1A03 2023 Skeleton Notes

Chemistry 1A03
Introductory Chemistry I
©2008–2023 McMaster University

Unit 8
Energy and Thermal Chemistry
Chem
1 1A03
System vs. Surroundings
1. Open System: _________ and _________ exchange
2. Closed System: only _________ exchange
3. Isolated system: neither _________ nor _________ exchange

2
1
Chem
2 1A03
Energy potential energy
kinetic energy
thermal energy
total energy (U)

• 1st law of thermodynamics = law of conservation of
energy
• Energy = the capacity to do _________ (w) or supply
_________ (q)
• Energy in a reaction may be released/absorbed in the
form of w or q 3
Chem
1A03
Exothermic Reactions (ΔH < 0)
• combustion or burning is an example of an exothermic (ΔH < 0)
chemical reaction—occurs between a fuel and an oxidant
• rapid combustion: accompanied by the production of heat,
or both heat and light, in the form of either a glow or flames
• slow combustion: takes place at low temperatures
(e.g. cellular respiration)

Chem
4 1A03
The Energy We Get from Fuels
Fuel kJ/g
Hydrogen -150.0
Natural Gas -49.5
fossil
Gasoline -47.8 fuels
Coal -28.3

Methanol -22.7
Cellulose -17.5
Municipal waste -12.7
• The more _________ the heat of combustion, the better the

fuel (i.e. more energy is released per unit of combusted fuel)
Chem
5 1A03
Endothermic Reactions (ΔH > 0)
• Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction—sunlight (energy) is
used to build glucose and other simple sugars
chlorophyll
𝟔𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒈 + 𝟔𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒍 −−−⟶ 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 𝒔 + 𝟔𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
sunlight

∆𝐻 ∘ = + 2800 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
• Energy is extracted by combustion of the plant material

• As the forward process is endothermic (ΔH > 0), the reverse
reaction is exothermic (ΔH < 0)
Chem
6 1A03
The First Law of Thermodynamics
remember:
U = total energy!

signs (negative/positive) reflect the perspective of the system
Chem
7 1A03
State versus Path Functions – An Analogy
Path Functions
Floor 20 Floor 20
P2 P2
Energy
Vertical Position
Vertical Position
Expended

vertical vertical elevator stairs + elevator
distance distance
climbed descended
= P2–P1 = P1–P2
P1 P1
Floor 1 Floor 1
Change in Vertical Position Time Elapsed 8
Chem
1A03
State versus Path Functions—An Analogy
Path Functions

∆𝑼𝟏→𝟐 ∆𝑼𝟐→𝟏
= 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 = 𝑼𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐
∆𝑼𝟐→𝟏 = −∆𝑼𝟏→𝟐
P1
depends only on depends on the path to go
Chem
initial / final states from initial to final states 9 1A03
State versus Path Functions—continued
What about work and heat, though?
• Work—force used 𝘅 distance moved (blue path

→ less work; work = path function!)

• Heat—energy transfer between system/ B
surroundings as a result of temperature
difference (blue path → less heat transfer;
heat = path function!) A
boiling water ice 10

Chem
freezer 1A03
Differentiating Work and Heat → Heat (q)
• Heat (q) is the quantity of energy exchanged between a

system and its surroundings as a result of temperature
difference
qsystem = - qsurroundings

• For a chemical process, the reaction is the system
qsystem = qrxn
qrxn < 0 exothermic reaction (heat produced)
qrxn > 0 endothermic reaction (heat required)
qrxn = 0 _________ (no heat produced/required)
Chem
11 1A03
Differentiating Work and Heat → Work (w)
• Pressure–volume work (w) is a form of energy found in reactions that
produce/consume gases (i.e., explosions)
• Gases expanding → work is done by the system on its surroundings
(sign of w is negative)
• Gases compressing → work is done by the surroundings on a system
(sign of w is positive)

