Production Engineering and Production Technology

Department

COURSE NAME: Integration calculus

YEAR: Engineering Prep
RESEARCH TITLE: Integration

Dr: Samah Mohamed

Submitted By:
Students code Students e-mail Participation
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1901048 ME‐1901048.Shrouk@akhbaracademy.edu.eg 25%

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Akhbar El-yuom Academy 2019\2020

| Page1
Introduction

Suppose your buddy puts a wooden stick on you. He asks you to fix it.
Will you? Will you? Sure, it will be very easy for you to do so. But what
you five or six split sticks? happens if he gives Bridging it won't be that
easy. As the number of sticks increases, they can be hard to remove. The
uniting process is an integration of the issues. Likewise, we have an
integration of two functions in mathematics too. Integration in a
container is like drop by drop adding water. Let us get to know the
principles of integrations.

Integration

In differentiation, we studied that if a function f is distinguishable in a

say interval, I, then at that interval we get a set of a family of function
values. Is there some way we can get acquainted with the function if the
function values are defined within an interval? This process is the
reverse of a derivative finding. The anti-derivatives are integrations.
Integrations are the way the pieces are incorporated to reach the whole.
The entire pizza is integrated, and the slices are the differentiable
functions that can be combined. If f(x) is any function, and its derivatives
are f′(x). As regards dx, the integration of f′(x) is given as ∫ f′(x) dx = f(x) +
C

Notations

The symbol for integration is S-shaped. Let us get familiar with some of
the associated notations.

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Notation Meaning

∫ f(x) dx Integral of f with respect to x

f(x) in ∫ f(x) dx Integrand

x in ∫ f(x) dx Variable of integration

dx in ∫ f(x) dx Differentiation goes in the x direction

C Constant of Integration

Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts is a special method of integration that is often useful
when two functions are multiplied together, but is also helpful in other
ways.

You will see plenty of examples soon, but first let us see the rule:

∫u v dx = u ∫v dx −∫u' (∫v dx) dx

• u is the function u(x)

• v is the function v(x)
• u' is the derivative of the function u(x)

As a diagram:

Example1: What is ∫x cos(x) dx ?

we have x multiplied by cos(x), so integration by parts is a good choice.

First choose which functions for u and v:

• u=x
• v = cos(x)

| Page3
So now it is in the format ∫u v dx we can proceed:

Differentiate u: u' = x' = 1

Integrate v: ∫v dx = ∫cos(x) dx = sin(x)

= x sin(x) − ∫sin(x) dx

= x sin(x) + cos(x) + C

So we followed these steps:

• Choose u and v
• Differentiate u: u'
• Integrate v: ∫v dx
• Put u, u' and ∫v dx into: u ∫v dx −∫u' (∫v dx) dx
• Simplify and solve

In English, to help you remember, ∫u v dx becomes:

(u integral v) minus integral of (derivative u, integral v)

Example2: What is ∫ln(x)/x2 dx ?

First choose u and v:

• u = ln(x)
• v = 1/x2

Differentiate u: ln(x)' = 1/x

Integrate v: ∫1/x2 dx = ∫x-2 dx = −x-1 = -1/x (by the power rule)

Now put it together:

| Page4
Simplify:

= −ln(x)/x − ∫−1/x2 dx = −ln(x)/x − 1/x + C

= −(ln(x) + 1)/x + C

Integration by Substitution
"Integration by Substitution" (also called "u-Substitution" or "The
Reverse Chain Rule") is a method to find an integral, but only when it can
be set up in a special way.

The first and most vital step is to be able to write our integral in this form:

Note that we have g(x) and its derivative g'(x)

Like in this example:

Here f=cos, and we have g=x2 and its derivative 2x

When our integral is set up like that, we can do this substitution:

Then we can integrate f(u), and finish by putting g(x) back as u.

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Like this:

Example1: ∫cos(x2) 2x dx
We know (from above) that it is in the right form to do the substitution:

∫ cos(𝑥 2 ) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ cos(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

Now integrate:

= ∫cos(u) du = sin(u) + C

And finally put u=x2 back again:

= sin(x2) + C

Example2: ∫(5x+2)7 dx
If it was in THIS form we could do it:

∫(5x+2)7 5 dx

So let's make it so by doing this:

1/ 5 ∫(5x+2)7 5 dx

The 15 and 5 cancel out so all is fine.

And now we can have u=5x+2

1/ 5 ∫(5x+2)7 5 dx

1/ 5∫(𝑢)7 𝑑𝑢

And then integrate:

1/5 ∫u7 du = 1/ 5 u8/ 8 + C

Now put u=5x+2 back again, and simplify:

(5x+2)8
+C
40
| Page6
 Integration by Partial Fractions
If the integrand (the expression after the integral sign) is in the form of an
algebraic fraction and the integral cannot be evaluated by simple
methods, the fraction needs to be expressed in partial fractions before
integration takes place.

