CHAPTER 4

PART 1
Energy Balance
Energy Balance Concept

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 ENERGY BALANCE
OVERVIEW
Chapter 4_Part 1
Energy Balance Concept & Nonreactive Energy
Balance(Mostly Water Species)

Chapter 4_Part 2
Nonreactive Energy Balance

Chapter 5
Reactive Energy Balance
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OUTLINE
5.1 Forms of energy

5.2 Transfer of energy

5.3 Energy Balances on Closed System

5.4 Energy Balances on Open System

5.5 Reference States and State Properties

5.6 Steam Table

5.7 Energy Balance Procedure

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 FORMS OF ENERGY
Potential
energy (Ep)

Kinetic Internal
energy
energy (Ek)
(U)
Three
component
of total
energy of a
system

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 Systems

Closed Open

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 TRANSFER OF ENERGY
• In closed system (i.e. no mass is transferred across the system
boundaries while the process is taking place), energy may be
transferred between such a system and its surroundings in two
ways as heat or work.
• Heat
• Energy that flows as a result of temperature difference between a
system and its surroundings.
• The direction of flow is always from a higher temperature to a low
one.
• Heat is defined as positive when its transferred to the system from
the surroundings.
• Work
• energy that flows in response to any driving force other than a
temperature difference, such as a force, a torque or a voltage
• Work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on 5
the
surroundings.
©2013 aminatulmimi@ump.edu.my Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,UMP
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
•Law of conservation of energy, which state that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed.

•General form of first law of thermodynamics

Inlet Energy + Heat - Outlet Energy – Work = Accumulation

Inlet energy and outlet energy is summation/total of all energy such as

potential, kinetic and internal energy
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 KINETIC ENERGY EQUATION
(EK)
• Kinetic energy, Ek (J) of an object of mass m (kg) moving with
velocity u (m/s) relative to the surface of the earth is
1
E  2 mu
k
2
m
 E k
• If the fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate
(kg/s) and
uniform velocity u (m/s), the rate at whi ch kinetic energy
(J/s) is transported into the system is
1
k  2 m
E u2
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
EQUATION (EP)
• Gravitational potential energy,
Ep E  p

mgz
m

• if the fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate
an elevation z relative to the potenti(kg/s) and
plane.
  m gz al energy reference
E p

Eare interested
• Normally we p  in
 
E the change of 8
 E   m g ( z 2  z1 ) ial
potent
during energy
p balance calculation
p
2 energy
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 EXAMPLE 7.2-1
Water flows into a process unit through a 2 cm ID pipe at a rate
of 2 m3/h. Calculate the kinetic energy transport in this stream in
unit J/s.

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 EXAMPLE 7.2-2
Crude oil is pumped at a rate of 15 kg/s from a point 220
meters below the earth’s surface to a point 20 meters
above ground level. Calculate the attendant rate of increase
of potential energy.

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ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED
SYSTEM
• Closed system
no mass is transferred across the system boundaries while
the process is taking place
• Energy balance
Final System Energy – Initial System Energy
= Net Energy Transferred to the System

Initial energy = Ui + Eki + Epi

system Final energy = Uf + Ekf + Epf
system Net energy = Q-W
transfer U  E k  E p  Q  11
W
(Uf-Ui) + (Ekf-Eki) + (Epf-Epi) = Q-W
©2013 aminatulmimi@ump.edu.my Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,UMP
 Energy Balances on Closed
System
When applying energy balance equation to a given process, the following
point must be aware;
1. The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely on the
chemical composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas),
and temperature of the system materials. If no temperature
changes, phase changes, or chemical reactions occur in a closed
system and if pressure changes are less than a few
atmospheres, then ∆U ≈ 0.

2. If a system is not accelerating, then ∆Ek = 0. If a system is not

rising or falling, then ∆Ep = 0.

3. If a system and its surroundings are at the same temperature or

the system is perfectly insulated, then Q = 0. The process is then
termed adiabatic.

4. Work done on or by a closed system is accomplished by movement

of the system boundary against a resisting force or the passage of
an electrical current or radiation across the system boundary. If
there no moving parts or electrical current at the system
boundary, then W = 0. 14

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 EXAMPLE 7.3-1

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 STAGE 1

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 STAGE 2

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 Energy Balances on Open
• System
In open system, mass is transferred across the system boundaries
while the process is taking place.
• Therefore work must be done on open system to push mass in and work
is done on the surrounding by mass that emerges from the systems.
• Both work terms must be include in the energy balance for open system
• The net work done by an open system

and
W fl    PoutVout 
W-  W works 

shaft W out  PinVin
W W fl
- W in part within the
rate of work done by the process fluid on a moving
system such as a pump

rotor.
s

- flow work
W - rate of work done by the fluid at the system outlet minus rate
 fl
work doneof by the fluid at the system inlet. 18

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 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN
SYSTEM
• ^ symbol is used to denote the specific property ( property
divided by mass or by mole) Vsˆuch as specific internal energy
kJ/kg), specific volume ( m3/kg) and so on.
(Û

• One important property for energy balance on open system

is
specific enthalpy (Ĥ kJ/kg).
Hˆ  Uˆ 
PVˆ

• Sometimes, universal gas law constant can be used as

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a conversion factor to evaluate specific enthalpy.

