Purpose:

1. To investigate Hooke's Law (The relation between force and stretch for a
spring)
2. To investigate Newton's Laws and the operation of a spring scale.

Discussion:
Everybody knows that when you apply a force to a spring or a rubber band, it
stretches. A scientist would ask, "How is the force that you apply related to the
amount of stretch?" This question was answered by Robert Hooke, a contemporary of
Newton, and the answer has come to be called Hooke's Law.

Hooke's Law, believe it or not, is a very important and widely-used law in physics and
engineering. Its applications go far beyond springs and rubber bands.

You can investigate Hooke's Law by measuring how much known forces stretch a
spring. A convenient way to apply a precisely-known force is to let the weight of a
known mass be the force used to stretch the spring. The force can be calculated from
W = mg. The stretch of the spring can be measured by noting the position of the end
of the spring before and during the application of the force.

Equipment:
spring rubber band ring stand
ring-stand clamps c-clamp spring scale ruler or meter stick
set of known masses

Safety Notes:
 Be sure to keep your feet out of
the area in which the masses will
fall if the spring or rubber band
breaks!
 Be sure to clamp the ring stand to the lab table,
or weight it with several books so that the
mass does not pull it off the table.
  You need to hang enough mass to the end of the spring to get a measurable
stretch, but too much force will permanently damage the spring. (An
engineer would say that it has exceeded its "elastic limit"). "You break it, you
bought it."

Procedure:
1. Assemble the apparatus as shown in the diagram at right. Be sure to clamp the
ring stand to the lab table, or weight it with several books.

2. Construct a data table. You will need to record the mass that you hang from the
spring and the position of the end of the spring before and after the mass is
added. From this, you will calculate the force applied to the spring and the
resulting stretch of the spring. You should allow for at least 8-10 trials. (A
sample data table is shown below.)

3. For each trial, record the mass, the starting position of the spring (before
hanging the mass) and the ending position of the spring (while it is being
stretched).

4. Repeat the process for a rubber band.

Results:
1. Calculate the force applied
to the spring/rubber band
in each trial (W = mg) Use g = 9.8 m/s2.
2. Calculate the stretch of the spring/rubber band in
each trial (the difference in the starting and
ending positions).
3. Draw graphs of force versus stretch for the spring and the rubber band. You
may be able to put both graphs on the same sheet of graph paper, depending on
the data.

Conclusions:
Hooke's Law says that the stretch of a spring is directly proportional to the applied
force. (Engineers say "Stress is proportional to strain".) In symbols, F = kx, where F is
the force, x is the stretch, and k is a constant of proportionality. If Hooke's Law is
correct, then, the graph of force versus stretch will be a straight line.

Do your results confirm or contradict Hooke's Law? Please elaborate.

Questions:
Examine a spring scale. It is a simple device that measures force by measuring the
amount that the force stretches a spring.

1. Hang an object (at rest) from the spring scale. Draw a set of diagrams that
shows all of the forces that act:
a. on the object
b. on the spring scale
2. What is the net force on:
a. the object?
b. the spring scale?
3. Are the forces that act on the object equal and opposite? Are they a Newton's
Third Law force pair?

4. Are the forces that act on the spring scale equal and opposite? Are they a
Newton's Third Law force pair?

5. For each force in your diagrams (question 1), indicate its Newton's Third Law
"partner". Be sure to indicate (a) what the force pushes or pulls on, and (b) its
direction.
NCERT Class 9 Science Lab Manual – Archimedes’ Principle

NCERT Class 9 Science Lab Manual – Archimedes’

Principle
EXPERIMENT

Aim
To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in

1. tap water
2. strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different
solids.

Theory

1. Fluids: Gases and liquids flow and are thus called fluids.

2. Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by fluids on any body is called the buoyant force
and this phenomenon is known as buoyancy.
3. Thrust: The force acting on a body perpendicular to its surface is called thrust. S.I. unit is
Newton.
4. Pressure: The thrust per unit area is called pressure.
Pressure =ThrustArea
S.I. Unit =Nm2 or Nm-2. This unit (Nm-2)is also called  Pascal,
.’. 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1  Nm-2
5. Weight of a body = Mass x acceleration due to gravity
W = mg
6. When a body is immersed in water or liquid, the body displaces some liquid.
7. The volume of liquid displaced = total volume of the solid.
 8. The mass of liquid displaced can be measured as:
Mass of liquid displaced = Volume x Density
M=VxD
9. Weight of liquid displaced = Volume x Density x g (acceleration due to gravity)
W=VxDxg
10. The body loses some weight when immersed in fluid, it can be found as follows:
Weight of the body in air = W1
Weight of the body when immersed in liquid = W2
11. Hence loss in weight = W2 -W1
How much will be this upward force/buoyant force depends on the density of liquid in
which it is immersed. The upthrust is more by denser liquids.
12. Archimedes’ Principle: When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it
experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

Materials Required
A spring balance, a metal bob, a cotton thread, an overflow can, a glass beaker, tap
water, salty water, an iron stand.

