Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.

1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

3-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms. Therefore, every bit of energy
should be accounted for during a process.
The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle.

We all know that a rock at some elevation

possesses some potential energy, and part of this
potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as
the rock falls (Fig. 3-1). Experimental data show
that the decrease in potential energy (mg ∆z)
exactly equals the increase in kinetic energy
1
𝑚 ( 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) when the air resistance is
2

negligible, thus confirming the conservation of

energy principle for mechanical energy.
Figure (3-1): Energy cannot be created
or destroyed; it can only change forms.

: )‫نص القانون األول للديناميكا الحرارية ( قانون حفظ الطاقة‬

"‫"الطاقة ال تفنى و ال تستحدث من العدم ولكنها يمكن أن تتحولا من صورة إلى أخرىا مكافئة لها‬

:‫ن ألاو ال في الديناميكا الحرارية كما يلي‬

‫ويمكن صياغة القانو ا‬

"‫"الطاقة الكلية لنظام معزول تظل ثابتة ويمكن تحولا الطاقة من صورة إلى أخرىا‬

‫التغير في الطاقة الداخلية للنظام = كمية الحرارة‬

‫ا‬ ‫أي أن‬,‫*الطاقة الكلية لنظام معزول تبقى دائما ثابتة‬

.‫املمتصة بالنظام مطروحا منها الشغل الذي يبذله النظام‬

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

As another example, consider the heating of water in a pan on top of a range

(Fig. 3–2). If 15 kJ of heat is transferred to the water from the heating element and 3 kJ
of it is lost from the water to the surrounding air, the increase in energy of the water will
be equal to the net heat transfer to water, which is 12 kJ.

Figure (3-2): In the absence of any work interactions, the energy change of a
system is equal to the net heat transfer.

3-2 Energy Balance

In the light of the preceding discussions, the conservation of energy principle can be
expressed as follows: The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the
system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and
the total energy leaving the system during that process. That is,

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

⟦ ⟧−⟦ ⟧=⟦ ⟧
𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

E in - E out = 𝛥𝐸 system
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

3-3 Energy Change of a System, ∆Esystem

The determination of the energy change of a system during a process involves the
evaluation of the energy of the system at the beginning and at the end of the process,
and taking their difference. That is:
Energy change = Energy at final state - Energy at initial state
energy can exist in numerous forms such as internal (sensible, latent, chemical, and
nuclear), kinetic, potential, electric, and magnetic, and their sum constitutes the total
energy E of a system. In the absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension effects
(i.e., for simple compressible systems), the change in the total energy of a system during
a process is the sum of the changes in its internal, kinetic, and potential energies and can
be expressed as:
∆ 𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 (1)

∆𝑈 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )
1
∆ 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 ( 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

for stationary systems, the changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero (th at is,
∆KE = ∆PE = 0), and the total energy change relation in Eq. (1) reduces to ∆E = ∆U
for such systems.

Figure (3-3): For stationary systems, ∆KE = ∆PE = 0 , thus ∆E = ∆U

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

➢ 3-3-1 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to closed Systems

consider a closed system where there is no mass flow into or out of the system, where
the fluid mass remains constant. For such system, the first law statement is known as the
Non-Flow Energy Equation, or NFEE abbreviated.

Specific Statement of First Law for a Closed System

1. Energy is conserved.
2. Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system by only two mechanisms: heat
transfer and work transfer.
3. The change in energy of a closed system is equal to the net heat transferred to the
system minus the net work performed by the system

The Non-Flow Energy Equation it can be summerised as follows:

ΔEsystem = Ein - Eout Note that : ΔEsystem - ΔE surroundings = 0

ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = Qin.net - Wout.net
If ΔKE and ΔPE are negligible
ΔU = Qin.net - Wout.net ………………The NFEE Equation for closed system.

During a non flow process the change in internal energy is calculated assuming the
closed’s system volume remains constant, the following equation is used

ΔU = m.Cv. ΔT or,

ΔU = m.Cp. ΔT

Where Cv and Cp is the specific heat capacity of the fluid at constant volume and
pressure respectively , and ΔT is the temperature difference during the process.
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Example 3-1 : A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a
paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling
process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the
fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the
paddle wheel.

Solution : A fluid in a rigid tank looses heat while

being stirred. The final internal energy of the fluid
is to be determined.