Δh A
mass, m
Chem
12 1A03
iClicker 1
• While expanding, a gas absorbs 25 J of heat and does 243 J

of work. What is ΔU for the gas?
A. + 218 J
B. −218 J

C. + 268 J
D. −268 J
Chem
13 1A03
Calculating Pressure–Volume Work
In a paint ball pistol, the gas is pressurized using a hand pump, which
takes the total pressure of air (assume 0.100 mol of 100% N2), to 50.66
bar. The pistol is then fired at 298 K, releasing the air to 1.01 bar
(i.e., atmospheric pressure).
What is the amount of work done by the pistol in firing the paintball?
𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.100𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08314 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ⋅ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ⋅ 298𝐾

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.0489 𝐿
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 50.66 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.100𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08314 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ⋅ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ⋅ 298𝐾

𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = = 2.453 𝐿
𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 1.01 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 2.453 − 0.0489 = 2.404 𝐿
100 𝐽
𝑤 = −𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 Δ𝑉 = −1.01 𝑏𝑎𝑟 × 2.404 𝐿 × = −2.43 × 102 𝐽
1 𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Chem
14 1A03
Work (w)
• We can use the ideal gas law to express pressure–volume work (w) in
terms of the moles of gas consumed versus produced in a reaction
Recall 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 so → 𝑃∆𝑉 = ∆𝑛𝑅𝑇

𝑤 = −𝑃∆𝑉 becomes 𝒘 = −∆𝒏𝑹𝑻

Example
𝐶6 𝐻6 𝑙 + 15Τ2 𝑂2 𝑔 → 6𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 3𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) at 298.15 K
∆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓 − 𝑛𝑖
∆𝑛 = _________
𝑤 = −∆𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝐽
w = − −1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 8.3145 × 298.15 𝐾 = _________𝐽
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
Chem
15 1A03
iClicker 2
Consider the following reaction:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Without doing any calculations, which statement is correct?

a. Work is being done on the system
b. Work is being done by the system
Chem
16 1A03
iClicker 3
Which one of the expressions below is true for a system that
undergoes an adiabatic change (i.e., no heat transfer) and has
work done on it by the surroundings?
a. w > DU

b. w < 0 and DU > 0
c. w > 0 and DU < 0
d. w = DU
e. w = -DU
Chem
17 1A03
Heat Capacity (C) and Specific Heat Capacity (c)
• Heat capacity (C): quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a system by one degree
• C has units of J oC-1 or J K-1
• Specific heat capacity (c): quantity of heat required to

change the temperature of one gram of a pure substance
by one degree

• c has units of J g-1 oC-1 or J g-1 K-1
• Molar heat capacity (cm): quantity of heat required to

change the temperature of one mole of a pure substance
by one degree
• cm has units of J mol-1 oC-1 or J mol-1 K-1
q = CDT = mcDT = ncmDT

Chem
18 1A03
Origin of Heat Capacity
• thermal energy is expressed as

a molecule’s internal motions
• heat capacity is related to
molecular-level complexity

• energy available from internal degrees of freedom
contributes to specific heat capacity “c” of a
substance
• larger molecules have more degrees of freedom
(more atoms → more ways to move, rotate, vibrate)
Chem
19 1A03
Sample Problem
• A 100.0 g copper sample (specific heat = 0.385 J g-1 ⁰C-1) at 100.0 oC
is added to 50.0 g water, at 26.5oC (specific heat = 4.18 J g-1 ⁰C-1).
What is the final temperature of the copper-water mixture?
q(water) = -q(copper)
heat gained by water (surroundings) = heat lost by Cu (system)
Recall: q = m x c x DT

mwater x cwater x (Tf(water) − Ti(water)) = − mCu x cCu x (Tf(Cu) − Ti(Cu))
Given:
mwater = 50.0 g cwater = 4.18 J g-1 ⁰C-1 Ti(water) = 26.5 oC
mCu = 100.0 g cCu = 0.385 J g-1 ⁰C-1 Ti(Cu) = 100.0 oC
Find → Tf(Cu) = Tf(water) = ???