Procedure
A. Find the zero error and least count of spring balance:

1. Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.

2. Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
3. Record your observations. If any error, record it as ‘x’ gf.

B. Find the weight of solid metal bob in air:

1. Take a metal bob, tie thread to it and suspend on the hook of the spring balance.
2. Record the weight of the metal bob in air. Let this weight be Wr

C. Find the weight of the metal bob immersed in tap water and record the
apparent loss in weight

1. Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the spout of the
overflow can.
2. Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the metal bob gets fully
immersed in the water of
the overflow can.
3. Keep a beaker whose weight P1 is recorded, at the mouth of the spout of overflow can.
4. As soon as the metal bob is suspended in water the weight on spring balance scale is
recorded. This loss in weight is due to buoyancy (W2).
5. Collect the water that has overflown in a beaker till the last drop that comes out of the
spout.
6. Weigh the beaker with water (P2).
7. Calculate the weight of the displaced water (P2-P1).
 8. Calculate the loss in weight of the metal bob when immersed in water.

D. Find the weight of metal bob immersed in salty water and record the apparent
loss in weight.

1. Prepare salty water by taking a 500 mL beaker and adding 300 mL of water in it and
dissolving common salt till the saturated solution is obtained.
2. Take the same metal bob and repeat the steps from 1 to 8 as given in procedure ‘C’
3. Tabulate your observations.

Observations and Calculations

1.
1. Zero error in spring balance = (x) = 0 gf.
2. Least count of the spring balance = 2 gf.
3. Density of water = 1 g/cm3
4. Weight of empty beaker P1= 100 gf.
Conclusion

1. Hence it is proved that the weight of the water displaced by the metal bob is
approximately equal to the apparent loss of weight of the metal bob in water. Archimedes’
principle is verified.
2. The weight of water displaced by a given solid when immersed fully in strongly salty water
is more than the weight of the water displaced when fully immersed in tap water.

Precautions

1. Carefully study the spring balance used for the experiment.

2. Fill the overflow can above the mark of the spout, allow extra water to overflow through
the spout without disturbing it. Use this overflow can for the experiment.
3. Do not allow the suspended solid mass i.e. metal bob/stone to touch the base and sides
of the overflow beaker.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Why can’t we call solids as fluids?
Answer:
Solids cannot flow, so they are not fluids.
Question 2:
Can fluids exert pressure?
Answer:
Yes, fluids exert pressure in all directions.

Question 3:
In what direction does the buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid act?
Answer:
The buoyant force acts in an upward direction.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
What are fluids?
Answer:
Anything that flows is called a fluid. All liquids and gases are fluids.

Question 2:
Why do you feel light while swimming?
Answer:
While swimming, water (fluid), exerts an upward force on the body this is called upthrust
or buoyant force, because of this buoyant force we feel light.

Question 3:
On what factor does the magnitude of the upward force depend?
Answer:
The magnitude of the buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid.

Question 4:
Why does the plastic bottle float on water?
Answer:
When the upward force acting on the bottle is more than the downward force acting on
the bottle then it will float.

Question 5:
What is the downward force acting on the bottle immersed in water?
Answer:
The downward force is due to the gravitational attraction of the earth.

Question 6:
A cork and iron nail have same weight. When immersed in water nail sinks but cork
floats. Why?
Answer:
This is because the density of cork is less than iron nail, it is also less than water
density. Hence the upward force exerted by water on cork is much greater than the
density of the cork, so it floats on water.

Question 7:
A boy swims in river water and in sea water. In which case he finds swimming easier?
Answer:
It is easy to swim in sea water as it is denser and exerts more upthrust/buoyant force
and makes floating easier.

Question 8:
State Archimedes’ principle.
Answer:
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that
is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

Question 9:
Name the device used to determine the density of liquids.
Answer:
The density of liquids can be determined by hydrometer, it is based on Archimedes’
principle.

Question 10:
Name the device used to determine the density/purity of a sample of milk.
Answer:
Lactometer.