Partial fraction decomposition

Partial fraction decomposition - linear

factors

The steps needed to decompose an algebraic fraction into its partial

fractions results from a consideration of the reverse process − addition (or
subtraction).

Consider the following addition of algebraic fractions:

In this section, we want to go the other way around. That is, if we were
to start with the expression

and try to find the fractions whose sum gives this result, then the two
fractions obtained, i.e.

| Page7
are called the partial fractions of

We decompose fractions into partial fractions like this because:

• It makes certain integrals much easier to do, and

• It is used in the Laplace transform, which we meet later.

So if we needed to integrate this fraction, we could simplify our integral

in the following way: (Example1 )
6x + 13 1 5
∫ dx =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
x2 + 5x + 6 x+2 𝑥+3
We integrate the two fractions using what we learned in Basic
Logarithmic Form:

6x + 13 1 5
∫ dx =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
x2 + 5x + 6 x+2 𝑥+3
= ln(𝑥 + 2) + 5 ln(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐾

= ln[(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)5 ] + 𝐾

𝟑𝒙
Example 2: Express the following in partial fractions.
(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟒)

Answer

We set:
𝟑𝒙 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟒) (2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 4)

We find the value of A and B by multiplying both sides by(2x +1) (x +4)

3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1)

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Then we expand and collect like terms

3𝑥 = (𝐴 + 2𝐵)𝑥 + (4𝐴 + 𝐵)

The x terms gives3 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵

The constant terms gives:0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵

Solving this set of simultaneous equations gives:

𝐵
𝐴=−
4

𝐵
7 =3
4

12
𝐵=
7

3
𝐴=−
7

3𝑋 3 12
So(2𝑥+1)(𝑥+4) = − +
7(2𝑥+1) 7(𝑥+4)

So if we needed to integrate this fraction, we could simplify our integral

in the following way:
3𝑋 3 12
∫ = ∫− +∫
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) 7(2𝑥 + 1) 7(𝑥 + 4)

3 12
=− ln(2𝑥 + 1) + ln(𝑥 + 4) + 𝑘
14 7

Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

In this section, we see how to integrate expressions like
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
(𝑥 2 + 9)2

Depending on the function we need to integrate, we substitute one of

the following trigonometric expressions to simplify the integration:

| Page9
After we use these substitutions we'll get an integral that is "do-able".

Take note that we are not integrating trigonometric expressions (like we

did earlier in Integration: The Basic Trigonometric Forms and Integrating
Other Trigonometric Forms and Integrating Inverse Trigonometric
Forms.

Rather, on this page, we substitute a sine, tangent or secant expression

in order to make an integral possible.

Example 1:
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
(𝑥 2 + 9)2

Answer
We can write the question as
𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥 2 + 32 )3/2

It's now in the form of the second substitution suggestion given above,
that is:

for√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃

with a=3

put 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

We make the first substitution and simplify the denominator of the

question before proceeding to integrate.

We'll need to use the following:

| P a g e 10
 3
(𝑎2 )2 = 𝑎3

Here's a number example demonstrating this expression:

3 3
92 = (√9) = 33 = 27

This is a well-known trigonometric identity:

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

So we have:

(𝑥 2 + 9)3/2 = ((3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)2 + 9)3/2

3
= (9𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 9)2
3 3
= 92 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1)2
3
= 27(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)2

= 27𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃

Now, substituting

𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

And

(𝑥 2 + 9)3/2 = 27𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃

into the given integral gives us:

𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ 3 =∫
27𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
(𝑥 2 + 32 )2
1 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
9 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐾
9

| P a g e 11
We now need to get our answer in terms of x (since the question was in terms of x).

Since we let𝑥 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
3
and we can draw a triangle to find the expression for sin θ in terms of x:

From the triangle we see that

𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
√𝑥 2 + 9
1
Therefore, we can conclude that the answer for our integral is times
9
this last expression:
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 3 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐾
9
(𝑥 2 + 32 )2

1 𝑥
= ( )+𝐾
9 √𝑥 2 + 9
𝑥
= +𝐾
9√𝑥 2 + 9

Example 2:∫ √𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Answer

∫ √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

This question is in the form of the first substitution suggestion in this

section, that is,

| P a g e 12
Fo
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

So we have a=4 , and x = 4 sin𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Substituting and simplifying the square root part first:

√16 − 𝑥 2 = √16 − 16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= √16(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 4√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Substituting into the integral gives:

∫ √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃)

1
∫ 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 16 ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 1)𝑑𝜃
2
1
= 8 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜃) + 𝐾
2
= 8(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜃) + 𝐾
𝑥
he second-last step comes from drawing a triangle, using 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
4

in this case, as follows:

𝑥 √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑥
8(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜃) + 𝐾 = 8 ( + sin−1 ) + 𝐾
4 4 4
𝑥√16 − 𝑥 2 𝑥
= + 8 sin−1 + 𝐾
2 4

| P a g e 13
 Integration: Other Trigonometric Forms
We can use the trigonometric identities that we learned earlier to
simplify the integration process.