Chem
20 1A03
Solution
mwater x cwater x (Tf − Ti) = − mCu x cCu x (Tf − Ti)
mwater = 50.0 g cwater = 4.18 J g-1 ⁰C-1 Ti(water) = 26.5 oC
mCu = 100.0 g cCu = 0.385 J g-1 ⁰C-1 Ti(Cu) = 100.0 oC
𝐽 0.385 𝐽
50.0 𝑔 × 4.18 × 𝑇𝑓 − 26.5℃ = −(100.0 𝑔 × × (𝑇𝑓 − 100.0℃))
𝑔 °𝐶 𝑔℃
𝐽 𝐽

209 × 𝑇𝑓 − 26.5℃ = −(38.5 × 𝑇𝑓 − 100.0 ℃ )
°𝐶 ℃
𝐽 𝐽
209 𝑇 − 5538.5 𝐽 = −38.5 𝑇 + 3850 𝐽
℃ 𝑓 ℃ 𝑓
𝐽 𝐽
209 + 38.5 𝑇 = 3850 𝐽 + 5583.5 𝐽
℃ ℃ 𝑓
𝑇𝑓 = _________
Chem
21 1A03
iClicker 4
Which of the following substances has the highest specific heat
capacity?
A. Al
B. H2O

C. C3H8
Chem
22 1A03
DU from Calorimetry Experiments
• bomb calorimeter – system is isolated from surroundings

• constant volume experiment
∆𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤

∆𝑈 = 𝑞 + (−𝑃∆𝑉)
constant volume
→w=0
∆𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉
Chem
23 1A03
DU from Calorimetry Experiments
• recall—the system (consisting of calorimeter + reaction)

is isolated:
qsys = qrxn + qcalorim = 0
qrxn = − qcalorim
(where qcalorim = qbomb + qwater + …)

• typically we find (or are given) the heat capacity of the
calorimeter so that:
qcalorim = heat capacity of calorimeter 𝘅 ΔT
Chem
24 1A03
Bomb Calorimetry Calculations (Constant Volume)
The combustion of 1.010 g sucrose (C12H22O11, 342.3 g/mol) in a
bomb calorimeter causes the temperature to rise from 24.92 oC to
28.33 oC. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 4.90 kJ oC-1.
What is the heat of combustion of sucrose in kJ mol-1 of sucrose?
Tinitial = 24.92 oC, Tfinal = 28.33oC
heat capacity of calorimeter = Ccalorim = 4.90 kJ oC-1

qcalorim = Ccalorim x DT
qcalorim = 4.90 kJ oC-1 x (28.33-24.92) oC = 16.71 kJ
qrxn = − qcalorim = -16.71 kJ
Chem
25 1A03
ΔU for Calorimeters at Constant Pressure
∆𝑈 = 𝑞𝑃 − 𝑃∆𝑉
• Lab #4 → use an ice-calorimeter to measure the enthalpy change
in a redox or acid-base reaction
• Heat from the reaction will melt the ice in the calorimeter. By
recording the volume of water produced you can determine the heat
produced from the reaction (more on this later)

• Coffee Cup calorimeter – like an Ice-Calorimeter → constant
pressure device where qsystem = 0
Chem
26 1A03
Enthalpy, DH
• Internal Energy & Enthalpy are closely related:
∆𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 = 𝑞𝑃 − 𝑃∆𝑉
𝑞𝑃 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉
• Definition of Enthalpy:

𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
• If T & P are constant,
∆𝐻 = 𝐻𝑓 − 𝐻𝑖 = 𝑈𝑓 + 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 + 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖
• Or if V is constant (like in bomb calorimetry), then
Chem
27 1A03
iClicker 5
For the complete combustion of sucrose (C12H22O11(s)) at 298 K, which

of the following relationships between qP and qV is true?
(A) qP > qV
(B) qP < qV

