CHAPTER 1 - Matter: Name: Lecturer: Subject: Class: Lesson No.: Topic: Day/Time

STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 1 2022
CHAPTER 1 – Matter
Name : Lecturer : Corlin Chong
0102106548
Subject : STPM CHEMISTRY Term 1 Class : Lower 6
Lesson No. : 1
Chapter : [1] Matter
Topic : 1.1 Structure of an Atom Day/Time Wed 7.30pm-10pm
1.2 Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotopes
1.3 Relative Mass
1.4 The Mass Spectrometer
1.5 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
1.1 Structure of an Atom
1. Atom is the _______________ particle of an element.

The fundamental sub-atomic particles are the __________,
___________ and _______________.
2. Protons and neutrons are also called _____________

number because they are inside the ______________ of an atom.
3. Electrons surround the nucleus in the form of electrons

_____________________.
4. Almost ____________ mass of an atom concentrates in

the very tiny ___________.
Electrons (very small mass) are orbiting

in _____________ spaces.
Properties of Subatomic Particles
A) Relative mass and Charge
Particles Symbol Mass / kg Relative mass Charge/ C Relative Charge
Proton 𝑝 𝑜𝑟 11𝐻 1.67 x 10-27 1 a.m.u

1
Electron 𝑒 𝑜𝑟 −10𝑒 9.11 x 10-31 1834
a.m.u
Neutron 𝑛 𝑜𝑟 10𝑛 1.67 x 10-27 1 a.m.u

[a.m.u. = atomic mass unit]
Some Physics Facts:
(a) 1 unit of Charge (b) Mass of proton
= 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb = 1.673 x 10-27 kg
c) Mass of Neutron (d) Mass of electron

= 1.674 x 10-27 kg = 0.000911 x 10-27 kg
* Add the mass of proton and electron = = = mass of neutron
~Hence the mass of neutron is slightly ___________ than proton

1
Prepared by: Corlin Chong (corlin.notes@gmail.com)-2022
b) Effect of Electric Field on Electron, Proton and Neutron
➢
➢
➢ Protons are positively charged are deflected towards the _______________ electrode.
➢ Electrons are negatively charged are deflected towards the _____________ electrode.
➢ Neutrons are neutral so are ______________ deflected to the any charged electrodes.
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝟏
➢ The angle of deflection is ∝ or is ∝ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎/𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
➢ Electrons and protons have _________charge, but electrons are __________ than proton.
Hence the angle of deflection of electron is ________________ than the protons, that is 𝜷 > 𝜶
or
➢ m/e ratio of proton =
➢ m/e ratio of electron =
➢ Proton has ______________ m/e ratio than electron.
Hence the angle of deflection of electron is ________________ than the protons, that is 𝜷>𝜶
c) Effect of Magnetic Field on Electron, Proton and Neutron
➢ Moving protons and electrons are deflected in opposite directions on same horizontal plane.
(since flow of current/positive charge is opposite with flow of electron)
➢ The neutrons are neutral so are undeflected by magnetic field.

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝟏
➢ The angle of deflection is ∝ or is ∝ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎/𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
2
Exercise 1:
1.2 Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
Proton Number, Z (Atomic Number)
Proton Number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom of an element.
It is also known as Atomic Number as it determined the chemical identity of an atom.
Nucleon Number, A (Mass Number)
Nucleon Number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom of an element.
It is also known as Mass Number as all the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
A nuclide is an atomic species that its proton number and nucleon

number have been specified.
27 32
Eg: 13𝐴𝑙 , 16𝑆
Ions (Monoatomic & Polyatomic)

3. In a neutral atom, the number of ______________ = number of ________________.
4. During a chemical reaction, only the ____________________ can be removed or added but the number of
______________ & number of __________________) of the nucleus remains unchanged.
a) A positive ion (cation) is formed by removing electrons from a neutral atom. 𝒆− < 𝑝
𝑿 → 𝑿𝒏+ + 𝒏𝒆−
b) A negative ion (anion) is formed by gaining electrons to a neutral atom. 𝒆− > 𝑝
𝒀 + 𝒏𝒆− → 𝒀𝒏−
3. The mass of an ion (cation/ anion) is virtually the same as the mass of a neutral atom because mass of
electron is very small (neglected).
4. Species (atom, molecule or ion) with the same number of electrons are called
_____________________species. Eg: Na+, Al3+, N3-, and F- are isoelectronic.
5. Ions that are formed with only one atom are called monoatomic ion.
Eg: K+, Cr3+, Sn2+, Cl-, Br-.
Ions that are formed with more than one atom are called polyatomic ion.
Eg: H3O+, Cr2O72-, SO42-, NH4+.
3
Exercise 3:
Exercise 4:
Exercise 5:
Exercise 6:
Exercise 7:
Deduce the symbol for the nuclide of each of the following atom:
a) The atom has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of 𝟑𝟒
𝟏𝟔𝑺.
b) The atom has twice as many protons as, and four more neutrons than an atom of 𝟗𝑩𝒆.
Exercise 8:
P+ and Q- ions are isoelectronic with the 𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝑿.
(a) State the nucleon number of the 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟖𝑿 isotope:
(b) Identify P+ and Q- ions.
Exercise 9:
4
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with the same ________________________ but with different
____________________________.
OR
Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with the same ________________________ but with different
____________________________.
Three isotopes of hydrogen
1. The relative abundancy (% composition) of the isotopes in the sample of element is not the same for all the
isotopes present.
The relative abundance of isotopes of Iron
Isotopes have the same: Isotopes have different:

a) _________________________________ a) _____________________________________
b) _________________________________ b) _____________________________________
c) _________________________________ c) _____________________________________
d) _________________________________ d) _____________________________________
e) _________________________________ e) _____________________________________
Exercise 10:
When separate beams of electrons, neutrons and hydrogen ions are passed through an electric field in the
apparatus below, they behave differently.
(i) The hydrogen ions are both hydrogen –1 and hydrogen –2 isotopes.
Sketch on the diagram, the path (s) taken by the hydrogen ions when
passing through the electric field.
(ii) Which of these particles (electrons, neutrons and hydrogen ions)

will be deflected the most by the electric field?
(iii) In which direction will this particle be deflected?
(iv) Explain your answer.
5
Exercise 11:
(i) Define the term proton number.
(ii) Why is the proton number of an atom of an element usually different from the nucleon number of an atom of the
element?
(c) Protons and neutrons have been used in nuclear reactions which result in the formation of artificial elements. In
such processes, protons or neutrons are accelerated to high speeds and then fired like ‘bullets’ at the nucleus of an
atom of an element.
Suggest why neutrons are more effective than protons as ‘nuclear bullets.
Uses of Isotopes
1. There are two types of isotopes:
a) ____________________ (non-stable isotopes) b) ___________________ (stable isotopes)
2. The radioactive isotopes are not stable and they ____________ and produce _______________ .
Field Isotopes Uses
Medicine Cobalt-60 In radiotherapy to treat cancer.
Iodine-131 Used to treat patients with thyroid cancer (goiter)
Strontium-90 To treat superficial cancers such as skin cancer.
Plutonium-238 To produce small electric shocks in heart pacemaker to
regulate heart beat of patients.
Agriculture Carbon-14 To study the photosynthesis and protein synthesis in plant.
Phosphorus-32 To study the metabolism of phosphorus in plants.
Industry Sodium-24 Used to detect leakage in underground pipe
Cobalt-60 Passed through the food to destroy germs in food without
changing the quality of food.
Archaeology Carbon-14 Estimate the age of bone, wood or fossils.
Power sources Uranium-235/ As fuel in nuclear power station.
Plutonium-238
6
1.3 Relative Mass
A. Relative Isotopic Mass
1. The relative isotopic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the isotope relative to
1
times the mass of one atom of carbon – 12.
12
2. Since the relative isotopic mass of an isotopes is almost the same as its ______________
number , the nucleon number can be used as approximate substitute for calculations of relative
isotopic mass.
B. Relative Atomic Mass
1. Since elements consist of a mixture of isotopes with different relative abundancy (percentage
composition), the average relative isotopic mass must be used for calculation of the relative atomic
mass.
2. The relative atomic mass of an element is defined as the average mass of one atom of the element
1
relative to times the mass of one atom of carbon – 12.
12
𝒂𝒉𝟏 + 𝒃𝒉𝟐 + 𝒄𝒉𝟑

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 =
𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑
Where h1,h2 and h3 are relative abundance and a, b and c are relative isotopic mass.
Exercise 12:
1
1 a.m.u = × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 12𝐶 = 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔.
12
12
Calculate the mass of one atom of 𝐶. [Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ] [ans:1.99x10-26 kg]
7
Exercise 13: *KBAT*
[ans:12.003826]
[Type of question — Calculate the relative atomic mass]

Exercise 14:
[ans:16.0044 kg]
Exercise 15:
[ans:35.5]
[ans:2.22 times]
(Refer to exercise 11)
Exercise 16:
[ans: 6.93 ; 28.1]
8
[Type of question — Calculate the percentage abundancy / relative abundancy]

