INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
• Basic Concept: IF g’(x)=f(x) then f(x) is anti derivative or simply
integral of f with respect to x ,
Hence, ∫ f(x) dx = g(x) + c
constant of integration
Example:
d(x^2)/dx=2x ∫ 2x dx = x^2+c
Fundamental Integration Formulae:
Problems
• 1 -∫(x^2+5)^3 dx
• 2- ∫ x^3/(x+2)dx
 Methods of integration
1: INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUION
I=∫ f(g(x)).g’(x)dx
We substitute g(x)=t and hence , g’(x) dx=dt and it reduces to standard
from
Example-∫ x(√x-5)dx
Methods of integration
2: INTEGRATION BY PARTS
∫ uv dx=u(∫ vdx)-∫ (du/dx(∫ v dx))dx
Note : Use ILATE to decide choice of u and v
EXAMPLE- ∫ log(x) dx
Methods of Integration
3:Integration of exponential function
∫ e^x(f(x)+f’(x))dx= e^x f(x) dx
Example-∫ e^x( x^3+3x^2)
Methods of Integration
4: Integration by Partial Functions
An expression of the form P/Q is called a rational function.
They can be broken down to their partial fractions as shown:

After this the individual parts can be integrated

Some integrals which cannot be found:
• Any function continuous on an interval (a,b) has an antiderivative in
that interval.
• However ,not every antiderivative F(X) even when it exists is
expressible in closed form of elementary functions.
• Example ∫ (1/log(x))dx
Definite Integration
WORKING RULE:

• STEP 1: Evaluate the indefinite integral ∫f(x) dx =g(x)

• STEP 2: FIND g(b), g(a)
• STEP 3: The value of the desired definite integral is g(b)-g(a)
Geometric interpretation of Definite
Integration
Properties of Definite Integration
Problems
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF SUM
• An alternative way of describing is that the definite integral is a
limiting case of summation of an infinite series provided is f(x) is
continuous on [a,b]
= Lt(n ∞ )h ∑(from r=1 to n-1) f(a+rh)
h=(b-a)/n
Example:
S(n)= 1/n+1 + 1/n+2 ….1/n+n
As n tends to ∞ find S(n)
AREA UNDER A CURVE

• This can be interpreted as the area between the curve and x-axis
• So what happens if the curve is below x-axis?
Problem:
•   Determine the area of the region bounded by y=8/,y=2x and x=4.
Problem:
Let’s start off with getting a sketch of the region we want to find the area of of.
Here is a sketch of the bounded region we want to find the area of.

       
Problem
• To determine the intersection point correctly we’ll need to find it
directly. The intersection point is where the two curves intersect and
so all we need to do is set the two equations equal and solve. Doing
this gives,
• 8/x=2x→x^2=4→x=+2 (What about -2?)

• Therefore the limits on x are :2≤x≤4

• Now integrate 2x-8/x with upper and lower limits as 4 and 2
respectively
THANK YOU