(C) qP = qv
Chem
28 1A03
Enthalpy Change, DH, & Phase Change
• When water boils or ice melts, what is the temperature of the
water during the phase transition?
• Heat is required for phase transitions (which occur at constant T!)
→ latent (hidden) heat of fusion
Molar enthalpy of fusion for water (Lab 4):

H2O(s) → H2O (l) ΔHfusion = + 6.02 kJ mol-1 (at 273.15 K)
H2O(l) → H2O (s) ΔHfreezing = − 6.02 kJ mol-1 (at 273.15 K)
Molar enthalpy of vaporization of water

H2O(l) → H2O (g) ΔHvaporization = + 40.7 kJ mol-1 (at 373.15 K)
H2O(g) → H2O (l) ΔHcondensation = − 40.7 kJ mol-1 (at 373.15 K)
Chem
29 1A03
Tracking q Through Phase Transformations
gas; q5 = mc3ΔT3
liquid + gas;
liquid + gas;
↓q4 = Δ Hcondensation x n
↑ q4= Δ Hvaporization x n
q (J)
liquid; q3 = mc2ΔT2

qtotal = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5
solid + liquid; ↓
q2 = ΔHfreezing x n solid + liquid; ↑
q2= ΔHfusion x n
solid; q1 = mc1ΔT1
T (oC) Chem
30 1A03
Determining q—sample problem
Calculate the heat required to convert 50.0 g of water from liquid at
10.0 ⁰C to vapor at 125.0 ⁰C.
1. Heat water from 10.0 ⁰C to 100.0 ⁰C
𝑞1 = 𝑚 × 𝑐𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) × ∆𝑇
𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽
𝑞1 = 50.0𝑔 × 4.18 × 100.0 − 10.0 ℃ ×

𝑔℃ 1000𝐽
𝑞1 = _________
2. Phase change:
H2O(l) → H2O(g), ΔHvapor= + 40.7 kJ mol-1
𝑞2 = ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 × 𝑛
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑞2 = 40.7 × 50.0𝑔 × = _________
𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.02 𝑔 Chem
31 1A03
Determining q—sample problem
1. Heat water from 10.0 ⁰C to 100.0 ⁰C 𝑞1 = 18.8 𝑘𝐽
2. Phase change: H2O(l) → H2O(g) 𝑞2 = 113 𝑘𝐽
3. Heat water vapor from 100.0 ⁰C to 125.0 ⁰C
𝑞3 = 𝑚 × 𝒄𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈) × ∆𝑇
𝑱 1 𝑘𝐽

𝑞3 = 50.0𝑔 × 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟔 × 125.0 − 100.0 ℃ ×
𝒈℃ 1000𝐽
𝑞3 = _________
4. Find qtotal =q1 + q2 + q3
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 18.8 𝑘𝐽 + 113 𝑘𝐽 + 2.495 𝑘𝐽 = _________
Chem
32 1A03
iClicker 6
• What is the total heat absorbed/released (in J) when 10.0
g of ice at -5.00 ºC is converted to water at 25.00 ◦C.
• Extra data → cH2O(s) = 2.108 J g-1 ◦C-1
A. - 4494

B. + 4494
C. - 2194
D. + 2194
E. None of these
Chem
33 1A03
Bond Energies and Enthalpies of Reaction
∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝐻 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 + ∆𝐻(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)
∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ෍ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − ෍ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠)

Chem
34 1A03
Sample problem
Type of Bond Energy # mols of # mols of ∆Hnet

Bond (kJ/mol) bonds broken bonds formed Bonds broken (+ve)
Bonds formed (-ve)
C-H 414 8x1=8 0 3,312

