformed into another variable say t.
Substituting x3 = t ———————-(ii)
Differentiation of above equation will give-
3x2.dx = dt ———————-(iii)
Substituting the value of (ii) and (iii) in (i), we have
∫sin (x3).3x2.dx = ∫sin t . dt
Thus the integration of the above equation will give
∫sin t . dt= -cos t + c
Again putting back the value of t from equation (ii), we get
∫sin (x3).3x2.dx = -cos x3 + c
The General Form of integration by substitution is:
∫ f(g(x)).g'(x).dx = f(t).dt, where t = g(x)

 When to Use Integration by Substitution Method?

Usually the method of integration by substitution is
extremely useful when we make a substitution for a
function whose derivative is also present in the integrand.
Doing so, the function simplifies and then the basic
formulas of integration can be used to integrate the
function.

 Power of sine and cosine:

 Functions consisting of power of the sine and cosine can

be integrated by using substitution and trigonometric
identities. These can sometimes be tedious, but the
technique is straightforward.
 EXAMPLE…..
∫(sinx)*5dx

 Trigonometric substitutions:
This type of substitution is usually indicated when the
function you wish to integrate contains a polynomial
expression that might allow you to use the fundamental
identity in one of three forms:

1. (sinx)*2+(cosx)*2=1
 2. (secx)*2=(tanx)*2+1
3. (cscx)*2=(cotx)*2+1

Examaple……

Evaluate ∫√1−x2dx.

 Integration By Parts:

 Integration by parts is one of the important methods

of integration. It is used when the function to be
integrated is written as a product of two or more
functions. It is also called the product rule of
integration and uv method of integration. If f(x) and
g(x) are two functions and their product is to be
integrated, then the formula to integrate f(x).g(x)
using by parts method is:
“∫f(x).g(x) dx = f(x) ∫g(x) dx − ∫(f′(x) [ ∫g(x) dx)]dx + C ”
Here f(x) is the first function and g(x) is the second
function.
 For integrating by parts, the choice of the first
function is done on the basis of the sequence given
below. This method is also commonly known as the
ILATE or LIATE method of integration which is
abbreviated of:
 I - Inverse Trigonometric Function
 L - Logarithmic Function
 A - Algebraic Function
 T - Trigonometric Function
 E - Exponential Function
 Rational Function by Method of Partial
Fractions:

 A rational function is a fraction with polynomials in

the numerator and denominator.
 This method of integration is used to integrate
rational functions. It is used to decompose the
denominator of the rational function and convert it
into simpler multiple rational functions.
 Example….
 TYPES:
Proper partial fraction
Improper partial fraction

 Numerical Integration:

 Numerical integration is the method to calculate the

approximate value of the integral by using numerical
techniques.
 There are various useful and interesting methods for
numerical integration such as trapezoidal rule,
Simpson's rules, Gauss's, Newton-Leibnitz rules etc
 This approach is widely used in practical work.
E. g. process integration calculations in chemical
engineering.e.t.c…
 This method is used for very higher, updated
and practical applications in every aspect of
science.
 Reverse Chain Rule:

 This method of integration is used when the

integration is of the form
∫g'(f(x)) f'(x) dx.
 Theorem of reverse chain rule:
“If f is differentiable at x and g is differentiable at
f(x), then
∫g'(f(x)) f'(x) dx = g(f(x)) + C”