Erbil Polytechnic University

Erbil Technical Engineering College

Department of Technical Mechanical and Energy Engineering

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS/1ST YEAR

Assignment / Report

Mathematics II

Integration by Substitution

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Sahand Adib Hasan
Abdulla Fuad Muhamad
Darbaz Rahman Ahmed
Dr. Dlair O. Ramadan
Tara Omer Abdulrahman
Talar Azad Mustafa
Group: A
Student’s email address:
Lecturer
your email@epu.edu.iq

Grade: One
CONTENTS
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1

Definition..........................................................................................................................................1

History..............................................................................................................................................1

Contents of The Subject.......................................................................................................................1

Maths Integration..............................................................................................................................1

Methods of Integration.....................................................................................................................3

Integration by Substitution...............................................................................................................5

Integration Formula and example.....................................................................................................5

Why is it important to integrate Math With Other Subjects?...........................................................7

Summery and Learning Outocomes.....................................................................................................8

Reference..............................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Suppose your friend gives you a wooden stick. He asks you to break it. Can you do so? Yes, it will be
very easy for you to do so. But what will happen if he gives you five to six sticks to break? It will not be
that easy to break it. As the number of sticks increases it is difficult to break them. The process of
uniting things is an integration of things. Similarly, in mathematics too, we have an integration of two
functions. Integration is like drop by drop addition of water in a container. In differentiation, we studied
that if a function f is differentiable in an interval say, I, then we get a set of a family of values of the
functions in that interval. Is there any way by which we can get to know about the function if the
values of the function within an interval are known? This process is the reverse of finding a derivative.
Integrations are the anti-derivatives. Integrations are the way of adding the parts to find the whole.
Integration is the whole pizza and the slices are the differentiable functions which can be integrated. If
f(x) is any function and f′(x) is its derivatives. The integration of f′(x) with respect to dx is given as

∫ f′(x) dx = f(x) + C

The symbol for integration is S-shaped. Let us get familiar with some of the associated notations.

Notation Meaning

∫ f(x) dx Integral of f with respect to x

f(x) in ∫ f(x) dx Integrand

x in ∫ f(x) dx Variable of integration

dx in ∫ f(x) dx Differentiation goes in the x direction

C Constant of Integration

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HISTORY
Integration can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt before 1800 EBC. Further developed and
employed by Archimedes and used to calculate areas for parabolas. Similar methods were
independently developed in China around the 3rad century AD by Liu Hui. Next major step in
integral calculus came in Iraq when the 11th century mathematician lbn al-Haytham (known as
Alhazen in Europe. Also formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the
late 17th century. Acquired a firmer footing with the development of limits and was given a suitable
foundation By Cauchy in the first half of the 19th century, Integration was first rigorously
formalized, using limits, by Riemann, Other definitions of integral, extending Riemann's and
Lebesgue's approaches, were proposed.

CONTENTS OF THE SUBJECT

MATHS INTEGRATION
In Maths, integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find the whole. It is a
reverse process of differentiation, where we reduce the functions into parts. This method is used to
find the summation under a vast scale. Calculation of small addition problems is an easy task which
we can do manually or by using calculators as well. But for big addition problems, where the limits
could reach to even infinity, integration methods are used. Integration and differentiation both are
important parts of calculus. The concept level of these topics is very high. Hence, it is introduced to
us at higher secondary classes and then in engineering or higher education.

Integrals in Maths
You have learned until now the concept of integration. You will come across, two types of integrals
in maths:

 Definite Integral

 Indefinite Integral

 Definite Integral
An integral that contains the upper and lower limits then it is a definite integral. On a real line, x is
restricted to lie. Riemann Integral is the other name of the Definite Integral.

A definite Integral is represented as:

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  Indefinite Integral

Indefinite integrals are defined without upper and lower limits. It is represented as:

∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C

Where C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.

METHODS OF INTEGRATION
Integration is a method of adding values on a large scale, where we cannot perform general addition
operation. But there are multiple methods of integration, which are used in Mathematics to integrate
the functions. There are different integration methods that are used to find an integral of some
function, which is easier to evaluate the original integral. Let us discuss the different methods of
integration such as integration by parts, integration by substitution, integration by partial fractions
in detail.

Integration Methods
The different methods of integration include:

1. Integration by Substitution
2. Integration by Parts
3. Integration Using Trigonometric Identities
4. Integration of Some particular function
5. Integration by Partial Fraction 

1.Integration By Substitution

Sometimes, it is really difficult to find the integration of a function, thus we can find the integration
by introducing a new independent variable. This method is called Integration by Substitution.

The given form of integral function (say ∫f(x)) can be transformed into another by changing the
independent variable x to t,

Substituting x = g(t) in the function ∫f(x), we get;

dx/dt = g'(t)

or dx = g'(t).dt

Thus, I = ∫f(x).dx = f(g(t)).g'(t).dt

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2.Integration By Parts

Integration by parts requires a special technique for integration of a function, where the integrand
function is the multiple of two or more function.

