1A03 2023 Midterm2 ChemCram Skeleton Notes

Chemistry 1A03
Introductory Chemistry I
Chemistry in the context of health,
energy and the environment
©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Test 2 – Chem Cram
Units 5 to 8
Chem
1 1A03
Test 2 Info
• Exam Date: Friday, November 10, 2023

• Exam Time: 7:00 PM (EST) – 8:30 PM (EST)
• Exam Location: See Test #2 Announcement for Exam Rooms
• Format: 21 Multiple Choice Questions
• Midterm 1 Material (~2 questions)

• Unit 5 – Chemical Bonding (~5 questions)
• Unit 6 – Equilibrium (~5 questions)
• Unit 7 – Acids and Bases (~5 questions)
• Unit 8 – Thermochemistry (~2 questions)
• Labs – Experiments 2 & 3 (2 question)
• Tools Allowed: Casio fx-991 MS Calculator, Pencil, Ruler
• Materials Provided: Formula Sheet & Periodic Table
Chem
2 1A03
Test 2 Help
• Practice Test 2 – Avenue2Learn

• Previous Test Questions; Unlimited Attempts, New Practice Test
Every Attempt
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• Friday 10:30 am – 12:30 pm, 3:30 pm – 4:15 pm
• Discussion Board
• Available 24/7 for questions and to view answers to questions
Chem
3 1A03
Midterm Rooms
Last Name Test Room

A - Cr PGCLL B138 Chibba, Anthony
Cu - Has PGCLL 127 Ghoshdastidar, Jim
Hay - Ki CNH 104

Ko - Moo TSH 120
Mozharivskyj, Yuri
Mor - Ra LRW B1007
Re - U MDCL 1305
V-Z BSB 147 Turner, Rebecca
Chem
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Filling in a Scantron Sheet

Chem
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Study Tips
• Read the Notes You’ve Already Made! Don’t make new ones.
• Quiz Yourself! Do the Practice Test questions with only your
formula sheet, periodic table and calculator
• Devote a quarter of your study time to each of Chemical Bonding,
Equilibrium and Acids and Bases
• Save the last quarter for Thermochemistry and Labs 2 & 3

• Do not study Midterm 1 Material – It’s not worth your effort for 2
marks. Rely on the fact that you’ve already studied this!
• Ensure you master the Easy and Medium Difficulty questions –
Bank these marks.
• Closer to the exam, bounce from topic to topic.
• Eat well, take breaks and get a good night’s sleep!
Chem
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Chemistry 1A03

Chemical Bonding
Chapter 10 – Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Chem
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Mentimeter #1
What are the most important concepts or skills

you need to know from Chemical Bonding?

https://www.menti.com/alpttavpdf8j 8
Chem
1A03
Skill #1 – Classifying Bonds
Valence electrons play a fundamental role in chemical bonding
Ionic Bonds – Transfer of electrons from

one atom to another
Covalent Bonds – Sharing of electrons
between two atoms
Octet – stable configuration of electrons

about an atom brought about through ionic
or covalent bonds of valence electrons
Electronegativity Bond Type Example
Difference (ΔE)
Small Pure/Non-polar Cl2
(0 – 0.4) covalent
Intermediate Polar covalent HCl
(0.5 – 1.9)
Large (2.0+) Ionic NaCl
Chem
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Based on differences in electronegativities, which of the
following bonds is not covalent?

A. S–O
B. B–Cl
C. N–S
D. Te–Br
E. As–F
Chem
10 1A03
Rank the following in order of increasing bond

polarity:

A. H─F < H─Br < F─F < Na─Cl
B. F─F < H─F < H─Br < Na─Cl
C. H─Br < H─F < F─F < Na─Cl
D. F─F < H─Br < H─F < Na─Cl
E. Na─Cl < H─F < H─Br < F─F
Chem
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Skill #2 – Lewis Structures
TWO COMMON
Place atom with
Carbons readily forms Molecular Step 1 EXCEPTIONS: O
lowest EN in center.
bonds with other carbon
Formula and H!
atoms (basis of organic Atom Step 2 Add A-group numbers.
chemistry) and are placement
almost always central Step 3 Draw single bonds, and
atoms. Sum of subtract 2e- for each bond.
valence e-
Step 4 Give each atom
Start by completing the Remaining 8e

-
octet of terminal atoms valence e- (2e- for H).