Exercise 17:
Bromine consists of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. If the relative atomic mass of bromine is 79.9, calculate the relative
abundance of each of the isotopes. [ans: 55% ; 45%]
Exercise 18:
What is the ratio of 14N to 15N if the relative atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.007? [ans: 0.993 ; 0.007]
Exercise 19:
The relative atomic mass of an element X is 63.5. X has two isotopes Y and Z, each with 34 and 36 neutrons
respectively. If the proton number of X is 29, what is the relative abundance of Y and Z? (Relative abundance in ratio)
[ans: 3:1]
Exercise 20:
An element X with a relative atomic mass of 28.1 consists of isotopes 28X, 29X and 30X. If the percentage abundance of
29X
and 30X are the same, what is the percentage abundance of 28X? [ans: 93.3]
9
C. Relative Molecular Mass (Covalent Molecule)
1. The relative molecular mass of a molecular substance, (either element or compound) is the mass of
1
one molecule of the substance relative to times the mass of one atom of
12
carbon – 12.
2. The relative molecular mass is equal to the sum of all the relative atomic masses of all the atoms as
shown in the molecular formula.
Eg: ethanol = glucose = nitrogen dioxide =
D. Relative Formular Mass (Ionic Formula Unit)
3. The relative formula mass of an ionic compound is the mass of one formula unit of the ionic
1
compound relative to times the mass of one atom of carbon – 12.
12
4. The relative formula mass is equal to the sum of all the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in
one formula unit of the compound.
Eg: Iron (III) carbonate = CuSO4.7H2O =
Exercise 21:
10
1.4 The Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectrometer
1. The mass spectrometer is an instrument that is used to analyze

samples of elements or compounds by making use of the different
degrees of deflection of positive ions in a magnetic field based on
their differences in _________ and ____________.
2. A mass spectrometer can be used to determine:

(a) the number of isotopes in an element as well as their respective relative masses and abundancy
(b) the relative atomic mass of an element,
(c) the relative molecular mass of an element or compound,
(d) the molecular and structural formula of an unknown compound.
Operating process:
Vaporisation Ionization Acceleration Deflection Detection
1. a) Before analysis of sample the vacuum pump is switched on to remove all the air so as to prevent collision
between air molecules and ions of the sample which could be deflected from their original paths. The air
molecules may also be ionised, hence interfering with the mass spectrum readings.
b) A low pressure is also maintained throughout the process to remove any unionised particles
from the sample. The accelerated sample ions will not be affected as they are moving at a high speed.
11
1. Vaporisation
The sample is placed in the vaporisation chamber, where (if the sample is a liquid or a solid) it is heated and
vaporised into gaseous particles.
2. lonisation:
a) ln the ionisation chamber the gaseous particles (atoms or molecules) are bombarded by high
speed _______________ emitted by the electron gun (consisting of a hot metal filament cathode).
When a metal is heated to a very high temperature, the mobile electrons in the metal gain enough
kinetic energy to escape from the surface.
b) The collision between particles of the sample and the electrons causes _____ (or sometimes
more than one) of each of the particle’s electrons to be knocked out, forming gaseous
_________________ions. Usually most of the ions will be singly charged:
𝑀(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑀+ (𝑔) + 2𝑒 −
Higher charged ions like M2+ are harder to form as more energy would be required to remove another
electron from the M+ ion.
Sometimes, doubly – charged ions are produced but the possibility is very ________.
𝑀(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑀2+ (𝑔) + 3𝑒 −
c) The ions have about the same mass as the atoms or molecules from which they were formed,
as the mass of the electrons lost is negligible.
3. Acceleration:
a) The positive ions then pass through holes into the acceleration chamber where they are attracted
to the negatively charged plates and accelerated by the electric field to a high and constant
velocity in a single stream to the other end of the spectrometer and then through the variable
magnetic field.
b) The ______________ of a particle entering a magnetic field will affect its angle of deflection.
4. Deflection
(a) In the magnetic field, the ____________ ions are then deflected and separated.
➢ Ions that are lighter and with higher charge are deflected _____________
or
➢ lons with the lower mass/charge ratio (m/z or m/e) will be deflected the __________
For example,
If an ion had a mass of 28 and a charge of 1+, its mass/charge ratio would be _______.
An ion with a mass of 56 and a charge of 2+ would also have a mass/charge ratio of _______. (less possible)
So, both ions would be deflected by the ____________amount.
(b) ln the diagram shown,
(i) ion stream A is most deflected

- it will contain ions with the _______________
mass/charge ratio.
(ii) ion stream C is the least deflected

