lecconic.

s
tcansiso1insg
CHAPTER

L1, 5-1.2. (1201

Q-1. What is transistorr biasinqy What is the necessityp ot
ransistorr biasing ? 2
Ans: liransistore Biasing: lhe prrocess at applyng d.C
(i.e., input ciTcuit oc base-
votage pro per
ot polarity
emitferr unction, JF o the ransistort temains torcWUTCd
biased and output citrcit ort collectaqe- cm1itterr Junctrem
verrsc biased) and magnitude to the
Jc, aways Ttemains ire
Cittcuit to ensurte fartfull amplificaion is Kqoan as

tPansistort biasing).
Jn shotct the proces o applying -C Yoftaa SOutce
to the dieren fercminals ansislorr is Kna wn as
tpansistore biasing
The followmyae the bockK diagoam o biaungp
DC Supply

BJT

20 m5/50 H2
Amplifier
20 ms/50tte

fip:Biock diagrum u biasIng

 The necessityy of transistor biasing.
to take
Ihe necessity/purcpose of transistorr biasing) is
in the pmclicular regzin ic, in the active tegion
To aciivate tme tpansistot and gtt distotrtion free
amplified output: transitere biaing is necessny

2. What ace the jacterr jfecting> bias vaTiations1

Ans; We have com collecto eurrceni,1¢ forc CE

Cotiguttatron

T =
Plo t(P+1) Iees
As the tem percatutre incrceases vattious parra meteTcs
0T transictors exhibit vatqiations. hese tactors
pattameters hclude-
(iBse to emitterr vdltoge, E
) Curctent gain, Pac
emparalurs
() Kevettse Sttyration euTqrent; lCBo
euTCTrem. lceon
Above theSe, TuVeTCSe saturahion
change le.
isthe mot ntluential patrametettto
q-3. What is fuithful Amplijication ? What qe the canditions
f faithful ampiticahion ?/What i he purcpose ot bias
in a treansistoic fmplijierc? 3/4
fns:
Ans Faithful Amplrhiealion: The prrress of raiting
c+ange
the steengthot a Weak signal Without any
in it's geritral shape is KqoAt as faithful Amplification

BJT
>
Atnpliher
20ms/50 H
20m5/50 H
hi: fuithgu Amplihicetion
Canditions frt jathtul Arhial'on: loget faithfrul
the tronsirtor
amplrtioathion amoplihierc must satity
theTplowinq) conditions:
frupert reTto signal collector cutcrent

Minimum properr bue-cmlterr wag at any instant

dt anu
Minimum proprr oleetor. ertterr vota
instrant
 xplanuBion of candrtionef tarthful
he folowing ata

ampliicalion
) Frcoper 2e1(0 signal collectorc aut(ient

CAse-1: When signal is applied but batfercy) sourre

ap senco
NP o/P

the signal, bae ir

Durcing the poitive halt cgle ot
posittbe WTEt cmittert and hena bage-emrtterg junchion,
a base autqcent
JE toroUTed biued This ill ause
ciiTqut:
dnd much latgtt coluctoyt euTqTnt to tlon) in tre ir
The Tanult hat paitive half yele tf tha ripnal
amplifed im the colletorr.
towevett dutingthe negative half yele ot the, ue-anijor
tower. curcrcent toos
bfased
Jurehion Je is fhvertse -Ttenee,o
inn the circut lhe tesult i trat thete it no output
du to tme negahise half cyle ot the signal.
hall
lryfry, wewhette rt an, aypitied output of thu poutive
Ssiphal only. natie haH yclo empitelu turt t
Tenea,this untaítntul tmpricrthion.
Case-2: When btlaru sourree is apphicd but cignal i
absentc
NPM

N f N

le
2erco ian
coletsr utry

When introduce a ocleru Ycsource Vee in tre. input

cítraut The magnirtuge this votage shoul be urh
thar it Kaepe cirqui fotüsat d biaved.
input
When no signal is applied a d-c curcirent l ill Aflao
in the eollbetoT cireuit dus ta Vog This is Kngvon
as TETTO signa eolleetorr eustrant; lc4
CA-Whun brm batarU MutTC. &rional is applíed.
2n
1m

VCC

peritive bef cyle tf tha signdl inpat ekt

Dutrm the
smoTt tOTUAated biated and collectorc_ oitcTunt
bence
incTceases.towevert, dutting) tra nugative halt: eyzk. ot
cirelitr is os ToTuoardased
the sgnal the inpurt
and henee collectont cugrent deciceases. In this case
ngalive hah: tyrle of the nignal alo appeatcs in he
ourpur and henre ath ful amprication reuTCse
lThera.ore, ha fat farithful amplifi cahion mopei
ETTO ignal colleator eut(Tret mustt lo

TTeT CAst only satisty

cgmax
t sathtul amplihication. as shouan in the aboya
tgatd
e than the untathtul
amplir cation dcurse.
(13

4 c 8 0 5

pitoyte |portop
 minimum bae emrftevallaqe al an inelant
(L) ropenc
n ott dert to achieve aithtul amplit icalion. fhe
base
Cmifterc Votage VBt Should ntt b eheluo V tor
61c&0 V Ie Si oansistoc s a anyintant

03 oS06 6F Yex

base emtter rotaae Va fall belw the. valua)

,

ft 0:5 Vfur Ge & 7 Vf07r Si ; dunting amyti pat

ot the signal Tiat patct will be amphied lur
eutcTcint.This eill
extent du to small olartor
TUSult in urjaith-tul amplitication.
GiL) Froperc minimum Vcr at any inrtant
cmterr
torc farthul amplitication the collector
below & 5V r e
v tage VE shtúld
,
net tall
votaqe is aln
and v oT Si teansirtars. This
Knoon as volty
VEnA G

oV 7V VE
 When VEVe
ie Je i not proprtrluy binsed (Keverrs e
biased)
Ie le 1 P
it,Dnfaithful Amphication.
toweverc, VcEV: than dc is prtoperrhy2
TUVTTSe biased and Tamains e0nstant-,which
Jce su thing im taithsul armpliticahjon.