first!
Lewis
structure
Some General Thoughts
• All the valence e- of atoms must appear.
• Usually, the e- are paired. If there are not enough
• Usually, each atom requires an octet. electrons for the central
• H only requires 2 e-. atom to attain an octet, a
• Multiple bonds may be needed.
• Readily formed by C, N, O, S, and P. multiple bond is present.
Chem
12 1A03
Skill #2 – Lewis Structures
The correct Lewis structure for the CCl4 molecule

shows:

A. 1 double bond.
B. 10 bonding electrons.
C. 5 bonds.
D. no lone-pair electrons.
E. 24 lone-pair electrons.
Chem
13 1A03
Skill #3 – Formal Charges
Formal charge – the charge an atom would have if all electrons were
shared equally.
1
FC = #valence e- - #lone pair e- - 2
#bond pair e-
• Sum of FC is the overall charge.

• FC should be as small as possible (i.e. close to 0)
• Negative FC should be on more electronegative elements.

• FC of same sign on adjacent atoms is unlikely.
But how does Formal Charge relate to Likely Structures?
Structures that most fit these rules are the most likely
representation of the molecule! Chem
14 1A03
Skill #3 – Formal Charges
Determine the formal charge of chlorine in the most stable
Lewis structure for ClO2–.

A. –2
B. –1
C. 0
D. +1
E. +2
Chem
15 1A03
Skill #4 – Resonance Structures
Many Lewis structures can be written for a given structure. Sometimes we have
equally good possibilities that meet the Formal Charge rules.
•• ••+ •• - - •• ••+ ••
O O O O O O
••
••
•• •• •• ••
These are two different reasonable Lewis

structures for the same molecule.
Neither structure depicts O3 accurately, because in
reality the O-O bonds are identical in length and
energy.
-½ •• ••+ •• -½ The real structure of a
O••
O O •• resonance hybrid is an
average of its contributing
3 electron pairs
resonance forms.
For O3, bond order = = 1½
2 bonded-atom pairs
Chem
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Resonance Structures have:
1. The same molecular formulas

2. The same total number of electrons (same overall charge).
3. The same atoms connected together. Although, they can differ
in whether the connections are single, double or triple bonds.

Basically, move the
electrons around to create
new structures!
Chem
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Draw the best Lewis structure for NO3–. How many equivalent
resonance structures can be drawn?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Chem
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Skill #5 – Exceptions to the Octet Rule
1. Molecules with Electron-Deficient Atoms

F
B and Be are commonly
Cl Be Cl B electron-deficient.
F F
2. Odd-Electron Species

N N A molecule with an odd number of
O O O O electrons is called a free radical.
3. Expanded Valence Shells
Cl O An expanded valence shell is only

Cl Cl possible for nonmetals from Period 3 or
P H O S O H
higher because these elements have
Cl Cl available d orbitals.
O
Chem
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about the best

Lewis structure for PF5?

A. Phosphorus is the central atom.
B. It contains only single bonds.
C. It violates the octet rule.
D. It has an even number of electrons
E. Phosphorus has a lone pair
Chem
20 1A03
The sulfur atom, with a formal charge of zero in the resonance

structure of SO3-2 , has around it:
A. three single bonds and one lone pair

B. two double bonds, one single bond
and a lone pair
C. three double bonds and a lone pair
D. one triple bond and a double bond
E. two single bonds, one double bond
and a lone pair
Chem
21 1A03
Skill #6 – Molecular Geometries
Electronic Geometries
Molecular Step 1 Draw Lewis structure.
2 – Linear
Formula 3 – Trigonal Planar
Step 2 Count all e- groups 4 – Tetrahedral
Lewis
structure
around central atom (A). 5 – Trigonal Bipyradimal
6 – Octahedral
Molecular Geometries Electron- Step 3 Note positions of any lone
group pairs and double bonds.
2 – Linear (2 nuclei) arrangement
3 – Trigonal Planar (3 nuclei)

Step 4 Count bonding and
Bent (2 nuclei, 1LP) nonbonding e- groups
Bond separately.
4 – Tetrahedral (4 nuclei) angles
Pyramidal (3 nuclei, 1LP)
Bent (2 nuclei, 2LP) Molecular shape
(AXmEn)
5 – Trigonal Bipyradimal (5 nuclei)
Seesaw (4 nuclei, 1 LP)
T-Shaped (3 nuclei, 2 LP)
Linear (2 nuclei, 3 LP)
6 – Octahedral (6 nuclei)
Square Pyramidal (5 nuclei, 1 LP)
Chem
Square Planar (4 nuclei, 2 LP) 22 1A03

Chem
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Which is the most favoured Lewis Structure for the CS2 molecule?
A B C D

Chem
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Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule.
A. linear, polar

B. linear, nonpolar
C. tetrahedral, nonpolar
D. bent, nonpolar
E. bent, polar
Chem
25 1A03
Predict the ideal bond angles in GeCl4 using the molecular

shape given by the VSEPR theory.