Question 11:
What is relative density?
Answer:
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to that of water.
Relativedensity=DensityofasubstanceDensityofwater
Question 12:
What is the unit of relative density?
Answer:
It has no unit, as it is a ratio of similar quantities.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Why does the pointer of a spring balance move up when the stone suspended from it is
immersed in water?
Answer:
When the spring balance with stone is immersed in water, the stone experiences an
upward force called buoyant force. It is due to this property the spring balance pointer
moves up to show the loss in weight due to buoyancy.

Question 2:
State the factors on which buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a fluid
depend.
Answer:
The buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a fluid depends on the density of the
fluid and the volume of the fluid displaced by a body.

Question 3:
What will be the effect on the apparent loss in weight of a stone if it is immersed in salty
water instead of tap-water?
Answer:
The stone when immersed in salty water will displace water with more mass than as
compared to the tap-water (density of salty water is more as compared to tap-water).

Question 4:
State two precautions that should be observed while making use of an overflow-can.
Answer:
The two precautions to be observed while making use of an overflow-can are:

1. The overflow can should be filled up to the level where the water is about to overflow.
2. The container should be placed on a smooth horizontal surface.

Question 5:
An object suspended from a spring balance is gradually lowered in an overflow-can.
What will be the change in the apparent loss in the observed weight as the object is
immersed in water?
Answer:
The object when immersed in water will gradually go on decreasing its weight and
displaces water. The apparent weight loss will increase as the object is immersed in
water.

Question 6:
What is a fluid? Is it different from a liquid or from a gas or from a solid?
Answer:
Fluid is a substance that can flow. Gases and liquids can flow but solids cannot, hence
all liquids and gases are called fluids.

Question 7:
A spring balance calibrated in newton, reads 19.6 N. What will be its mass in grams at
your place?
Answer:
As w = mg,
19.6 = m x 9.8
Hence m =19.69.8 = 2 kg = 2000 g
Question 8:
You are given two measuring cylinders of least count 1.0 mL and 2.5 mL, respectively.
Which one will you prefer to determine the density more accurately?
Answer:
The measuring cylinder with the least count 1.0 ml will give more accurate reading.

Question 9:
Write two precautions that you will observe while measuring the volume of a liquid, with
the help of a measuring cylinder.
Answer:
The eye level and the liquid level should be the same and the lower meniscus of the
liquid should be read as its volume.

Question 10:
Two bottles of equal volume are filled with glycerin and water respectively. Which of the
bottle will be heavier? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
The bottle with glycerine would be heavier because its mass is greater than water. The
density of the substance is directly proportional to the mass of the body. The density of
glycerine is 1.26g/cc and that of water is 1g/cc.

Question 11:
Why is the density of water at 80 °C less than its density at 30° C?
Answer:
The density of a liquid and a gas changes with temperature. With the increase in the
temperature its density will decrease gradually.

Question 12:
Why is it easier to swim in sea-water rather than a swimming pool or river water?
Answer:
The density of sea water is more than the pool or river water. The buoyant force exerted
by the sea water on a body is more and it keeps the body more afloat and less
immersed and helps in swimming.

Question 13:
In which liquid—glycerine or kerosene—the loss in the weight of a solid object when
fully immersed in it will be more?
Answer:
Loss in weight of a solid depends on the weight of the liquid displaced and density of
liquid. As the density of glycerine is more than the kerosene the loss in weight of a body
in glycerine will be more as compared to kerosene.

Question 14:
How can you perform this experiment for a solid whose density is lesser than that of the
liquid used?
Answer:
The same experiment for a body with density less than the liquid can be performed by
using an object with known density, mass and volume as sinker can be tied to the light
object. This way the density can be calculated.

Question 15:
What are the limitations of this experiment?
Answer:
The recording of the readings needs lot of precision and the least count of the objects
used should be the minimum. The thread used for tying the objects may also interfere in
the accuracy.

Question 16:
Using this method, how would you find the density of a liquid?
Answer:
Loss in weight of the solid object = weight of the liquid displaced by it.
= Volume of liquid displaced x density of liquid
Hence Density = weight of liquid displaced/volume of liquid displaced.

Question 17:
How will you select solid to perform this experiment using glycerine instead of water?
Answer:
The solid should have more density than glycerine.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
When a body is immersed in water, the buoyant force will act on it
(a) in downward direction
(b) in all the directions
(c) in the upward direction
(d) all of these.

Question 2:
The fluid among the following is
(a) air
(b) tap water
(c) oil
(d) all of these.

Question 3:
The weight of a cork in air is 20 gf, its weight in water will be
(a) 20 gf
(b) – 20 gf
(c) 0 gf
(d) 10 gf.