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 EXAMPLE 7.4-1
The specific internal energy of helium at 300K and 1 atm is 3800 J/mol, and the
specific molar volume at the same temperature and pressure is 24.63 L/mol.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium at this temperature and pressure, and
the rate at which enthalpy is transported by a stream of helium at 300K and 1
atm with a molar flow rate of 250 kmol/h.

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 Energy Balances Equation for Open
System

H  E k  E p 

Q   W s
H output

stream
m
input
stream
j

2 2
Hˆ j   mmj Hj uˆ j j mu
E 
k
  2 
output 
input
j j

stream stream
2
E p output
stream
m
input
stream
j gz
21

j  m j gz j
©2013 aminatulmimi@ump.edu.my Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,UMP
 EXAMPLE 7.4-2
500 kg/h of steam drives a turbine.

The steam enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450C at a linear velocity of
60 m/s and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet at
atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s.
• Calculate kinetic energy, Ek in kW.
• Calculate potential energy, Ep in kW.

The turbine produce shaft work at rate of 70 kW and the heat loss from the
turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h.
• Convert the heat, Q to kW.
• Calculate the enthalpy change associated with the process.
• Calculate the specific enthalpy change associated with the process.
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 EXAMPLE 7.4-2

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 REFERENCE STATE & STATE
PROPERTIES
• It is not possible to know the absolute value of Û and Ĥ for a process material, but
we can determine the change in ΔÛ and change in ΔĤ corresponding to a specific
change of state (temperature, pressure, phase).
• A convenient way to tabulate ΔÛ and ΔĤ is to choose a temperature, pressure and
state of aggregation (i.e. phase) as a reference state.
• Since Ĥ cannot be known absolute, for convenience we may assign a value Ĥo=0 to
be reference state. Then ΔĤ1= Ĥ1-0; ΔĤ2= Ĥ2-0 and so on.
• Some enthalpy tables give the reference states on which the listed values of Ĥ are
based and others do not.
• However, we do not have to know the reference state to calculate ΔĤ for the
transition from one state to another state since the value are based on the same
reference in the table.
• Ĥ and Û can be said as state properties
• Property whose change of value in any process depend only on it initial and final
states and do not depend on the path take to reach the state.

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 EXAMPLE 7.5-1

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 STEAM TABLE
• Steam table- compilation of physical properties (i.e. specific volume,
enthalpy, internal energy) of liquid water, saturated vapor (steam)
and superheated vapor.
• Reference state for steam table – triple point of water (0.01C,
0.00611 bar, liquid).

Heat of vaporization- different between steam &

liquid
Specific volume (inverse of density) for liquid and saturated 24
vapor
Vapor pressure of water at given
temperature
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 TABLE B.5: PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM: TEMPERATURE
TABLE

Table B.6: Properties of saturated Steam: Pressure Table

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 TABLE B.7: PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

Superheated Vapor

Liquid

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 EXAMPLE 7.5-2
1. Determine the vapor pressure, specific internal energy and specific
enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5C.

2. Show that water at 400C and 10 bar is superheated steam and

determine its specific volume, specific internal energy and specific
enthalpy.

3. Show that U and H from superheated steam depend strongly on

temperature and relatively slightly on pressure.

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 EXAMPLE 7.5-3
Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190C of superheat is
fed to a turbine at a rate 2000 kg/h.

The turbine operation is adiabatic, and the effluent

(outlet) is saturated steam at 1 bar.

Calculate the work output of the turbine in kW

(neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes)

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 EXAMPLE 7.5-3

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 ENERGY BALANCE TIPS
• When labeling flowchart, write down together the temperature,
pressure and state of aggregation of the process material.

• Normally (depend on the process description) for chemical process unit;

shaft work, kinetic and potential energy change tend to be negligible
compared to heat flows, internal energy and enthalpy changes.

• Then simplified energy balance become:

Closed System: Q  U

Open System:
Q  30

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H
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,UMP
 EXAMPLE 7.6-1
Two streams of water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler. Process data are
as follows:

Feed streams 1: 120 kg/min@30C

Feed streams 2: 175 kg/min@65C
Boiler pressure : 17 bar absolute

The exiting steam emerges from the boiler through a 6 cm

ID pipe.

Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in kJ/min

if the emerging steam is saturated at the boiler pressure.
Neglect the kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams.
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 EXAMPLE 7.6-3
Saturated steam at 1 atm is discharged from a turbine at a rate of 1150
kg/h.

Superheated steam 300C and 1 atm is needed as a feed to a heat

exchanger.

To produce it, the turbine discharge stream is mixed with superheated

steam available from a second source at 400C and 1 atm. The mixing unit
operates adiabatically.

Calculate the amount of superheated steam at 300C produced and the

required volumetric flow rate of the 400C stream.

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