A. 90°
B. 109°
C. 120°
D. 180°
E. < 90
Chem
26 1A03
Challenge Question – Molecular Geometries
Which of the following has a see-saw structure?
A. BF4-
B. BrF4-

C. SeF4
D. SiF4
E. XeF4
Chem
27 1A03
Skill #7 – Bond Order and Bond Length
Bond order – the number of electron pairs being shared by a given
pair of atoms.
Bond order increases
with the number of
shared electron pairs
between two atoms

Bond Length – the distance between the nuclei of the bonded
Bond lengths increase
down the periodic table.
atoms.
For covalent compounds,

Bond energy
Electrostatic Energy–
thecharge
energyA xneeded
charge Bto overcome the
thisattraction
depends on the
Chem
between the nuclei anddistance
the shared electrons. electronegativity difference28 1A03
Skill #7 – Bond Order and Bond Length
Which compound would be expected to have the shortest
carbon-carbon bond?

A. H3CCH3
B. HCCH
C. H2CCH2
D. F3CCF3
E. Cl2CCCl2
Chem
29 1A03
Skill #8 – Molecularity Polarity
Overall molecular polarity depends on both

shape and bond polarity. Cl
Dχ C=O = χ(O) – χ(C) Dχ O-H = χ(O) – χ(H) Cl C

Cl
Cl
Dχ C=O = 3.5 – 2.5 Dχ O-H = 3.5 – 2.1
Dχ C=O = 1.0 (Polar) Dχ O-H = 1.4 (Polar) Non-polar

O C O H
O
H H Cl C
Cl
Non-polar Polar Cl
Polar
A molecule is polar if
- it contains one or more polar bonds and
- the individual bond dipoles do not cancel.
Chem
30 1A03
Challenge Question – Molecular Polarity
Which of the following molecules has a net dipole moment?
A. BeCl2
B. KrF2
C. CO2

D. SF2
E. CCl4
Chem
31 1A03
Chemistry 1A03

Equilibrium & Solubility Review
Chapter 15 – Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 18 – Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
Chem
32 1A03
Mentimeter #2
What are the most important concepts or skills
you need to know from Equilibrium and Solubility

https://www.menti.com/alpttavpdf8j 33
Chem
1A03
Skill #1 – Equilibrium Expressions
Identify the equation that would give the gaseous equilibrium

constant expression: Kp = (pH22 x pO2)/(pH2O)2

Chem
34 1A03
Skill #2 – Calculating K from Experiments
The reaction A(g) + 2B(g) ↔ C(g) was allowed to come to

equilibrium. The initial concentrations of reactants placed were
0.20 M and 0.36 M. After the reaction reached equilibrium, 0.20 M
of B was found. Calculate Kc for this reaction.

A. 0.060
B. 5.1
C. 17
D. 19
E. 25
Chem
35 1A03
Skill #3 – Le Chatelier’s Principle
When the substances in the equation below are at equilibrium, at

pressure P and temperature T, the equilibrium can be shifted to
favor the products by
CuO(s) + H2(g) ↔ H2O(g) + Cu(s) Hºrxn = -2.0 kJ/mol

A.increasing the pressure by means
of a moving piston at constant T.
B.increasing the pressure by adding
an inert gas such as nitrogen.
C.decreasing the temperature.
D.allowing some gases to escape at
constant P and T.
E. adding a catalyst. Chem
36 1A03
Skill #3 – Le Chatelier’s Principle
How many of the following factors affect the numerical value of K?

The factors are: pressure, initial concentration, volume,
temperature and chemical equation.

A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1
E. 0
Chem
37 1A03
Skill #5 – Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Solutions of ionic compounds involve dissolve cations and anions
in water. When solutions are mixed, we need to verify whether
any of the possible combinations of anions and cations will
precipitate out as product.
When determining the
solubility of an ionic
solid, you must consider

these rules in order.
Stop when you reach a

rule that applies to your
ionic solid.
Solubility rules predict

when an ionic solid is
soluble or not.
Chem
38 1A03
Skill #5 – Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Which of the following two solutions, when mixed, likely result in

a precipitate?