- it contains ions with the _____________
mass/charge ratio
(iii) Example:
If the ions present are 35𝐶𝑙+ , 37𝐶𝑙 + & 37
𝐶𝑙 2+ ;then
Ion stream A: 37𝐶𝑙 2+ ( m/e smallest)
Ion stream B: 35𝐶𝑙 +
Ion stream CI 37𝐶𝑙 + (m/ e greatest)
5. Detection
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(a) The ion detector is kept in a fixed position, so the different ions must be deflected towards it. This is
done by adjusting the strength of the _______________________.
(b) The stronger the magnetic field, the ______________ the ion will be deflected.
Hence in the example above, the strength of the magnetic field must be ________________ to deflect
the ions C towards the detector and ______________ for ions A.
(c) When an ion hits the detector, an electric current is produced, and a signal is relayed to the
recorder. The signal is recorded as a peak and the height of the peak ( or area under the peak) is
proportional to the number of ions hitting the detector, indicating its
_______________________________________________.
(d) A ___________________ is produced by the recorder, showing peaks of the ions of lowest mass (or
lowest m/e) first and those of highest mass (or highest m/e) last.
The mass spectrum:

(a) The mass spectrum is usually in the one of the two forms shown below:
Note: When the charge on the ion of the same species is 2+, the m/z value is halved.
(b) The mass spectrometer scale is calibrated on the carbon-12 scale. The m/e value
for ions with +1 charge will be taken as its relative mass (of the atoms or the
molecules)
(c) The atoms or molecules can then be identified by comparing the relative mass
with that in a data book.
The angle of deflection is inversely proportional to the mass to charge ratio.
𝟏
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∝
(𝒎/𝒆)
(i) Ions with smaller m/e ratio are deflected _______ than those with higher m/e ratio.
(ii) For ions with the same charge, those with smaller masses are deflected ________.
(iii) For ions with the same mass, those with higher charges are deflected __________.
Exercise 22:
13
Exercise 23:
A beam of protons is deflected by 4° in a magnetic field. Calculate the angle of deflection of a beam of alpha particles
Exercise 24:
I. Give three reasons why particles of a sample must be ionized before being analyzed in a mass spectrometer.
II. State the factors that determine the degree of deflection of a particle in the magnetic field.
Exercise 25:
A sample of 20Ne was introduced into a mass spectrometer
20
(i) How many neutrons and electrons are present in the Ne+ ion?
(ii) The simplified diagram shows the path of a 20Ne+ ion through a
mass spectrometer.
On the diagram sketch the respective paths of a 21Ne+ ion and 20Ne2+ ion
introduced into the mass spectrometer at the same time as the 20Ne+ ion.
Exercise 26:
The diagram below shows a section of a mass spectrometer between the acceleration stage and the detection stage.
The accelerated ions are from a sample of krypton which has been ionized as follows:
𝐾𝑟(𝑔) + 𝑒 → 𝐾𝑟 + (𝑔) + 2𝑒
The ions are deflected in four distinct paths, A, B, C and D.

Ions are detected and a mass spectrum is then produced.
a) Why do the Kr+ ions from this sample of krypton separate into four paths?
b) What two possible adjustments could be made to the operating conditions of the mass
spectrometer in order to direct the ions following path C onto the detector?
c) The mass spectrum of krypton has peaks with m/z of 82, 83, 84, and 86 whose relative
abundances are 1, 1, 5, and 2 respectively. Calculate a value for the relative atomic
mass of krypton. [ans: 84.11]
d) One of the isotopes of Kr has an ion that forms a very small peak in the mass spectrum
that is indistinguishable from a peak produced by 42Ca+ ions. Identify this Kr ion and
explain your answer
14
Mass Spectrum
A. Mass Spectrum of Monoatomic Element (Atom)
1. The mass spectrum of a monoatomic element can be used to determined:

a) The number of isotopes of the elements
b) Relative isotopic mass of each isotope
c) The percentage abundance of the isotope.
Exercise 27:
B. Mass Spectrum of Diatomic Element (Molecule)*
2. The mass spectrum for diatomic element (molecular) contains two types of lines.
a) A line given by the whole molecule (where the whole molecule loses one
electron to become a molecular ion/ parent ions, M+.
This line has the largest mass (m/e value), which is the relative molecular
mass.
Cl – Cl + e → Cl – Cl+ + 2e
b) Other lines which are the fragments ions of the molecule when their
bonds break.
Cl – Cl + e → Cl+ + Cl+ + 3e
(smaller fragments)
Example: Analysis of a sample of oxygen consisting of O2 molecules arising from 16O, 17O and 18O.
(i) Molecules present in the sample are 16O2 , 17O2 , 18O2 ,16O-17O , 16O-18O, 17O-18O
(ii) Possible ions formed in the mass spectrometer are
a) Molecular ions: _______________________________________________
b) Fragment ions: _______________________________________________
Peaks present in the mass spectrum:

