STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

As we have seen, integration is more challenging than differentiation. In finding the derivative of a function it is obvious which differentiation formula we should apply. But it may
not be obvious which technique we should use to integrate a given function.
Until now individual techniques have been applied in each section. For instance, we
usually used substitution in Exercises 5.5, integration by parts in Exercises 6.1, and partial
fractions in Exercises 6.3. But in this section we present a collection of miscellaneous integrals in random order and the main challenge is to recognize which technique or formula
to use. No hard and fast rules can be given as to which method applies in a given situation,
but we give some advice on strategy that you may find useful.
A prerequisite for strategy selection is a knowledge of the basic integration formulas.
In the following table we have collected the integrals that we have learned in Chapters 5
and 6. Most of them should be memorized. It is useful to know them all, but the ones
marked with an asterisk need not be memorized since they are easily derived. Formula 19
can be avoided by using partial fractions, and trigonometric substitutions can be used in
place of Formula 20.
Table of Integration Formulas Constants of integration have been omitted.

x n
1
n
1

1.

yx

dx

3.

ye

dx
e x

5.

n  1

1
dx
ln x
x

2.

4.

ya

y sin x dx
cos x

6.

y cos x dx
sin x

7.

y sec x dx
tan x

8.

y csc x dx
cot x

9.

y sec x tan x dx
sec x

10.

y csc x cot x dx
csc x

11.

y sec x dx
ln
sec x
tan x

12.

y csc x dx
ln
csc x  cot x

13.

y tan x dx
ln
sec x

14.

y cot x dx
ln
sin x

15.

y sinh x dx
cosh x

16.

y cosh x dx
sinh x

17.

dx
1
x
tan1
2

x
a
a
a

18.

y sa

*19.

dx
1
xa


ln
x2  a2
2a
x
a

*20.

y sx



 

dx

ax
ln a



dx
x

sin1
2
x
a

dx

ln x
sx 2  a 2
 a2

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

Once you are armed with these basic integration formulas, if you dont immediately see
how to attack a given integral, you might try the following four-step strategy.
1. Simplify the Integrand if Possible Sometimes the use of algebraic manipulation or
trigonometric identities will simplify the integrand and make the method of integration
obvious. Here are some examples:

y sx (1
sx ) dx
y (sx
x) dx
1

2 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

tan 

sin 

y sec  d
y cos  cos  d

2

y sin  cos  d
12 y sin 2 d

y sin x
cos x dx
y sin x
2 sin x cos x
cos x dx

2

y 1
2 sin x cos x dx
2. Look for an Obvious Substitution Try to find some function u
tx in the inte-

grand whose differential du
tx dx also occurs, apart from a constant factor.
For instance, in the integral
x
y x 2  1 dx
we notice that if u
x 2  1, then du
2x dx. Therefore, we use the substitution u
x 2  1 instead of the method of partial fractions.

3. Classify the Integrand According to Its Form If Steps 1 and 2 have not led to the

solution, then we take a look at the form of the integrand f x.

(a) Trigonometric functions. If f x is a product of powers of sin x and cos x,
of tan x and sec x, or of cot x and csc x, then we use the substitutions recommended in Section 6.2.
(b) Rational functions. If f is a rational function, we use the procedure involving
partial fractions in Section 6.3.
(c) Integration by parts. If f x is a product of a power of x (or a polynomial)
and a transcendental function (such as a trigonometric, exponential, or logarithmic function), then we try integration by parts, choosing u and dv according to the advice given in Section 6.1. If you look at the functions in Exercises 6.1, you will see that most of them are the type just described.
(d) Radicals. Particular kinds of substitutions are recommended when certain
radicals appear.
(i) If sx 2  a 2 occurs, we use a trigonometric substitution according to the
table in Section 6.2.
n
n
(ii) If s
ax
b occurs, we use the rationalizing substitution u
s
ax
b.
n
More generally, this sometimes works for stx.
4. Try Again If the first three steps have not produced the answer, remember that

there are basically only two methods of integration: substitution and parts.
(a) Try substitution. Even if no substitution is obvious (Step 2), some inspiration
or ingenuity (or even desperation) may suggest an appropriate substitution.
(b) Try parts. Although integration by parts is used most of the time on products
of the form described in Step 3(c), it is sometimes effective on single functions. Looking at Section 6.1, we see that it works on tan1x, sin1x, and ln x,
and these are all inverse functions.
(c) Manipulate the integrand. Algebraic manipulations (perhaps rationalizing the
denominator or using trigonometric identities) may be useful in transforming
the integral into an easier form. These manipulations may be more substantial
than in Step 1 and may involve some ingenuity. Here is an example:
dx

