Integral calculus

Keyword: Integral, substitution, partial fractions, area, Sustitution, parts and fractions

Abstract: It is a review of the world of integrals, integrals have important functions for
engineers. properties are defined, ways to solve it for each case of integration. There are the
definite integrals and formulas to complete with a synthesis of the derivatives that can be
useful at any time.

What is integral calculus?

An integral is defined like an anti-derivates, it's the inverse process of a derivative, the
integrals helps to find the values of area and volumes in a determinate space, the process is
❑
written like ∫ x that means the region of area under the curve.
❑
(Formula integrales, 2019)

Definition of integral
Can be represented as the area of the region bounded by its graph of the given function. We
can see the integrals breaking it into vertical rectangles with the respective limits given by
the area.
(area under curve, 2019)

Fundamental theorems
First: A(x) = b ∫ a f ( x ) d x for all x ≥ a, where the function is continuous on [a,b]. Then A'(x) = f(x)
for all x ϵ [a,b]
Second: b ∫ a f ( x ) d x = f(b) -f(a) it’s named as definite integrals and is used when the integrals have
a pre-exisitng value of limits,

Properties
The derivative of an integral is the integrand itself. ∫ f(x) dx = f(x) +C
Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of curves and so they are
equivalent. ∫ [ f(x) dx -g(x) dx] =0
The integral of the sum or difference of a finite number of functions is equal to the sum or difference
of the integrals of the individual functions. ∫ [ f(x) dx+g(x) dx] = ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx The constant is
taken outside the integral sign. ∫ k f(x) dx = k ∫ f(x) dx, where k ∈ R.
The previous two properties are combined to get the form: ∫ [k 1 f 1 (x) + k 2 f 2 (x) +... k n f n (x)] dx
= k 1 ∫ f 1 (x)dx + k 2 ∫ f 2 (x)dx+ ... k n ∫ f n (x)dx

(properties, 2016)

Integral formulas
We have to know some derivatives of trigonometric functions, given this, we can make the
integrals of those, the most important integrals that we use:

❑ n+1
x
∫ ❑x n dx=¿ n+1 +c
❑
❑

∫ dx= x+c
❑
❑

∫ ❑cosx dx= sinx + c

❑
❑

∫ sinx dx=−cosx+C
❑
2
∫ sec x dx = tanx+C
2
∫ cosec x dx = -cotx+C
2
∫ sec x dx = tanx+C
∫ secx tanxdx = secx+C
∫ cscx cotx dx = -cscx+C
∫dx/x=ln|x| + C
x x
∫ e dx=e + C

Integration by Substitution
It is used when the function to be integrated is a complex function or if the direct integration
of the function is not acceptable..

Here are the steps

Step - 1: Choose a variable t for the function.

Step - 2: Get the value of dx, from the given integral, where f(x) is integrated with respect to
x.

Step - 3: Making the required substitution in the function f(x), and the new value dx.

Step - 4: Integrating the substitution.

Step - 5: Substituting the variable to get the final answer.

Important Substituions in Integration by Substitution
Integration by Parts
Also called partial integration, integration by parts is about finding the integration of the
product of functions.
Integration by parts is used to integrate the product of two or more functions. The

two functions to be integrated f(x) and g(x) are of the form

Integration by Partial Fractions

It is used to decompose and then integrate the rational fraction that has complex terms in the
denominator. In this method, we decompose the proper rational fraction into a sum of
simpler rational fractions. It is always possible to decompose the rational fraction into simpler
rational fractions and this is done by a process called partial fraction decomposition.
Forms Used in Integration by Partial Fractions
some kind of specific factors can be used to decompose in specific ways

Finding Integrals by Substitution Method

In integrals that are solved by substitution

Finding Integrals by Integration by Parts

if the functions(2) are in product form, the integrals are solved by integration by parts

Finding Integrals by Integration by Partial Fractions

Numerator and denominator contain positive integral powers of x with constant coefficients, Partial
fractions. To find ∫ f(x)/g(x) dx, we split the improper rational function into a rational function and
then integrate.
Applications of Integral Calculus

Using integration, we can find the distance given the velocity. Definite integrals are a
powerful tool for finding the area under simple curves, the area bounded by a curve and a
line, the area between two curves, the volume of solids.

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