4What is loadine
Ans Load line is defned the line is dra an
as

in which ac+ross the intercsect ot TCO signal

Valuescollectore euncrent,Land eollectare toaniter
VDtage Va unich is drrauon tuspechively) in Y-qxis
and -xis.
9Point
 lpud linc 1 orus c Gprmain Pn he hrans,gtru

WhuWhy is the -puint Kept in the ridhe of he ldline?

As 2
fis:Operating paind /Qwcsont print /6-pint
is dcine d as the poinf vihetre the. zaro signa
ond
CUtent, ollcrtott tod croatr
vahues of collectot
volaace intere sect
Gyencr all u) the posttiont -pont on the lad linc¢
o the tuneljonality, of irancistoar. f me
depnds
pucpose of a. troncistorr is anampliticaticn,ten
he assigned poition o G-paint is imtended a
the cenlee of the loadline.
The following ase au the expan zion,s otPont

Case-1: t Operaltng point noate fhe saturgtion Yegion.

Is129
ls-10 ph

Ie 6 4h
o r c t h o no fh e
disteted

le4
le-2
Casc-2 he oprcating point neate the cut otf regien.

p o i n t

e
Vec

aistorted por hon

t The siq

That means Whenevett the opetcating poit is

neatt the satupation poinrr OTC neatt
tre
cut of poin/regíon; then it may lead to the
nion- linuate distovtion in the nl
ampltied output
WAVerurtm. Hence, unsurthful ampliticahion is ocCUTU.
ttnd the opertation ot tte bruaK down
rgon
ghould be avoided.
Case-9:1 he optrcating point neatc tho active reqion
JenA

peit

When the opercating point is în the actrve region

OTC 1 tho middle of tha, loadlin, tren itif
pasible to amplitu the nput signal without an
. id. e
distortion which isnohing but
non-Ineate
main objeetivey.
Jaithful ampliticahion which i ourt
constant in the
Thars why -paint ii Ket
middle of he load lime.
Q6. Why he slope ot he AC load line is grcater than
that f Dcluad line 2
Ans: Fott drtawing thu load ine ot a transistor
one ned to Know only it cut of and Aaturation
pa'nts.t is a. straignt Iine Toining thuse too pomls
We have jrom,CE transistor amplitirr conigundn
Wing vo Hage. dividt,bias
R Ce

Now the AC equivalet circuit becomes-

1 T

eru RL in the output eiTcuit

Bur fart dc analssis couplinig eapacttor
bocomas open eitreuu
 Vee
RelIRL

pont

Lea

Fig: AC& DC load line.

a
Durina an analysis ot Ac load lina un9
e+rtcutt Ac & DcC loqd resistnces
paytpal ampliiert
atce given kyy R 1l RL and ReTCCspectively
Hence
AC load line would be-
the slope f he
1 1 &itis genrally adopted
Rel|RL an
teqnsistor is applicabl.
specially when tha
amplitert. Would
the sdope otdc load line
Onta comrPy
evaluating the slopes
be utimately Buy
it beeomes obvtous, tra
tmu
tAc &DeOlbadline loh than
the Aralel combination (RI R) 1s aways
heTe foTa, hy sope ot, AC load lme is albaus gTuater
than thut t d load me
- 7. What is stability factop Deroive the expresin ore
stability tactop
Ans:
lacter: Stabiltyy factor is defind
as the rate ot change ot collecjorc curricent Ie,
with tresper to the Takag eUTCTUnt/TtuVettse
Sttupttien eutrent leB0 tconstant input
Votage, Ver and CUTTTCnt ampltication actor

dt contant 0
c80Vgr.
Derci vadion tsrability fcpe
We have rom CE CTTguttatTOn-
,
lplo tH)Icoe
Diterantiahing equation (i) wrt Te King
constant éE &p. We have

LeBo
=
+(1)
-
11
Q+8. Which is the mest intluential paramajerc r changring
(ollector auicent. WIcite donn its stabilitu factör
2
Ans: We have Tom CEatcTrangement: collvet or
C.uTTTCONt
leplo +(P11) LcBo -

eta, collerlor laakage eutTunt o C aT(TCaA

mr i thu most ntluentfal patramstert tOT
changing tollee har eura cont.
Stability futor for tha most influmlial pavameex
or chonging tolertor curtitunt
44-

Habiltyp actor or CB ircurt

tHeru colector eujrtwnt is given bu

le lE +leo =
qle t Teeo
Dferuniating equthion (1) wrt lepo - We gt-

= 0+ 0+1 =1
Lebo
S=1