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

y 1  cos x

y

1
1
cos x
1
cos x


dx
y
dx
1  cos x 1
cos x
1  cos 2x

y

1
cos x
dx

sin 2x

csc 2x

cos x
sin 2x

dx

(d) Relate the problem to previous problems. When you have built up some experience in integration, you may be able to use a method on a given integral that

STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 3

is similar to a method you have already used on a previous integral. Or you

may even be able to express the given integral in terms of a previous one. For
instance, x tan 2x sec x dx is a challenging integral, but if we make use of the
identity tan 2x
sec 2x  1, we can write

y tan x sec x dx
y sec x dx  y sec x dx

2

and if x sec 3x dx has previously been evaluated (see Example 8 in Section 6.2),
then that calculation can be used in the present problem.
(e) Use several methods. Sometimes two or three methods are required to evaluate an integral. The evaluation could involve several successive substitutions
of different types, or it might combine integration by parts with one or more
substitutions.
In the following examples we indicate a method of attack but do not fully work out the
integral.
EXAMPLE 1

tan 3x

y cos x dx
3

In Step 1 we rewrite the integral:

tan 3x
dx
y tan 3x sec 3x dx
cos 3x

The integral is now of the form x tan m x sec n x dx with m odd, so we can use the advice
on page 313.
Alternatively, if in Step 1 we had written

tan 3x
sin 3x 1
sin 3x
dx
3 dx
y
3
3 dx
y
cos x
cos x cos x
cos 6x

then we could have continued as follows with the substitution u
cos x :

EXAMPLE 2

ye

sx

sin 3x
1  cos 2x
1  u2
sin x dx
y
du
6 dx
y
6
cos x
cos x
u6
u2  1

y
du
y u 4  u 6  du
u6

dx

According to Step 3(d)(ii) we substitute u
sx. Then x
u 2, so dx
2u du and

ye

sx

dx
2 y ue u du

The integrand is now a product of u and the transcendental function e u so it can be integrated by parts.

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

x5
1
dx
3
 3x 2  10x
No algebraic simplification or substitution is obvious, so Steps 1 and 2 dont apply here.
The integrand is a rational function so we apply the procedure of Section 6.3, remembering that the first step is to divide.
EXAMPLE 3

yx

EXAMPLE 4

y xsln x

dx

Here Step 2 is all that is needed. We substitute u
ln x because its differential is

du
dxx, which occurs in the integral.

4 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

1x
dx
1
x
Although the rationalizing substitution
EXAMPLE 5

u

1x
1
x

works here [Step 3(d)(ii)], it leads to a very complicated rational function. An easier
method is to do some algebraic manipulation [either as Step 1 or as Step 4(c)]. Multiplying numerator and denominator by s1  x, we have

1x
1x
dx
y
dx
1
x
s1  x 2
1
x
dx  y
dx
s1  x 2
s1  x 2

y

sin1x
s1  x 2
C

EXERCISES
A Click here for answers.
180

1.
3.
5.
7.

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

9.

Click here for solutions.

Evaluate the integral.

sin x
sec x
dx
tan x

y
y

2t
dt
t  32

4.

e arctan y
dy
1
y2

6.

1

8.

r ln r dr
x1
dx
x 2  4x
5

2.

x
dx
s3  x 4

y x csc x
y

x
dx
x4
x2
1

10.

y sin x coscos x dx

13.

dx
1  x 2  32

14.

15.

16.