C-C 347 2x1=2 0 694
O=O 498 1x5=5 0 2,490
C=O 799 0 2x3=6 - 4,794
O-H 464 0 2x4=8 - 3,712
∆Hnet (bonds broken) =

∆Hnet (bonds formed) =
∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝐻 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 + ∆𝐻(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) 35

Chem
1A03
Sample problem, continued

∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝐻 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 + ∆𝐻(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)
∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 =
∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 =
Chem
36 1A03
iClicker 7
• What is ∆Hrxn for the combustion of butane (C4H10) in kJ?
A. -2116
B. -3028
C. -2614

D. -3671
E. None of the above
Chem
37 1A03
Standard States
38
1A03
Chem

Standard Enthalpies of Formation (ΔH°f)
• The standard enthalpy of formation (or standard heat of
formation), ΔH°f , of a substance is the change of enthalpy that
occurs in the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its
constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states
iClicker # 6
Which ONE of the following reactions is used to define ΔH°f for the

given product?
(A) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
(B) C(diamond) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
(C) ½Be2(s) + H2(g) → BeH2(s)
(D) ½Br2(l) → Br(g)
Chem
39 1A03
Heats of Reaction Determined from ΔH°f values
• The standard enthalpy of any type of reaction (ΔH°rxn) can be
calculated from the enthalpy of formation values of the
reactants and products as follows:
∆𝐻°𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ෍ 𝑣∆𝐻𝑓° 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ෍ 𝑣∆𝐻𝑓° (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)

• Where v are the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced
reaction equations
Chem
40 1A03
Sample Problem
• Find ΔHrxn for the reaction
C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
• From Appendix D in 11th ed.:
• Δ𝐻°𝑓 (𝐶2𝐻6 (𝑔)) = −84.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
• Δ𝐻°𝑓 (𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)) = − 393.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

• Δ𝐻°𝑓 (𝐻2𝑂 (𝑙)) = − 285.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻°𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ෍ 𝑣∆𝐻𝑓° 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ෍ 𝑣∆𝐻𝑓° (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
= 2 × −393.5 + 3 × −285.8 𝑘𝐽
− 1 × −84.7 + 7ൗ2 × 0 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
∆𝐻°𝑟𝑥𝑛 = _________
Chem
41 1A03
iClicker 7
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid benzene,
C6H6, in kJ mol–1, from its standard enthalpy of combustion which
equals −3268 kJ mol–1.
Data: ΔHf°(H2O, l) = −285.8 kJ mol–1
ΔHf°(CO2,g) = −393.5 kJ mol–1
ΔHf°(C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ mol–1

ΔHf°(CO,g) = −110.5 kJ mol–1
(A) -62 kJ mol–1

(B) +53 kJ mol–1
(C) -48 kJ mol–1
(D) -42 kJ mol–1
(E) +50. kJ mol–1
Chem
42 1A03
Enthalpy Diagrams
• Why does the body store energy as fat, rather than sugar?
Jet Fuel
Fatty Acid C12H24
CH3(CH2)10COOH

DH= -7926 kJ Sugar
C12H22O11
DH= -7377 kJ
DH= -5640 kJ
Equivalent 12CO2 + 12H2O

Carbon Content Chem
43 1A03
Hess’s Law
• If a process occurs in stages or steps (even hypothetically), the
enthalpy change for the overall process is the sum of the enthalpy
changes for the individual steps.
Example:
The enthalpy of reaction for the following reaction
½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ∆H° = ?? kJ

Can be calculated from two separate chemical processes whose
enthalpies are known
½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + ½ O2(g) ∆H° = +90.25 kJ
NO(g) + ½ O2(g) → NO2 (g) ∆H° = −57.07 kJ
½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ∆H°= +33.18 kJ
Chem
44 1A03
Hess’s Law (another view)
½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g)

∆Hº = +90.25 kJ + (−57.07) kJ = +33.18 kJ

Chem
45 1A03
Manipulating Thermochemistry Equations—
Things to Keep in Mind
• standard enthalpy of formation of a pure element in
its reference form is zero
• reversing a reaction? → use reverse sign of ΔH

• summing reactions? → sum all ΔH values
• multiplying a reaction by a factor? → multiply ΔH by

the same factor
• include enthalpies of any phase changes.