Fragment ion Peaks (isotopes) Molecular ions peaks ( r.m.mass)
Ion m/e Ion m/e
16
O+ 16
O2+
17
O+ 16
O-17O+
18
O+ 16
O-18O+
17
O2+
17
O-18O+
18
O2+
15
Exercise 28:
The mass spectrum of a sample of chlorine gas is shown below.
(a) Identify the ions that give rise to the peaks in the mass spectrum
m/z Ion
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine. [ans: 35.5]
(c) Determine the relative abundance of the different molecules of Cl2 [ans: 9:6:1]
(d) Calculate the relative molecular mass of chlorine.
Exercise 29:
79
Natural bromine consists of the two isotopes Br and 81Br in roughly equal proportions. The mass spectrum of
bromine consists of 5 peaks.
a) Suggest the ratios of the relative abundances of

(i) the two lines with the lowest relative masses (isotope)
(ii) The three lines with the highest relative masses (molecular ion)
b) Suggest and sketch the m/e for the 5 peaks and the identities of the species responsible for them.
16
C. Mass Spectrum of a Compound *(Molecule)
1. Formation of molecular ions

The peak with the highest m/e value on the mass spectrum will be the _____________________________ peak.
If all the elements in the compound have only one isotope each, then there is only one molecular ion peak. If
more than one isotope exists then more than one molecular ion peak will be present. (normally (m+1) peak)
2. Fragmentation
The molecular ions are energetically unstable. It can break up into two smaller, more stable species, one of
which is a positively charged ion, and the other an uncharged free radical. This process is called fragmentation.
The positive ions (called fragment ions} will be detected and their respective peaks will appear on
the mass spectrum. The m/e ratios of the fragment ions will be less than that of the molecular ion. The free
radical will not be detected.
𝑀+ + 𝑒 → 𝑋+ + 𝑌∙
Molecular ion fragment ion free radical
Example:
The mass spectrum of methane, CH4.
The line of m/e = 16 corresponds to the __________ ion, CH4+. M+ ion
𝐶𝐻4 (𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝐶𝐻4+ (𝑔) + 2𝑒 −
Carbon consists of _______ isotopes, 12C and 13C in the ratio of 0.989 : 0.011.
Hence, the mass spectrum contains a line (of very __________ relative abundance) at m/e = 17.
This is caused by the 13CH4+ ion. This peak is known as the ( M+1 ) peak.
The other lines are caused by _______________ ions formed when the methane molecules undergo
fragmentation when bombarded by the high energy electrons.
𝐶𝐻4 (𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝐶𝐻3+ (𝑔) + 𝐻 + (𝑔) + 3𝑒 −
The table below gives the species responsible for the various lines in the mass spectrum for methane.
17
Exercise 30:
The mass spectrum (not to scale) of ethanol, C2H5OH is shown below.
(a) Give the formula for the species responsible for lines at values of 14, 15, 17, 29, 31, 45 and 46.
(b) Suggest the origin of the line at m/e value of 47.
Exercise 31:
The mass spectrum of an unknown hydrocarbon is shown below.
a) Identify the molecular ion peak.
b) Name the hydrocarbon
c) Identify the ions responsible for each of the peaks.
d) Explain the presence of the very small peak at m/e = 17.
Exercise 32:
The relative atomic mass of X is 79.99.
a) Why is the relative atomic mass of X is not a whole number?
b) In nature, X contains two isotopes with mass numbers of 79 and 81. Calculate the percentage abundance of
the isotopes 79X and 81X.
c) If X exists as a monoatomic element, Sketch the mass spectrum of X.

(Mass number = nucleon number)
18
Exercise 33:
The molecules found in a sample of hydrogen bromide gas contains only the isotopes 1H, 79Br, and 81Br. The
relative abundance of 79Br and 81Br are 50.5 % and 49.5 % respectively.
(a) Sketch and label the mass spectrum for the sample of hydrogen bromide .
(b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of the hydrogen bromide gas.
Exercise 34:
The mass spectrum of 1,2-dichloropropane shows three peaks of mass/charge ratio of 112, 114, and 116.
(a) If 1,2-dichloropropane arises from the hydrogen-1, carbon-12. chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes, write the
formula of the ions responsible for the peaks
(b) If the ratio ofchlorine-35 to chlorine-37 is 3:1, calculate the percentage abundance of the peaks.
(c) Sketch and label the mass spectrum for 1,2-dichloropropane showing the three peaks.
19
Exercise 35:
Naturally occurring boron has two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B.
Chlorine also has two stable isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl.
The accurate relative masses of these isotopes are given in the table.
Isotope m/e Accurate isotopic mass
10
B 10 10.013
11
B 11 11.009
35
Cl 35 34.969
37
Cl 37 36.966
a) Write the formulae of all the BCl3 molecules that can be formed from the isotopes of boron and Chlorine.
b) Part of the mass spectrum of BCl3 is shown

i) State the identity of each peak in the mass spectrum shown.
ii) Calculate the accurate mass of the peak at m/e = 46.