17.

y x sin x dx

18.

y 1
e

19.

y e x
e dx

20.

y esx dx

21.

yt e

22.

y x sin

23.

y (1
sx ) dx

24.

y lnx

3 2t

dt
8

26.

yx

27.

y cot x lnsin x dx

28.

y sin sat dt

29.

3w  1
dw
w
2

30.

y
x

31.

1
x
dx
1x

32.

33.

y s3  2x  x

34.

y

35.

36.

y sin 4x cos 3x dx

37.

38.

39.

40.

y s4y

s1
ln x
dx
x ln x
s22

41.

y  tan  d

42.

yx

x2
dx
s1  x 2
e 2t

4t

43.

y e s1
e

44.

y s1
e

45.

yx e

46.

y 1e

47.

yx

48.

dt

1

49.

y x s4x
1 dx

50.

yx

cot x dx

x1
dx
2
x  4x  5

12.

3x 2  2
dx
 2x  8

y tan  d

y sin 3 cos 5 d

x
dx
s1  x 2

yx

3x 2  2
dx
 2x  8

11.

12

25.

x dx

 1 dx

dx

x 8 sin x dx

1

4

cos2 tan2 d

x
dx
1  x 2
s1  x 2
2

dx

5 x 3

dx

x
a
dx
2

a2
1

2

 4x dx

s2x  1
dx
2x
3
 2
4

 4

1
4 cot x
dx
4  cot x

tan 5 sec 3 d

1
dy
 4y  3

tan1x dx

1
ex
x

dx

dx

x
dx
x4  a4
2

1
dx
s4x
1

STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 5

51.

y x s4x

53.

yx

55.
57.
59.

1

dx

sinh mx dx

1
dx
x
4
4 sx
1

y x sx
c dx
3

1
dx
e 3x  e x

y x x

54.

y x
sin x dx

56.
58.
60.

63.
65.

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

67.

yx

10

x
dx

16

y sxe

sx

dx
1

y sx
1
sx dx
y

arctanst
dt
st

62.
64.
66.
68.

x ln x
dx
sx 2  1

yx

y 1
e

71.

yx

73.

y x  2x

75.

y sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx

77.

y 1
x

79.

y x sin

ln1
x dx

1
dx
3
x
s
x

y x
1

10

3

y

4

dx

lntan x
dx
sin x cos x

u
1
du
u3  u2
3

1
dx
1
2e x  ex

e 2x

69.
2

61.

dx

1

52.

dx

x
dx

4x 2
3
1

sx

4

dx

dx

x cos x dx

lnx
1
dx
x2

70.

72.

y 1
st dt

74.

ye

76.

y x

78.

y sin x
sec x dx

80.

y sin

st

dx
 e x

 bx sin 2x dx

sec x cos 2x

sin x cos x
dx
4
x
cos 4 x

81. The functions y
e x and y
x 2e x dont have elementary

antiderivatives, but y
2x
1e

2
x 2x 2
1e x dx.
2

x2

does. Evaluate

6 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

ANSWERS
3

45.  3 x 3
1ex
C
1

Click here for solutions.

47. ln sx 2
a 2
tan1xa
C

1. sin x
ln csc x  cot x
C

5. e 4  e4

3. 4  ln 9
7.
11.

ln 3  242
25

243
5

49. ln

9.

lnx 2  4x
5
tan1x  2
C

1
2

cos8  16 cos6
C (or 14 sin4  13 sin6
18 sin8
C)

1
8

(or

1
4

x  x sin 2x  cos 2 x
C)

23.

25. 3x

4097
45

61.

21.  8 e2t4t 3
6t 2
6t
3
C

19. e e
C

23
3

1
20

( x )
C

63. 2( x  2sx
2) e sx
C

71.  4 lnx 2
3
4 lnx 2
1
C

33. 2 sin x
12
x
12 s3  2x  x
C

75.

39. ln(1
s1  x 2 )
C

77.

2
3

1
4

41.  tan   2  2  ln sec 
C

43. 3 1
e x 32
C
2

1
24

1

69. e x  ln1
e x 
C

ln x  2  161 lnx 2
4  18 tan1x2
C

1
8

tan

65. 3 x
132  x 32

C

73.