Let us consider an integrand function to be f(x).g(x).

Mathematically, integration by parts can be represented as;

∫f(x).g(x).dx = f(x).∫g(x).dx–∫(f′(x).∫g(x).dx).dx

Which says:

Integral of the product of two function = (First function × Integral of second function) – Integral of
[(differentiation of first function) × Integral of second function]

For deciding the first and the second functions, one can follow the ILATE rule for integration.

3.Integration Using Trigonometric Identities

In the integration of a function, if the integrand involves any kind of trigonometric function, then
we use trigonometric identities to simplify the function that can be easily integrated.

Few of the trigonometric identities are as follows:

4.Integration of Some particular function

Integration of some particular function involves some important formulae of integration that can be
applied to make other integration into the standard form of the integrand. The integration of these
standard integrands can be easily found using a direct form of integration method.

5.Integration by partial fraction

We know that a Rational Number can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers
and q≠0. Similarly, a rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials which can be
expressed in the form of partial fractions: P(x)/Q(x), where Q(x)≠0.

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INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Integration by substitution is an important method of integration, which is used when a function to
be integrated, is either a complex function or if the direct integration of the function is not feasible.
The integral of a function is simplified by this method of integration by substitution, by reducing
the given function into a simplified function. Integration by substitution is used when the
integration of the given function cannot be obtained directly, as the given algebraic function is not
in the standard form. Further, the given function can be reduced to the standard form by appropriate
substitution.

INTEGRATION FORMULA AND EXAMPLE

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6
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO INTEGRATE MATH WITH OTHER SUBJECTS?
The integration of academic subjects is not a new concept; it has been around for over a century
because there are many benefits. The integration of math into other subjects makes students think
about the “real world” which is a goal of the NCTM standards. It also makes students start to think
about why things happen, giving them a practical approach to learning and using mathematics. This
integration also helps answer the common question posed by many students “When are we ever
going to use this.” Integration allows students to see the usefulness and importance of mathematics
which therefore enables them to develop new understandings and skills. Another advantage to
integrating math with other subjects is a rise in test scores. Some state tests are being designed to
reflect an integrated curriculum. In Connecticut, students take the CAPT (Connecticut Academic
Performance Test) while in high school. While traditional assessments determine what students
know, the CAPT test was intended to determine what students can do with that knowledge. The
objective of the test is for students to be able to apply what they have learned to other situations.
Another reason to consider the integration of curriculum is because it is the way people learn.
Current brain research points out that the human brain looks for patterns and interconnections as its
way of making sense of things. Unfortunately, in many schools students learn one subject in one
classroom and then move on to the next classroom for the next subject. By delivering the
curriculum in this format, subjects lack coherence and therefore students become disconnected and
disengaged. Educators presume that students will miraculously make the associations between
subjects by themselves and will see how the subjects “fit” together and into the real world. With an
integrated curriculum, teachers do not need to guess about whether the connections have been made
by students, the connections will be clear.

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SUMMERY AND LEARNING OUTOCOMES
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things. It is often
used to find the area underneath the graph of a function and the x-axis. In calculus, integration by
substitution, also known as u-substitution or change of variables, is a method for
evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and
can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule. In real life, integrations are used in various fields
such as engineering, where engineers use integrals to find the shape of building. In Physics, used in
the centre of gravity etc. In the field of graphical representation, where three-dimensional models
are demonstrated. Integration by substitution can be considered the reverse chain rule. You'll
need to know your derivatives well. Whenever you see a function times its derivative, you
might try to use integration by substitution. Integration by substitution is a technique for
finding the antiderivative of a composite function. A good choice is one whose derivative is
expressed elsewhere in the integrand. We can integrate simple functions using the rules for
those functions.We can integrate more complex functions by substituting for part of the
function, or by integrating a product.

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REFERENCE

1. Introduction to Integration: Types, Notations, Theorems, Videos, Examples.

(2018, January 3). Toppr-Guides.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/integrals/introduction-to-integration/
2. Chhitiz Shrestha. (2012, November 24). Integration.
https://www.slideshare.net/reds4eva8/integration-15324705
3. Integration in Maths - Definition, Formulas and Types. (n.d.). BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/maths/integration/
4. Methods of Integration | Different Integration Methods. (n.d.). BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/maths/methods-of-integration/
5. Integration by Substitution - Definition, Formula, Methods, Examples. (n.d.).
Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/integration-by-substitution/
6. Why is it important to integrate Math With Other Subjects? | K12 Academics.
(2014, February 6). Www.k12academics.com.
https://www.k12academics.com/articles/why-it-important-integrate-math-
other-subjects#:~:text=The%20integration%20of%20math%20into