Assumptions :
1) The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero,
ΔKE = ΔPE = 0. Therefore, ΔE =ΔU and internal energy is the only form of the
system’s energy that may change during this process.
2) Energy stored in the paddle wheel is negligible.
Analysis: Take the contents of the tank as the system . This is a closed system since no
mass crosses the boundary during the process. We observe that the volume of a rigid
tank is constant, and thus there is no moving boundary work. Also, heat is lost from the
system and shaft work is done on the system. Applying the energy balance on the system
gives:

Ein - Eout = ΔEsystem

Wsh,in - Qout = ΔU
Wsh,in - Qout = U2 - U1
100 kJ - 500 kJ = U2 - 800 kJ
U2 = 400 kJ, Therefore, the final internal energy of the system is 400 kJ.
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

➢ 3-3-2 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open Systems

In open systems Fig (3 - 4), matter may flow in and out of the system boundaries. The
first law of thermodynamics for open systems states: the increase in the internal energy
of a system is equal to the amount of energy added to the system by matter flowing in
and by heating, minus the amount lost by matter flowing out and in the form of work
done by the system.

Figure (3 - 4) : Mass and heat cross the boundaries of a open system.

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Consider the following unit of open system :

P1
A1
V1
U1
Q Heat
W
Exchanger
1
Z1 P2
A2
V2

Z2 U2
W2
Ws

Basis = 1 kg unit mass

Starting with :

ΔEsystem = Energy in – Energy out

ΔU + ΔK E + ΔPE = (Q + W)𝑖𝑛 − (Q + W)𝑜𝑢𝑡 … (1)

1 2 1 2 1 2
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = ∆𝑉
2 2 2 1 2

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑧2 𝑔 + 𝑧1 𝑔 = 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝑔∆𝑧

Then eq. (1) becomes..

∆𝑉 2
ΔU + + g Δz = (Q + W)𝑖𝑛 − (Q + W)𝑜𝑢𝑡 … (3)
2
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

𝑉1
W1 = ( P1 A1 × ) = 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝐴1

𝑉2
W2 = ( P2 A2 × ) = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝐴2

W = W1 + W2 + WS

∴ 𝑊 = + 𝑃1 𝑉1 + (−𝑃2 𝑉2 ) + (−𝑊𝑆 ) )‫(إلاشارة السالبة تعني بأن الشغل او الطاقة خارجة من النظام‬

∆𝑉 2
∴ ∆𝑈 + + 𝑔 ∆𝑧 = ( 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ) 𝑖𝑛 − (𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) 𝑜𝑢𝑡
2

∆𝑉 2
∴ ∆𝑈 + + 𝑔 ∆𝑧 = ( 𝑄 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 )𝑖𝑛 − ( 𝑃2 𝑉2 + 𝑊𝑆 )𝑜𝑢𝑡
2

∆𝑉 2
∆𝑈 + + 𝑔 ∆𝑧 = 𝑄 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑊𝑆
2

∆𝑉 2
∆𝑈 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 + + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆 ∆𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
2

∆𝑉 2
∆𝑈 + ∆𝑃𝑉 + + 𝑔 ∆𝑧 = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆
2

When: ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑃𝑉 = ∆𝐻

∆𝑽𝟐
∆𝑯 + + 𝒈 ∆𝒛 = 𝑸 − 𝑾𝑺
𝟐

The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) for open system

1- The conditions at all points in the apparatus are constant with time.
2- Mass flow rate to the system equal to mass transfer out of the system.
3- Rate of work or heat transfer must be constant.
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Example 3-2 : When a system is taken from state (a) to state (b) in figure below along
path acb, 100 J of heat flows into the system and the system does 40 J of work. How
much heat flows into the system a long path aeb if the work done by the system is 20 J?
The system returns from (b) to (a) a long the path bda. If the work done on the system
is 30 J, does the system absorb or liberate heat? How much?

Solution:

non- flow system c

P b
Path 1: W=40 J
Q=100 J
ΔU= Q - W = 100 - 40 = 60 J e

W=30 J
Path 2:

ΔU is constant in all Paths since a

d
W=20 J

ΔU is a state function V

ΔU = - 60 J , W = - 30 J

- 60 = Q – W ⇒ - 60 = Q – (-30) ⇒ Q = - 90 J heat out of the system

Path 3:

ΔU = 60 J , W = 20
Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Example 3-3 : In an internal combustion engine, during the compression stroke the heat
rejected to the cooling water is 50 kJ/kg and the work input is 100 kJ/kg. Calculate the
change in internal energy of the working fluid stating whether it is a gain or loss.