37. 8 

29. 15
7 ln 7

31. sin1x  s1  x 2
C

35. 0

1 1
4

67. 3 s3   2   ln 2

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

ln x  4  53 ln x
2
C

27. 2 ln sin x2
C

s4x 2
1
1

C
2x

55. 3 ln(sx
1
3)  ln(sx
1
1)
C

1
8

59. ex
2 ln e x  1e x
1
C

1
4

51. ln

53. 1mx 2 coshmx  2m2 x sinhmx
2m3  coshmx
C

17. 4 x 2  2 x sin x cos x
4 sin 2 x
C

1

s4x
1  1

C
s4x
1
1

57. 7 x
c73  4 cx
c43
C

15. 1  2 s3

13. xs1  x 2
C

cos 6x  161 cos 4x  18 cos 2x
C

tan1 x 32 
C
2

81. xe x
C

79. 3 x sin 3 x
3 cos x  9 cos 3x
C

1

STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 7

SOLUTIONS

3.



sin x + sec x
dx =
tan x

1.

2t
dt =
(t 3)2

1
3

sin x
sec x
+
tan x
tan x

dx =

(cos x + csc x) dx = sin x + ln |csc x cot x| + C

2 (u + 3)
du [u = t 3, du = dt] =
u2

6
2
+
u u2


1
6
du = 2 ln |u|
u 3

= (2 ln 1 + 6) (2 ln 3 + 2) = 4 2 ln 3 or 4 ln 9
5. Let u = arctan y. Then du =


7.

9.

earctan y
dy =
1 + y2

/4
/4

/4

eu du = [eu ]/4 = e/4 e/4 .

3

3
3

u = ln r, dv = r4 dr,
243
1 4
1 5
1 5
r ln r
r dr =
ln 3 0
r
r ln r dr
1 5 =
dr
5
5
25
v= r
du =
1 5
1
1
5
r


1
= 243
= 243
ln 3 243
25
ln 3 242
5
25
5
25
4

x1
dx =
x2 4x + 5
=

11.

dy
1 + y2

1
2




(x 2) + 1
1
u
+ 2
dx =
du [u = x 2, du = dx]
u2 + 1
u +1
(x 2)2 + 1


ln u + 1 + tan1 u + C = 12 ln x2 4x + 5 + tan1(x 2) + C


cos5 sin2 sin d = cos5 (1 cos2 )( sin ) d



u = cos ,
= u5 (1 u2 ) du
du = sin d
 7
5
1 8
= (u u ) du = 8 u 16 u6 + C = 18 cos8 16 cos6 + C

sin3 cos5 d =

Another solution:



sin3 cos5 d = sin3 (cos2 )2 cos d = sin3 (1 sin2 )2 cos d



 3
u = sin ,
2 2
= u3 (1 2u2 + u4 ) du
= u (1 u ) du
du = cos d

= (u3 2u5 + u7 ) du = 14 u4 13 u6 + 18 u8 + C = 14 sin4 13 sin6 +
13. Let x = sin , where 2

.
2

1
8

sin8 + C

Then dx = cos d and

2 1/2

(1 x )
= cos , so






cos d
dx
=
=
sec2 d
(cos )3
(1 x2 )3/2
x
= tan + C =
+C
1 x2
15. Let u = 1 x2

1/2

17.

du = 2x dx. Then

1
x

dx =
2
1 x2


3/4

1
1
du =
2
u

3/4

u1/2 du =

1
2

2u1/2

1
3/4

 1
u 3/4 = 1

3
2

u = x,

dv = sin2 x dx,


x sin x dx
v = sin2 x dx = 12 (1 cos 2x) dx = 12 x
du = dx


1
= 12 x2 12 x sin x cos x
x 12 sin x cos x dx
2
2

1
2

sin x cos x

= 12 x2 12 x sin x cos x 14 x2 + 14 sin2 x + C = 14 x2 12 x sin x cos x + 14 sin2 x + C


Note: sin x cos x dx = s ds = 12 s2 + C [where s = sin x, ds = cos x dx].