[ans: 45.978]
iii) Use the spectrum to determine the percentage of 10B in

naturally occurring boron, and hence calculate the
accurate relative atomic mass of boron (to 2 decimal places)
[ans: 10.81]
Exercise 36:
A sample of carbon monoxide molecules was prepared from 12C and 13C isotopes and 16O and 18O isotopes.
a) Write down the formulae of all the different CO molecules in carbon monoxide.
b) If the relative abundances of 12C and 13C are 98.9% and 1.10%; and those of 16O and 18O are 99.8% and
0.200% respectively.
Calculate the relative abundance of the different types of carbon monoxide molecules in the sample.
20
Determine the Structure of a Compound Using Mass Spectrum
Example 1 : The mass spectrum (only some principle peaks are shown) of an alcohol with a molecular formula of
C3H8O is shown below. Identify the alcohol.
The two possible structures for the alcohol are:
Example 2 : The mass spectrum of an organic compound W, C3H6O shows four major peaks as shown in
figure.
a) The largest m/e value is 58. Thus, the

relative molecular mass of the compound is
58.
b) Possible isomers of W are
c) The ion responsible for the peaks at m/e

value of 15 is [CH3]+ and at 43 are [CH3CO]+.
d) The peak at m/e value of 29 corresponds to

[CH3CH2]2+ and [CHO]+ ions. Propanone,
CH3COCH3, will not give this peak.
e) Thus, W is propanal,
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1.4 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
A. Mole and Avogadro’s Constant
A mole is defined as the amount of the substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules or
ions) as the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 g of carbon -12.
The Avogadro’s constant, NA or L, is defined as the number of atoms contained in exactly 12.0 g of carbon – 12. It
is given the value of 6.02 x 1023 mol-1. This means that 1 mol of a substance will contain 6.02 x 1023 particles.
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔, 𝑸𝒑
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 =
𝑵𝑨
(a) 1 mol sodium contains ______________________ sodium atoms.
(b) 1 mol oxygen gas contains ______________________oxygen molecules, or

______________________oxygen atoms.
(c) 1 mol carbon dioxide contains __________________ CO2 molecule or

__________________oxygen atoms.
__________________carbon atoms.
__________________total atoms.
(d) 1 mol MgCl2 contains _________________MgCl2 formula units, or

_________________Mg2+ ions
_________________Cl- ions.
_________________total ions.
Exercise 37:
How many oxygen atoms are there in 2.5 mol glucose, C6H12O6. [ans: 9.03x1024]
[Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
B. Mole Concept and Mass
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of that substance. It is expressed in ________________.
One mole of a substance is equivalent / numerical equal to the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass or
relative formula mass expressed in grams.
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 (𝒈)
molar mass (g/mol)
Exercise 38: extra knowledge

Show how the molar mass of oxygen (16 gmol-1) is numerical equal to relative atomic mass of oxygen (12 a.m.u).
22
Exercise 39:
A compound M has a relative molecular mass of 200. Calculate the number of molecules in 1.5 g of compound M.
[ans: 4.515x1021]
Exercise 40:
If 2x atoms of an element M has a mass of 34.5 g and 3x atoms of an element N has a mass of 228.6 g, what is the
relative atomic mass of M? [relative atomic mass of N is 78.3] [ans: 17.72]
Exercise 41:
The chemical formula of an oxide is M2O3. When 2.28 g of M2O3 was reduced by aluminium, the mass of the metal M
left is 1.56 g. What is the relative atomic mass of M? [ans: 52]
Exercise 42:
When 2.40 g of metal X is added to an aqueous solution containing Y2+ ions, 15.42 g of metal Y is precipitated. In this
reaction, X3+ ions are produced. What is the relative atomic mass of X if the relative atomic mass of Y is 207. [ans: 48.0]
C. Mole Concept and Volume of Gas
At a certain temperature and pressure, one mole of a

gas occupies a fixed volume, which is called its molar
volume.
One mole of a gas occupies a volume of

___________dm3 at standard temperature and
pressure, s.t.p.
(273 K, 1 atm)
One mole of a gas occupies a volume of

___________ dm3 at room temperature and
pressure, r.t.p.
(298 K, 1 atm)
23
Exercise 43:
Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated to liberate carbon dioxide gas.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 (𝑠) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas that would be produced at room temperature when 25.0 g of calcium
carbonate.[ans: 6.1]
Exercise 44:
1 mol of hydrogen gas occupies x dm 3 at T °C and P atm. What is the volume of 0.25 mol oxygen gas at T °C and P
atm? [ans:0.025x]
Exercise 45:
Hydrogen sulphide gas has the odour of rotten eggs. It burns in air to form sulphur dioxide.
2𝐻2 𝑆 (𝑔) + 3𝑂2 (𝑔 ) → 2𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑙 ) + 2𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔)
If 6 dm3 hydrogen sulphide is burnt in 12 dm3 oxygen gas, what is the final volume of the gaseous mixture? [ans: 9 dm3]
Exercise 46:
[ans: 2.02x1027]
24
Exercise 47: ** Popular **