Question 4:
The S.I. unit of density is
(a) kg/m3
(b) g/m3
(c) g/cm3
(d) kg /cm3.

Question 5:
The S.I. unit of volume is
(a) cm3
(b) m3
(c) ml3
(d) l3

Question 6:
The formula to calculate density of a given substance is
(a) D =MV
(b) D =VM
(c) D =M2V
(d) D = V2M
Question 7:
Relative density of a substance depends upon
(a) mass of the substance
(b) volume of substance
(c) material of the substance
(d) none of these.

Question 8:
The relative density of water is
(a) 1 0
(b) 10
(c) 100
(d) 0.1.
Question 9:
In S.I. unit, the maximum density of water is
(a)1 l kg/ m3
(b) 100 kg/ m3
(c) 1000 kg/ m3
(d) 1000 g/ m3.

Question 10:
The correct formula to find the volume of a sphere is
(a) 43πr2
(b) 43πr3
(c) 34πr2
(d) 34πr3
Question 11:
One kg.wt is equal to
(a) 9.8 N
(b) 980 N
(c) 1000 x 9.8 N
(d) 1000 x 980 N.

Question 12:
The SI unit of thrust is
(a) Joule
(b) Newton
(c) dyne
(d) Nm.

Question 13:
A student lowers a body in a liquid filled in a container. He finds that there is a maximum
apparent loss in weight of the body when
(a) it just touches the surface of the liquid
(b) it is completely immersed in the liquid
(c) it is partially immersed in the liquid
(d) it is partially immersed and also touches the sides of the container.

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 14:
When a body is completely immersed in water, it loses weight, the loss in this weight
(a) is equal to the buoyant force acting on it
(b) is equal to the weight of water displaced
(c) is equal to the volume of water displaced
(d) none of these.
Question 15:
A given solid is weighed in air using a spring balance. It is then weighed by immersing it
fully, in each of the given vessels filled with water. The weight indicated by the spring
balance will be

(a) least in vessel C

(b) least in vessel B
(c) least in vessel A
(d) equal in all three vessels.

Question 16:
If WA , WB and WC represent the weights of the solid in the figure shown below, then

(a)  WA = WB = WC

(b)  WA ≠ WB = WC
(c)  WB ≠ WA = WC
(d)  WA ≠WB ≠WC.
Question 17:
The least count of the given spring balance is
(a) 1 gf
(b) 2 gf
(c) 5 gf
(d) 20 gf.

Question 18:
Three students A, B and C determined the volume of a solid by immersing it in water in
the overflow cans set-up as shown. The result obtained will be wrong for

(a) Student A
(b) Student A
(c) Student A
(d) All three students
Question 19:
The least count of measuring cylinder is

(a) 4 ml
(b) 5 ml
(c) 2 ml
(d) 0.2 ml.

Question 20:
A solid metal body was immersed in pure water and then in salty water. The correct
observation is
(a) it sinks more in pure water
(b) it sinks more in salty water
(c) it sinks at same level in both
(d) it floats in both.

Question 21:
The spring balance shown here is used to measure the mass of a given solid. The mass
of solid is

(a) 112.5 g
(b) 118 g
(c) 120 g
(d) 125 g.

Question 22:
A boy added few cubes of ice to a glass tumbler containing 20 ml of water. He observed
the water level till the ice melts completely in water. As per his observation when ice
was added to water, the level of water
(a) increased
(b) decreased
(c) remains the same
(d) depends on shape of ice.

Question 23:
Which one of the following is a fundamental quantity?
(a) Density
(b) Area
(c) Volume
(d) Length

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 24:
When a solid is partially immersed in water, the volume of displaced water is
(a) equal to the weight of solid
(b) equal to the volume of partial solid
(c) is more than the volume of partial solid
(d) equal to the weight of partial solid.

Question 25:
When the density of an object is less than the liquid in which it is immersed then the
(a) object sinks in the liquid
(b) object half floats and half sinks
(c) object floats on the liquid
(d) none of these.

Question 26:
When the ice kept in water melts completely the level of water in a tumbler
(a) will increase
(b) will decrease
(c) remains the same
(d) depends on ice.

Question 27:
The iron nail sinks in water because
(a) the downward gravitational force pulls it down
(b) the upthrust acting on the nail is less
(c) the downward force acting on nail is greater than the upthrust of water
(d) the downward force is equal to the upward force.

Question 28:
The density of iron is more than water. The ship made of this iron floats on water due to
(a) less density of ship than water
(b) increased surface area increases the pressure
(c) the downward force is balanced by the upthrust
(d) all of the above.