A slightly different method is to write x sin2 x dx = x 12 (1 cos 2x) dx = 12 x dx 12 x cos 2x dx. If we

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

evaluate the second integral by parts, we arrive at the equivalent answer 14 x2 14 x sin 2x
19. Let u = ex . Then

ex+e dx =

ee ex dx =

eu du = eu + C = ee + C.

1
8

cos 2x + C.

8 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

21. Integrate by parts three times, first with u = t3 , dv = e2t dt:



 3 2t
dt = 12 t3 e2t + 12 3t2 e2t dt = 12 t3 e2t 34 t2 e2t + 12 3te2t dt
t e






= e2t 12 t3 + 34 t2 34 te2t + 34 e2t dt = e2t 12 t3 + 34 t2 + 34 t + 38 + C


= 18 e2t 4t3 + 6t2 + 6t + 3 + C
23. Let u = 1 +

x. Then x = (u 1)2 , dx = 2(u 1) du

1
0

(1 +



2
2
2

8
x ) dx = 1 u8 2(u 1) du = 2 1 u9 u8 du = 15 u10 2 19 u9 1
=

25.

1024
5

1024
9

1
5

2
9

4097
45

6x + 22
A
B
3x2 2
=3+
=3+
+
2x 8
(x 4)(x + 2)
x4
x+2

x2

6x + 22 = A(x + 2) + B(x 4). Setting

5
x = 4 gives 46 = 6A, so A = 23
3 . Setting x = 2 gives 10 = 6B, so B = 3 . Now






23/3
5/3
3x2 2
3+
dx =

dx = 3x + 23
ln |x 4| 53 ln |x + 2| + C.
3
2
x 2x 8
x4
x+2


27. Let u = ln(sin x). Then du = cot x dx
cot x ln(sin x) dx = u du = 12 u2 + C = 12 [ln(sin x)]2 + C.


5

5

5
3w 1
7
dw =
29.
3
dw = 3w 7 ln |w + 2|
w+2
w+2
0
0
0

= 15 7 ln 7 + 7 ln 2 = 15 + 7(ln 2 ln 7) = 15 + 7 ln 27
31. As in Example 5,






1+x
dx
x dx
1+x
1+x
1+x

dx =
dx =
dx =
+
2
2
1x
1x
1+x
1x
1x
1 x2

= sin1 x 1 x2 + C

Another method: Substitute u = (1 + x)/(1 x).
33. 3 2x x2 = (x2 + 2x + 1) + 4 = 4 (x + 1)2 . Let
x + 1 = 2 sin , where 2 2 . Then dx = 2 cos d and



3 2x x2 dx =
4 (x + 1)2 dx =
4 4 sin2 2 cos d


= 4 cos2 d = 2 (1 + cos 2) d
= 2 + sin 2 + C = 2 + 2 sin cos + C



x+1
x+1
3 2x x2
+2

+C
= 2 sin1
2
2
2


x+1
x + 1
3 2x x2 + C
= 2 sin1
+
2
2
35. Because f (x) = x8 sin x is the product of an even function and an odd function, it is odd. Therefore,
1 8
x sin x dx = 0 [by (5.5.7)(b)].
1

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

37.

 /4
0


 /4
sin2 d = 0 12 (1 cos 2) d = 12


= 8 14 (0 0) = 8 14

cos2 tan2 d =

 /4
0

1
4

sin 2

/4
0

39. Let u = 1 x2 . Then du = 2x dx

v dv
du
1
x dx
=

[v = u, u = v 2 , du = 2v dv]
=
2
v2 + v
u+ u
1 x2 + 1 x2




dv
= ln |v + 1| + C = ln
1 x2 + 1 + C
=
v+1

STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 9


41. Let u = , dv = tan2 d = sec2 1 d du = d and v = tan . So


tan2 d = (tan ) (tan ) d = tan 2 ln |sec | + 12 2 + C
= tan 12 2 ln |sec | + C
43. Let u = 1 + ex , so that du = ex dx. Then
 x

e 1 + ex dx = u1/2 du = 23 u3/2 + C = 23 (1 + ex )3/2 + C.