(a) Complete and balance the following equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with the formula
CxHy.
(b) When 10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon A was mixed at room temperature with 50 cm 3 of oxygen (in excess) and
exploded, 40 cm3 of gas remained after cooling the apparatus to room temperature and pressure. When this
40 cm3 of gas was shaken with an excess of aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH, 30 cm 3 of gas still
remained.
i) What is the identity of the 30 cm3 of gas that remained at the end of the experiment?
ii) What is the identity and volume of gas that was absorbed by the potassium hydroxide?
iii) What volume of oxygen was used up in the combustion of A?
Use your equation in (a) and your results from (b) to calculate the molecular formula of A. [ans: CH4]
Exercise 48:
10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon X is mixed with 90 cm3 of oxygen and burned completely. When the mixture is
cooled, the total volume of gas is 70 cm3. After the gaseous mixture has been passed through concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution, 40 cm3 of gas remains. What is the molecular formula of W? [ans: C4H8]
25
Exercise 49:
20.0 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon X mixed with 150 cm3 of oxygen and burn completely. When the mixture is
cooled, the total volume of gas is 110 cm3. When the gaseous mixture is passed through concentrated potassium
hydroxide, 70.0 cm3 of gas remains. Determine the molecular formula of X. [ans: C4H8]
D. Mole Concept for Concentration (Solution)
1. The concentration of a solution is the amount of substance (mol /g) dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution.
2. The concentration of a solution can be expressed in _____________ or ______________.
3. The number of moles of a substance in V (cm3) of a M (mol dm-3) solution is given by
𝑴𝑽
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Exercise 50:
In a neutralisation reaction, hydrochloric acid of 0.50 mol dm -3 is added to 23.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution of
0.20 mol dm-3. Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid required for complete reaction. [ans: 18.4]
Exercise 51:
1.20 dm3 of ammonia gas were dissolved in water to form 200 cm3 of aqueous alkali at room temperature and
pressure.
[molar volume of gas at room temperature is 24400 cm 3]
a) How many moles of NH3 (g) were dissolved. [ans: 0.0492]
b) Write the equation for the neutralisation of aqueous ammonia by dilute sulphuric acid.
c) Calculate the volume of 0.50 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid that is required to neutralise the 200 cm 3 of aqueous
ammonia. [ans: 49.2]
26
Exercise 52:
121.7 g of an acid, HXO4 is dissolved in distilled water and made up to 1 dm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous
solution of acid HXO4 is exactly neutralized by 19.80 cm3 of 0.80 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide. What is the relative
atomic mass of X? [ans: 127]
Exercise 53:
When an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is added to an aqueous solution of potassium manganate (Vll),
KMnO4, oxygen gas is evolved. At the same time, KMnO4 is decolorized. The half equations are shown below:
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 8𝐻+ + 5𝑒 → 𝑀𝑛2 + 4𝐻2 𝑂

𝐻2 𝑂2 → 2𝐻 + + 𝑂2 + 2𝑒
In an experiment, it was found that 22.80 cm3 of acidified KMnO4 was required to react completely with 25.0 cm 3 of
0.20 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide.
a) Calculate the concentration of the acidified KMnO4 [ans: 0.005 mol dm-3]
b) What is the volume of gas evolved at s.t.p? [ans: 112 cm3]
Exercise 54:
0.78 g potassium is completely burnt in excess chlorine vapour. The solid product is then dissolved in 200 cm3 of 0.20
moldm3 sodium chloride solution. What is the concentration of chloride ions in the solution? [ans: 0.30 moldm3]
[Relative atomic mass: K=39, Cl=35.5]
27
Empirical Formula & Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula
The empirical formula of a compound shows the simplest whole number ratio for the atoms of all the different
elements present in one molecule of the compound.
It is usually derived from the percentage composition of each element in the compound.
Molecular Formula
The molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of different elements in one molecule
of the compound.
It is derived from the empirical formula and relative molecular mass / molar mass of the compound.
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 = (𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂)𝒏
Percentage composition by mass of a Compound
Percentage of an element Mass of the element in 1 mole of the compound