Question 29:
A given solid is weighed in air using a spring balance. It is then weighed separately by
immersing it fully in a vessel containing tap water and then in vessel containing salt
solution. The reading of the spring balance would be
(a) least in air
(b) least in water
(c) least in salt solution
(d) equal in all three cases.

Question 30:
In the experiment to establish the relation between loss in weight of an immersed solid
with the weight of water displaced by it, the upthrust experienced by the object in tap
water and in salty water are Uw and Us respectively, then
(a) Uw = Us
(b) Uw >Us
(c) Us = 2Uw
(d) Uw <Us

Question 31:
The weight of the body felt in tap water and salty water are WA and WB respectively,
then
(a) WA = WB
(b) WA>WB
(c) WA < WB
(d) WB = 2WA

Question 32:
A body floats in liquid when the weight of the body is
(a) half the weight of the liquid displaced
(b) greater than the weight of the liquid displaced
(c) less than the upthrust of liquid
(d) less than the weight of the liquid displaced.
Question 33:
The buoyant force acting on a floating body is
(a) vertically downwards
(b) vertically upwards
(c) horizontal on both the sides
(d) both horizontal & vertical.

Question 34:
Weight of a solid bob in air is ION, and in liquid is 9N. The buoyant force experienced by
the solid bob is
(a) 9 N
(b) 10 N
(c) 1 N
(d) 19 N.

Question 35:
The upthrust experienced by a body depends on
(a) volume
(b) density
(c) acceleration due to gravity ‘g’
(d) all of these.

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (c) Buoyant force is the upward force acting on a body in fluid.

2. (d) Anything that flows is a fluid.
3. (c) In case of cork floating in the liquid, the weight of the cork is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced, i.e. wt of the cork = weight of the displaced liquid.
The apparent weight = weight of the cork – weight of displaced liquid
The apparent weight = 0
4. (a) It is the SI unit for density.
5. (b) It is the SI unit for volume.
6. (a) This is the relationship of density, mass and volume of a substance
7. (c) The material of the substance is important in finding the relative density.
8. (a) The relative density of any material is a ratio of density of given material with that of
water.
9. (c) The density of water is maximum at 4 degree Celsius and is 1000 kg/ m3
10. (b) It is the formula to calculate the volume of sphere.
11. (a) 1 kg weight is 9.8N
12. (b) Thrust is the upward force, unit of force is Newton.
13. (b) More the body immersed in a liquid more will be the loss in the weight of a body.
14. (b) The volume of displaced liquid = the volume of the body immersed in it similar to the
mass of liquid displaced = the loss in mass of the immersed body
15. (d) The shape of the container does not affect the loss in weight of a body but the density
of liquid in which the body is immersed will affect the loss of weight of a body.
16. (b) WB and Wc are the same because in both the cases the body is immersed in tap water
but WA
is the weight in air.
17. (b) Between 0 to 10 there are 5 markings, hence each marking represents 2 gf.
18. (d) In all the three cans the level of water is not filled upto the overflow spout.
19. (c) Between 10 to 20 there are 5 markings, hence each marking represents 2 ml.
20. (a) The salty water is denser and the buoyant force exerted is more and hence the body
floats more and sinks in pure water whose density 7 is less than salty water.
21. (c) While reading the value on spring balance avoid parallax error.
22. (a) On adding ice in water the level of water increases due to the surface area of ice and
water displaced by ice.
23. (d) Length is not a derived quantity it is a fundamental quantity.
24. (b) The volume of displaced liquid = the volume of the body immersed in it.
25. (c) The bodies with less density w.r.t. liquid, will float on the given liquid.
26. (c) The level of water remains the same because the ice had displaced some water when
it was floating in water and on melting the same amount of water gets added to the water.
27. (c) The iron nail is denser and the buoyant force acting on it is less.
28. (c) When the buoyant force balances the force exerted by a body in a liquid, then the
body floats in the liquid.
29. (c) The density of salty water is more as compared to air and tap water hence, the
immersed body will exerience loss in salty water.
30. (d) The density of salty water is more as compared to tap water hence, the upthrust by
salty water is more.
31. (b) The body loses more weight in salty water than tap water, hence the weight of body
immersed in tap water is more.
32. (c) If the upthrust exerted on the body immersed in a liquid is more, then the body will
float.
33. (b) Buoyant force is the vertically upward force acting on a body in fluid.
34. (c) Loss in the mass experienced by a body when immersed in a liquid is equal to buoyant
force.
35. (d) The upthrust depends on the density of the fluid/body, ‘g’ and the volume displaced.