Or: Let u = 1 + ex , so that u2 = 1 + ex and 2u du = ex dx. Then

 x


e 1 + ex dx = u 2u du = 2u2 du = 23 u3 + C = 23 (1 + ex )3/2 + C.


3
45. Let t = x3 . Then dt = 3x2 dx I = x5 ex dx = 13 tet dt. Now integrate by parts with u = t,


3

dv = et dt: I = 13 tet + 13 et dt = 13 tet 13 et + C = 13 ex x3 + 1 + C.

x


x+a
1
1
dx
2x dx
47.
+C
dx
=
+
a
= 12 ln x2 + a2 + a tan1
2
2
2
2
2
2
x +a
2
x +a
x +a
a
a

= ln x2 + a2 + tan1 (x/a) + C

49. Let u = 4x + 1 u2 = 4x + 1 2u du = 4 dx dx = 12 u du. So









1

1 u 1
u du
du
1
2



dx =
=
2
=
2
ln
1
2
 u + 1  + C [by Formula 19]
2
u2 1
x 4x + 1
4 (u 1) u


 4x + 1 1 

+C
= ln
4x + 1 + 1 

51. Let 2x = tan x = 12 tan , dx = 12 sec2 d, 4x2 + 1 = sec , so

1


2
sec
dx
2 sec d

=
=
d
=
csc d
1
tan
tan sec
x 4x2 + 1
2
= ln |csc + cot | + C
[or ln |csc cot | + C]






 4x2 + 1
 4x2 + 1

1 
1 

+
C
or
ln
+
C
= ln
+


2x
2x 
2x
2x 






dv = sinh(mx) dx,
u = x2 ,
1 2
2
2
x cosh(mx) dx
53.
x sinh(mx)dx = x cosh(mx)
1
m
m
du = 2x dx
cosh(mx)
v= m
2
1
= x2 cosh(mx)
m
m


1
m x sinh(mx)


1 
sinh(mx) dx


U = x, dV = cosh(mx) dx,
1
dU = dx
V = m
sinh(mx)

2
2
1 2
x cosh(mx) 2 x sinh(mx) + 3 cosh(mx) + C
m
m
m

55. Let u = x + 1. Then x = u2 1








dx
2u du
1
3

=
=
+
du
u2 + 3 + 4u
u+1
u+3
x+4+4 x+1


= 3 ln |u + 3| ln |u + 1| + C = 3 ln x + 1 + 3 ln x + 1 + 1 + C

57. Let u = 3 x + c. Then x = u3 c




3



x 3 x + c dx =
u c u 3u2 du = 3 u6 cu3 du = 37 u7 34 cu4 + C
=

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

= 37 (x + c)7/3 34 c(x + c)4/3 + C

59. Let u = ex . Then x = ln u, dx = du/u









du
1/2
1
du/u
1/2
dx
=
=

du
e3x ex
u3 u
(u 1)u2 (u + 1)
u1
u2
u+1




1  u 1 
1  ex 1 
1
x
+
C
=
e
+C
ln
+
= + ln
u
2
u + 1
2  ex + 1 

10 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION

61. Let u = x5 . Then du = 5x4 dx

1


x4 dx
5 du
=
= 15 14 tan1 14 u + C =
10
2
x + 16
u + 16

1
20

tan1

1
4


x5 + C.