The main identities are shown here for reference:

The process that we use involves using the trigonometric ratios to

simplify the expression, or to get the expression into a form that can be
integrated.

integrating a Product of Powers of Sine and Cosine - one

power odd
To integrate a product of powers of sine and cosine, we use

if at least one of the powers is odd.

Example 1: Integrate ∫ 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Answer

∫ 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 ∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝟑 ∫(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝟑 ∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒅𝒙

| P a g e 14
Letting 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠:

= 𝟑 [𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑲𝟏 − ∫ 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖]

𝒖𝟑
= 𝟑 [𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − + 𝑲]
𝟑

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
= 𝟑 [𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − + 𝑲]
𝟑

Integrating a Product of Powers of Sine and Cosine - powers

even
We use

or

if the power of sin x or cos x is even.

Example 2: Integrate∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Answer

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let u=2x, then du=2 dx

𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1
= ∫ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4

| P a g e 15
 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(2𝑥)
= [𝑢 + ] + 𝐾 = [2𝑥 + ]+𝐾
4 2 4 2
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
= + +𝐾
2 8

integration of products of powers of tan and sec:

Example1: Evaluate the following integral∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟗 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Answer

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟗 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢8 (𝑢2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 𝑢12 − 2𝑢10 + 𝑢8 𝑑𝑢

1 2 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐13 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 11 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 9 𝑥 + 𝑐
13 11 9

Example2: Evaluate the following integral.∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

| P a g e 16
Answer

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = tan 𝑥

= ∫(𝑢2 + 1)𝑢6 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢8 + 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢

1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛9 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥 + 𝑐
9 7

integration of product of sines and cosines with

different angles
Example 1: Evaluate the integral ∫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 2xcos7xdx

Answer
1
∫𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2xcos7xdx=∫ (1−cos4x)cos7xdx
2
1
=∫ (cos7x−cos4xcos7x)x dx
2
1 1
= ∫cos7xdx− ∫cos4xcos7xdx
2 2
1 1 1
= sin7x− ∫ [cos11x+cos4x]dx
14 2 2

1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛11𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
= sin7 x− [ + ]+C
14 4 11 4
1 1 1
= sin7x− sin11x− sin3x+C
14 44 12

Example 2: Evaluate ∫sin(9x)cos(4x)dx

Answer
∫sin(9x)cos(4x)dx ∫ sin(9x)cos(4x)dx

| P a g e 17
 1 1
=∫ [sin(9x−4x)+sin(9x+4x)]dx = ∫[sin(5x)+sin(13x)]dx
2 2

𝟏 −𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝒙) 𝟏 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟑𝒙
= [ ]+ [ ]
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟑

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟑𝒙)
∫sin(9x)cos(4x)dx=−[ + ]+C
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟔

Applications

Areas between Curves

Just as definite integrals can be used to locate the area under a curve, so
can they be used to locate the area between two curves. Incorporate the
difference of functions to find the region between two function-defined
curves. If the function graphs cross, or the area is complex, then use the
absolute value of the function differences. In this case, evaluation of two
or more integrals might be required.

Determining Volumes by Slicing

We use definite integrals in this section to find volumes of the three-

dimensional solids. We are considering three approaches — slicing,
disks, and washers — for finding these quantities, depending on the solid
's properties.

Arc Length of a Curve and Surface Area

A definite integral can be used to measure the arc-length of a curve. The

length of the arc is first approximated using line segments, which will
produce a sum of Riemann. It then gives us the definite integral formula
to take a limit. On y functions the same mechanism can be applied. To
find the surface area of a groundbreaking object, the methods used to
measure the arc length can be generalised. The integrals created by the
formulas for both arc length and surface area are often difficult to assess.

Physical Applications of Integration

| P a g e 18
In this section, we are looking into some physical integration
applications. In engineering and physics various physical applications of
the definite integral are common. Where its density function is known,
definite integrals can be used to calculate the mass of an object. Work can
also be calculated by integrating or counteracting a force function force
of gravity, as in a pumping problem. Definite integrals can also be used to
calculate the force exerted on an object submerged in a liquid.

conclusio
n

Integration can be accomplished by several mechanisms: structure of the

organization, integrative processes and culture of the organization.
Culture is by far the most essential, and yet the hardest, to introduce.
Efforts to achieve true market integration have to be guided from both top
down and bottom up. Top-down transition is driven by the dedication of
senior leaders to an organizational framework that does not hinder
integration, structured disciplined processes that provide a space for
integration, and a culture that will promote integration. Bottom-up efforts
to achieve integration should be guided by structures of measurement and
reward which promote inclusive behaviour, and incentives for education
and training that show people the advantages that can be gained from true
business integration.

references

1-Calculus by Swokowski

-2-Calculus by Thomas.

.3 -Calculus by Edwards

| P a g e 19