A.NaCl(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
B.NH4Cl(aq) + NaBr(aq)
C.AgNO3(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
D.MgCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq)
E.Pb(NO3)2(aq) + AgOOCCH3(aq)
Chem
39 1A03
Skill #6 – Total and Net Ionic Equations
Total Ionic Equation – Split aqueous Ionic Solids into their Ions
Net Ionic Equation – Eliminate spectator ions present in the
reactants and in the products.
The net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when a solution
of sodium iodide is dripped into a solution of lead(I) nitrate.

1. Na + (aq) + I  (aq) + Pb 2+ (aq) + 2NO 3 (aq)  NaI(s) + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (s)
2. NaI(aq) + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq)  NaNO 3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
3. 2Na + (aq) + 2I  (aq) + Pb 2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq)  2NaNO 3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
4. Na + (aq) + NO 3 (aq)  NaNO 3 (s)
5. Pb 2+ (aq) + 2I  (aq)  PbI 2 (s)
Chem
40 1A03
Skill #7 – Calculating Molar Solubility from Ksp
The equilibrium expression for a reaction in which a “slightly
soluble” ionic solid dissolves in water is called the solubility
product or Ksp
The molar solubility is the mols of a solid that will dissolve in 1 L

of water.

Calculate the Ksp for PbBr2 if the solubility of PbBr2 is 0.01058 M at
25 ℃.
A.0.01058
B.0.02116
C.1.119 x 10-4
D.4.737 x 10-6 41
Chem
1A03
Skill #7 – Common Ion Effect
The addition of a common ion causes the solubility of an ionic

solid to decrease.
Based on LeChatelier’s Principle, the solubility equilibrium shifts in
the direction that minimizes the change – in this case, the change
is the addition of products (ions), so the shift is away from the
products.

Calculate the solubility of PbBr2 in a 0.100 M NaBr solution.
A.0.01058
B.0.02116
C.1.119 x 10-4
D.4.737 x 10-4
E.4.737 x 10-6 Chem
42 1A03
Chemistry 1A03

Acids and Bases
Chapter 16 – Acids and Bases
Chem
43 1A03
Mentimeter #3
What are the most important concepts or Skills

you need to know from Acids and Bases?

Chem
44 1A03
Skill #1 – Bronsted Lowry
Which of the following is true concerning this acid-base reaction?

A. CH3COO- is a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
B. HS- is a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
C. CH3COO- is the conjugate acid of CH3COOH
D. HS- is a the conjugate base of H2S
E. CH3COOH is acetate acid.
Chem
45 1A03
Skill #2 – Strong Acids & Bases
What is the OH- ion concentration in a 5.2  10-4 M HNO3 solution?
A. 1.9  10-11 M

B. 1.0  10-7 M
C. 5.2  10-4 M
D. Zero
E. 1.0  10-4 M
Chem
46 1A03
Skill #3 – Weak Acids & Bases
A solution is prepared by diluting 0.200 moles of a base to 1.00

liter. The solution has a pH = 12.68. What is Kb of the base?

A. 2.2 x 10-25
B. 0.0023
C. 0.011
D. 0.24
E. 0.015
Chem
47 1A03
Skill #4 – Salt Solutions
Which of the following 0.100 M aqueous solutions will have the

highest pH (be the most basic)?

A. NaNO3
B. HCl
C. HOBr
D. CH3COOK
E. NH4I
Chem
48 1A03
Skill #5 – Calculating pH of Weak Acids
Calculate the pH of a 0.425 M solution of boric acid, H3BO3 . The

Ka of boric acid is 5.4 x 10-10.

A. 4.36
B. 4.82
C. 9.64
D. 13.62
Chem
49 1A03
Skill #6 – Determining Percent Ionization
What is the percent ionization of the previous example?

The 0.425 M solution of boric acid, H3BO3 had a pH of 4.82 and a
[H3O+] of 1.515 x 10-5. The Ka of boric acid is 5.4 x 10-10.

A. 0.012%
B. 0.0015%
C. 0.0036%
D. 0.000045%
Chem
50 1A03
Skill #7 – Determining pH of a Salt Solution
Calculate the pH of a solution of 1.05 M NaCN given that the Ka of

HCN is 4.9 x 10-10.

A. 2.16
B. 4.69
C. 9.30
D. 11.67
E. 13.56
Chem
51 1A03
Acids and Bases Competition

https://www.menti.com/alpttavpdf8j
Chem
52 1A03
Skill #7 – Molecular Structure and Acidity
Which of the following molecules will be the least acidic?