1
dx dx = 2 x dy = 2y dy. Then
x








x
u = 2y 2 , dv = ey dy,
x e dx = yey (2y dy) = 2y 2 ey dy
v = ey
du = 4y dy




U = 4y, dV = ey dy,
= 2y 2 ey 4yey dy
dU = 4 dy
V = ey



= 2y 2 ey 4yey 4ey dy = 2y 2 ey 4yey + 4ey + C

= 2(y 2 2y + 2)ey + C = 2(x 2 x + 2) e x + C






1
dx
x+1 x

dx =
x + 1 x dx
65.
=

x+1+ x
x+1+ x
x+1 x


3/2
3/2
2
+C
= 3 (x + 1)
x
63. Let y =

x so that dy =

67. Let u = t. Then du = dt/ 2 t

3

3

3
arctan t

dt =
tan1 u (2 du) = 2 u tan1 u 12 ln(1 + u2 ) 1
[Example 5 in Section 6.1]
t
1
1


=2
3 tan1 3 12 ln 4 tan1 1 12 ln 2


=2
3 3 ln 2 4 12 ln 2 = 23 3 12 ln 2
69. Let u = ex . Then x = ln u, dx = du/u

e2x
dx =
1 + ex

u2 du
=
1+u u

u
du =
1+u


1

1
1+u


du

= u ln|1 + u| + C = ex ln(1 + ex ) + C
71.

x
Ax + B
Cx + D
x
= 2
= 2
+ 2
x4 + 4x2 + 3
(x + 3)(x2 + 1)
x +3
x +1


x = (Ax + B) x2 + 1 + (Cx + D) x2 + 3 = Ax3 + Bx2 + Ax + B + Cx3 + Dx2 + 3Cx + 3D
= (A + C)x3 + (B + D)x2 + (A + 3C)x + (B + 3D)

A + C = 0, B + D = 0, A + 3C = 1, B + 3D = 0 A = 12 , C = 12 , B = 0, D = 0. Thus,

x
dx =
x4 + 4x2 + 3
=

73.



14


ln x2 + 3 +

1
4


dx


ln x2 + 1 + C

 2

x +1
1
or ln 2
+C
4
x +3

A
Bx + C
1
=
+ 2

(x 2)(x2 + 4)
x2
x +4


1 = A x2 + 4 + (Bx + C)(x 2) = (A + B)x2 + (C 2B)x + (4A 2C). So 0 = A + B = C 2B,
1 = 4A 2C. Setting x = 2 gives A =

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

1
12 x
x
+ 22
2
x +3
x +1

1
dx =
(x 2)(x2 + 4)
=



1
8

1
8

B = 18 and C = 14 . So








18 x 14
1
1
1
dx
2x dx
dx
dx
=

x2
x2 + 4
8
x2
16
x2 + 4
4
x2 + 4


1
ln|x 2| 16
ln x2 + 4 18 tan1 (x/2) + C
1
8

STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 11

75.

sin x 12 [cos(2x 3x) cos(2x + 3x)] dx

U
= 12 (sin x cos x sin x cos 5x) dx

sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx =

1
4

18

sin 2x dx

1
2

%
&
by Formula 18a

[sin(x + 5x) + sin(x 5x)] dx

18

cos 2x +
(sin 6x sin 4x) dx =

77. Let u = x3/2 so that u2 = x3 and du = 32 x1/2 dx

x dx = 23 du. Then
]
]
2
2
2
x
3
dx =
du = tan1 u + C = tan1 (x3/2 ) + C.
1 + x3
1 + u2
3
3
=

cos 2x

1
4

1
2

[by Formula 18b in Appendix A]

in Appendix A

1
24

cos 6x

1
16

cos 4x + C

79. Let u = x, dv = sin2 x cos x dx du = dx, v = 13 sin3 x. Then

U
U
U
x sin2 x cos x dx = 13 x sin3 x 13 sin3 x dx = 13 x sin3 x 13 (1 cos2 x) sin x dx


]
y = cos x,
1
1
(1 y 2 ) dy
= x sin3 x +
3
3
dy = sin x dx
= 13 x sin3 x + 13 y 19 y 3 + C = 13 x sin3 x +
2

1
3

cos x

1
9

cos3 x + C

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

81. The function y = 2xex does have an elementary antiderivative, so well use this fact to help evaluate the integral.
U
U 2
U
U 2
U
2
2
2
(2x2 + 1)ex dx = 2x2 ex dx + ex dx = x(2xex ) dx + ex dx
&
%
2
U 2
U 2
u = x, dv = 2xex dx,
2
2
= xex + C
= xex ex dx + ex dx
x2
du = dx
v=e