Chem
46 1A03
Example: Heat of Formation of Propane
From the data below, determine DHo for the reaction:
3C(graphite) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
A) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) DHo = −2219.9kJ

B) C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g) DHo = − 393.5kJ

C) H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) DHo = − 285.8kJ
Chem
Refer to Ch. 7-7, Example 7-9 47 1A03
Example: Heat of Formation of Propane

3C(graphite) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
Chem
48 1A03
iClicker 8
How would the following be used:
(1) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) DH = -51.7 kJ
(2) Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) → 3FeO(s) + CO2(g) DH = -40.5 kJ
(3) FeO(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO2(g) DH = 2.3 kJ
to calculate the DHrxn for:

2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) → 3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)
a. (-3)(Rxn 1) + (2)(Rxn 2) + (6)(Rxn 3)

b. (-3)(Rxn 1) + (-2)(Rxn 2) + (3)(Rxn 3)
c. (3)(Rxn 1) + (-2)(Rxn 2) + (-6)(Rxn 3)
Chem
49 1A03
Ammonium nitrate—demonstration

Chem
50 1A03
Take Home – NH4NO3 in Coffee Cup Calorimeter
• NH4NO3 (MM = 80.05g/mol) is used in cold packs. When 20.0 g of
this compound dissolves in 100 g of water, in a coffee-cup
calorimeter, the temperature falls from 23.5oC to 13.4oC.
Determine q for the dissolution process. Is it exothermic or
endothermic? Assume that the specific heat capacity of the
solution is the same as that of water (cH2O(l) = 4.184 J g-1 oC-1)

Chem
51 1A03
Take-Home Question: Constant P Calorimeter
A coffee-cup calorimeter contains 100.0 mL of 0.300M HCl at 20.3 oC.
When 1.82 g Zn(s) is added, the temperature rises to 30.5oC. What is
the heat of reaction per mol Zn? (assume csolution = cH2O = 4.18 J g-1 oC-1)
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)

Chem
52 1A03

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Chemistry 1A03

©2008–2023 McMaster University

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• The more _________ the heat of combustion, the better the

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• Energy is extracted by combustion of the plant material

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What about work and heat, though?

• Work—force used 𝘅 distance moved (blue path

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boiling water ice 10

• Heat (q) is the quantity of energy exchanged between a

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©2008–2023 McMaster University

• While expanding, a gas absorbs 25 J of heat and does 243 J

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©2008–2023 McMaster University

𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.100𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08314 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ⋅ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ⋅ 298𝐾

Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 2.453 − 0.0489 = 2.404 𝐿

Recall 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 so → 𝑃∆𝑉 = ∆𝑛𝑅𝑇

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2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

Without doing any calculations, which statement is correct?

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• Specific heat capacity (c): quantity of heat required to

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• Molar heat capacity (cm): quantity of heat required to

q = CDT = mcDT = ncmDT

• thermal energy is expressed as

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©2008–2023 McMaster University

Find → Tf(Cu) = Tf(water) = ???

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• bomb calorimeter – system is isolated from surroundings

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• recall—the system (consisting of calorimeter + reaction)

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• Or if V is constant (like in bomb calorimetry), then

For the complete combustion of sucrose (C12H22O11(s)) at 298 K, which

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Molar enthalpy of fusion for water (Lab 4):

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Molar enthalpy of vaporization of water

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∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝐻 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 + ∆𝐻(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)

∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ෍ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − ෍ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠)

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Type of Bond Energy # mols of # mols of ∆Hnet

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∆Hnet (bonds broken) =

∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝐻 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 + ∆𝐻(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) 35