A. SiH4
B. PH3
C. H2S
D. HCl
E. HBr
Chem
53 1A03
Which of the following molecules will be the least acidic?

A. SiH4
B. PH3
C. H2S
D. HCl
E. HBr
Chem
54 1A03
Which of the following molecules will be the most acidic?

A. H2O
B. H2S
C. H2Se
D. H2Te
Chem
55 1A03
Which of the following acids will be the least acidic?

A. HBrO4
B. HBrO3
C. HBrO2
D. HBrO
Chem
56 1A03
Why is HBrO less acidic than HBrO2

A. Br is more electronegative in HBrO
B. Greater induction in HBrO2
C. Greater resonance in HBrO2
D. More than one of the options
Chem
57 1A03
Chemistry 1A03

Thermochemistry
Chapter 7 – Thermochemistry
Chem
58 1A03
Mentimeter #3
What are the most important Concepts or Skills

you need to know from Acids and Bases?

Chem
https://www.menti.com/alpttavpdf8j 59 1A03
Skill #1 – Heat and Work
If a surroundings transfers 65.0 J of heat, and the system does
25.0 J of work on its surroundings, what is the change in the
internal energy of the system, in J?

A. -40 J
B. +40 J
C. +90 J
D. -90 J
Chem
60 1A03
Skill #1 – Heat and Work
Equal amounts of heat are added to equal masses of
substances A and B at the same temperature, but substance B
gets hotter. What is true of their heat capacities?
A. c(A) > c(B)

B. c(B) > c(A)
C. c(A) = c(B)
D. We don’t
have enough
info!
Chem
61 1A03
Challenge Question – Pressure Volume Work
Steam engines have been extremely important devices. To get
a sense of why, how much work is done when 18.0 g of liquid
water is vapourized at 100℃ against a constant external
pressure of 101.3 kPa?

A. 3.1 kJ
B. -3.1 kJ
C. -3100 kJ
D. 3100 kJ
E. None of the
above
Chem
62 1A03
Skill #4 – Heat Capacities
100.0 g of nickel at 150 ℃ was placed in 1.00 kg of water at
25.0 ℃. The final temperature of the nickel-water mixture
was 26.3 ℃. What is the specific heat of the nickel in J/g ℃?

A. 0.237
B. 0.378
C. 0.440
D. 0.539
Chem
63 1A03
Final Thoughts
• Stop studying at least hour before the exam. Spend that time calming yourself.
• Eat a regular meal before the exam so you’re not hungry during the exam.
• Wear layers to the exam that you can remove. Its shoulder season and it might be
very warm!
• Consider wearing a mask to the exam to avoid getting or spreading COVID.
• Do not make more notes or read new material! Quiz yourself using the notes you
have.

• Try to predict what we will test you on based on the 5/6 most important
concepts/skills for each chapter. Make sure that you have mastered those
concepts/skills.
• Remember that questions are all equally weighted; hard questions and easy
questions are all worth 1 mark. Bank as many easy questions as you can. Only
focus on difficult questions/topics if you have time.
• Always remember that you are capable of answering every single question on this
exam. You KNOW your stuff! This is your chance to show us!
Chem
64 1A03

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Chemistry 1A03

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

• Exam Date: Friday, November 10, 2023

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

• Practice Test 2 – Avenue2Learn

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Last Name Test Room

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

What are the most important concepts or skills

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Ionic Bonds – Transfer of electrons from

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Rank the following in order of increasing bond

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

octet of terminal atoms valence e- (2e- for H).

The correct Lewis structure for the CCl4 molecule

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

• Sum of FC is the overall charge.

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

But how does Formal Charge relate to Likely Structures?

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

These are two different reasonable Lewis

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Resonance Structures have:

1. The same molecular formulas

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

1. Molecules with Electron-Deficient Atoms

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

3. Expanded Valence Shells

Cl O An expanded valence shell is only

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the best

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

The sulfur atom, with a formal charge of zero in the resonance

A. three single bonds and one lone pair

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule.

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Predict the ideal bond angles in GeCl4 using the molecular

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Which of the following has a see-saw structure?

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

For covalent compounds,

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

Overall molecular polarity depends on both

Dχ C=O = χ(O) – χ(C) Dχ O-H = χ(O) – χ(H) Cl C

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©2008 – 2022 McMaster University

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Identify the equation that would give the gaseous equilibrium

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The reaction A(g) + 2B(g) ↔ C(g) was allowed to come to

©2008 – 2022 McMaster University