Solution: Heat rejected to the cooling water, Q = – 50 kJ/kg

(–ve sign since heat is rejected)

Work input, W = – 100 kJ/kg

(–ve sign since work is supplied to the system)

Using the relation, Q = (u2 – u1) + W

– 50 = (u2 – u1) – 100

or (u2 – u1 )= – 50 + 100 = 50 kJ/kg

Hence, gain in internal energy = 50 kJ/kg. (Ans.)

Example 3- 4 : In an air motor cylinder, the compressed air has an internal energy of
450 kJ/kg at the beginning of the expansion and an internal energy of 220 kJ/kg after
expansion. If the work done by the air during the expansion is 120 kJ/kg, calculate the
heat flow to and from the cylinder.

Solution:

Internal energy at beginning of the expansion, u1 = 450 kJ/kg

Internal energy after expansion, u2 = 220 kJ/kg

Work done by the air during expansion, W = 120 kJ/kg

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Heat flow, Q: Using the relation, Q = (u2 – u1) + W

∴ Q = (220 – 450) + 120 = – 230 + 120 = – 110 kJ/kg

Hence, heat rejected by air = 110 kJ/kg. (Ans.)

Example 3-5 : 0.3 kg of nitrogen gas at 100 kPa and 40°C is contained in a cylinder.
The piston is moved compressing nitrogen until the pressure becomes 1 MPa and
temperature becomes 160°C. The work done during the process is 30 kJ. Calculate the
heat transferred from the nitrogen to the surroundings. Cv for nitrogen = 0.75 kJ/kg K.

Solution :

Mass of nitrogen, m = 0.3 kg

Temperature before compression = 40°C or 313 K

Temperature after compression = 160°C or 433 K

The work done during the compression process, W = – 30 kJ

According to first law of thermodynamics,

Q = ΔU + W = (U2 – U1) + W

= m Cv (T2 – T1) + W

= 0.3 × 0.75(433 – 313) – 30 = – 3 kJ

Hence, heat ‘rejected’ during the process = 3 kJ. (Ans.)

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Example 3-6 : An artificial satellite revolves round the earth with a relative velocity of
800 m/s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9 m/s2 and gravitational force is 3600 N,
calculate its kinetic energy.

Solution :

Relatively velocity of satellite, v = 800 m/s

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2

Gravitational force, m.g = 3600 N

∴ Mass, m = 3600 / g =3600 / 9.81 = 367 kg.

Kinetic energy = 1/2 m.v2 = 1 / 2 × 367 × (800)2 J =117.4× 106 J or 117.4 MJ.(Ans)

Example 3-7 : When a stationary mass of gas was compressed without friction at
constant pressure its initial state of 0.4 m3 and 0.105 MPa was found to change to final
state of 0.20 m3 and 0.105 MPa. There was a transfer of 42.5 kJ of heat from the gas
during the process. How much did the internal energy of the gas change?

Solution :

Initial state

Pressure of gas, p1 = 0.105 MPa

Volume of gas, V1 = 0.4 m3

Final state

Pressure of gas, p2 = 0.105 MPa

Thermodynamics A/C Techniques Dep.
1st Year Class First Term 2018-2019

Lecture Three : First Law of Thermodynamics

by: Asst. lect. Karrar Al-Mansoori

Volume of gas, V2 = 0.20 m3

Process used : Constant pressure

Heat transferred, Q = – 42.5 kJ

(–ve sign indicates that heat is rejected)

Change in internal energy, ΔU = U2 – U1 :

First law for a stationary system in a process gives

Q = ΔU + W or Q 1–2 = (U2 – U1) + W1–2 …………………………………(i)

2
Here: W1–2 = ∫1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = p (V2 – V1)

= 0.105 (0.20 – 0.40) MJ = – 21 kJ [ 1 MJ = 103 kJ]

Substituting this value of W1–2 in equation (i), we get :

– 42.5 = (U2 – U1) – 21

∴ U2 – U1 = – 42.5 + 21 = – 21.5 kJ

Hence ‘decrease’ in internal energy = 21.5 kJ (Ans.)