by mass in a compound = Mass of 1 mole of the compound x 100%
Exercise 55:
The percentage of iron of a haemoglobin molecule is 0.335%. If a haemoglobin molecule consists of four iron (II) ions,
what is the relative molecular mass of haemaglobin? [ans: 6.66X104]
[Relative atomic mass of Fe is 55.8]
Exercise 56:
2.50 g of an impure sample of calcium carbonate requires 27.6 cm 3 of 1.45 M HCl for complete reaction.
a) write a balanced equation for the reaction.
b) calculate the mass of pure calcium carbonate in the sample. [ans: 2.001 g]
c) what is the precentage purity of the sample of calcium carbonate. [ans: 80.04%]
28
Exercise 57:
[ans: 12.0%]
Exercise 58:
[ans: 14.3%]
Exercise 59:
[ans: C7H7Cl ]
29
*Exercise 60:
Combustion of 1.18 g sample of an organic compound P yields 1.76 g CO2 and 0.54 g H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of P and molecular formula of P, given that the relative molecular mass of P is 118.
[ans: C4H6O4 ]
*Exercise 61:
3.00 g of Compound M burns in excess oxygen and produce 4.40 g of carbon dioxide and 1.80 g of water. What is the
empirical formula of compound M? [ans: CH2O ]
30

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CHAPTER 1 - Matter: Name: Lecturer: Subject: Class: Lesson No.: Topic: Day/Time

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STPM CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 1 2022

1.1 Structure of an Atom

1. Atom is the _______________ particle of an element.

2. Protons and neutrons are also called _____________

3. Electrons surround the nucleus in the form of electrons

4. Almost ____________ mass of an atom concentrates in

Electrons (very small mass) are orbiting

Properties of Subatomic Particles

A) Relative mass and Charge

Particles Symbol Mass / kg Relative mass Charge/ C Relative Charge

Proton 𝑝 𝑜𝑟 11𝐻 1.67 x 10-27 1 a.m.u

Neutron 𝑛 𝑜𝑟 10𝑛 1.67 x 10-27 1 a.m.u

c) Mass of Neutron (d) Mass of electron

* Add the mass of proton and electron = = = mass of neutron

~Hence the mass of neutron is slightly ___________ than proton

b) Effect of Electric Field on Electron, Proton and Neutron

c) Effect of Magnetic Field on Electron, Proton and Neutron

➢ The neutrons are neutral so are undeflected by magnetic field.

1.2 Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes

Proton Number, Z (Atomic Number)

Nucleon Number, A (Mass Number)

A nuclide is an atomic species that its proton number and nucleon

Ions (Monoatomic & Polyatomic)

Three isotopes of hydrogen

The relative abundance of isotopes of Iron

Isotopes have the same: Isotopes have different:

(ii) Which of these particles (electrons, neutrons and hydrogen ions)

(iii) In which direction will this particle be deflected?

(iv) Explain your answer.

Medicine Cobalt-60 In radiotherapy to treat cancer.

Iodine-131 Used to treat patients with thyroid cancer (goiter)

Strontium-90 To treat superficial cancers such as skin cancer.

Plutonium-238 To produce small electric shocks in heart pacemaker to

regulate heart beat of patients.

Agriculture Carbon-14 To study the photosynthesis and protein synthesis in plant.

Phosphorus-32 To study the metabolism of phosphorus in plants.

Industry Sodium-24 Used to detect leakage in underground pipe

Cobalt-60 Passed through the food to destroy germs in food without

changing the quality of food.

Archaeology Carbon-14 Estimate the age of bone, wood or fossils.

Power sources Uranium-235/ As fuel in nuclear power station.

1.3 Relative Mass

A. Relative Isotopic Mass

B. Relative Atomic Mass

𝒂𝒉𝟏 + 𝒃𝒉𝟐 + 𝒄𝒉𝟑

Exercise 13: *KBAT*

[Type of question — Calculate the relative atomic mass]

(Refer to exercise 11)

[ans: 6.93 ; 28.1]

[Type of question — Calculate the percentage abundancy / relative abundancy]

C. Relative Molecular Mass (Covalent Molecule)

Eg: ethanol = glucose = nitrogen dioxide =

D. Relative Formular Mass (Ionic Formula Unit)

Eg: Iron (III) carbonate = CuSO4.7H2O =

1.4 The Mass Spectrometry

1. The mass spectrometer is an instrument that is used to analyze

2. A mass spectrometer can be used to determine:

Vaporisation Ionization Acceleration Deflection Detection

(b) ln the diagram shown,

(i) ion stream A is most deflected

(ii) ion stream C is the least deflected

The mass spectrum:

The angle of deﬂection is inversely proportional to the mass to charge ratio.

Exercise 13: KBAT

Exercise 47: Popular