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Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
B. Sc. Engineering 2nd year odd Semester Examination, 2017
Course No.: ME 2101 Course Title: Thermodynamics

Full Marks: 72 Time: Three Hours

N.B.: i) Answers Six question taking Three from each section.

ii) Figures in the margin indicate full marks.
ii) Use separate answer script for each section
iv) Charts and tables may be used if required.
SECTION-A

Q.1 (a) State the first law of thermodynamics. Apply this law in case of boiler, nozzle and pump. 04

First law of thermodynamics:

This law may be stated as follows:
(a) "The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertible". According to this law, when a closed
system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer. In
other words, the cyclic integral of heat transfers is equal to the cyclic integral of work transfers.
Mathematically.
∮ ∮
where symbol ∮ stands for cyclic integral (integral around a complete cycle), and and
represent infinitesimal elements of heat and work transfers respectively. It may be noted that and
are expressed in same units.
(b) The energy can neither be created nor destroyed though it can be transformed from one form to
another. According to this law, when a system undergoes a change of state (or a thermodynamic
process), then both heat transfer and work transfer takes place. The net energy transfer is stored within
the system and is known as stored energy or total energy of the system. Mathematically

The symbol is used for a quantity which is inexact differential and symbol d is used for a quantity
which is an exact differential. The quantity E is an extensive property and represents the total energy of
the system at a particular state.

Composed by Taslim Alam Rafi, ME-18, Roll: 1802161 1

(b) Discuss the limitations of first law. Show that dE = , where the notations have their usual
meanings. 06

Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics

 The limitation of the first law of thermodynamics is that it does not say anything about the
direction of flow of heat i.e. whether the heat flows from a hot body to cold body or from a cold
body to hot body.
 It does not say anything whether the process is a spontaneous process or not.
 The reverse process is not possible. In actual practice, the heat doesn’t convert completely into
work. If it would have been possible to convert the whole heat into work, then we could drive
ships across the ocean by extracting heat from the water of the ocean.

First law of thermodynamics states that the energy can neither be created nor destroyed though it can
be transformed from one form to another. According to this law, when a system undergoes a change of
state (or a thermodynamic process), then both heat transfer and work transfer takes place. The net
energy transfer is stored within the system and is known as stored energy or total energy of the system.
Mathematically

The symbol δ is used for a quantity which is inexact differential and symbol d is used for a quantity
which is an exact differential. The quantity E is an extensive property and represents the total energy of
the system at a particular state.

(c) Prove that perpetual motion machine of first kind is impossible. 02

A machine which violates the first law of thermodynamics (i.e. energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another) is known as perpetual motion machine of
the first kind (briefly written as PMM-I). It is a hypothetical machine that is defined as a machine which
produces work energy without consuming an equivalent of energy from other source. Such a machine,
as shown in Fig, is impossible to obtain in actual practice, because no machine can produce energy of its
own without consuming any other form of energy.

Composed by Taslim Alam Rafi, ME-18, Roll: 1802161 2

Q.2 (a) What is a thermal reservoir? Define in terms of heat source and sink. 03

Thermal reservoir:
A thermal reservoir is a body of infinite heat capacity which is capable of absorbing or rejecting an
unlimited quantity of heat without affecting its temperature. Extensive properties of a thermal reservoir
such as internal energy can change in interactions with other systems even though the reservoir
temperature remains constant.

Heat Source:
A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a source. In a heat engine, the reservoir (or
body) at a higher temperature is known as a source. For example, atmospheric air is a source for heat
pumps.

Heat Sink:
A reservoir that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called a sink. In a heat engine, the reservoir at a
lower temperature is called a sink. For example, atmospheric air is a sink for air conditioners.

(b) Prove that violation of Kelvin-Planck statement leads to violation of the Clasuius statement. 04

Though Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of thermodynamics appear to be
different, from each other, but these two statements are virtually equivalent in all respects. The
equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements can be proved if it can be shown that the
violation of Kelvin-Planck statement implies the violation of Clausius statement and vice versa. This is
discussed as follows:

Composed by Taslim Alam Rafi, ME-18, Roll: 1802161 3

1. Consider a system as shown in Fig. 1.13 (a). In this system, a heat engine having 100 percent thermal
efficiency (i.e. PMM-II) is violating the Kelvin-Planck statement as it converts the heat energy (Q1) from a
single high temperature reservoir at T1 into an equivalent amount of work (i.e. W = Q1). This work output
of the heat engine can be used to drive a heat pump (or refrigerator) which receives an amount of heat
Q2 from a low temperature reservoir at T2 and rejects an amount of heat (Q1 + Q2) to a high temperature
reservoir at T1. If the combination of a heat engine and a heat pump (or refrigerator) is considered as a
single system, as shown in Fig. 1.13 (a), then the result is a device that operates in a cycle and has no
effect on the surroundings other than the transfer of heat Q2 from a low temperature reservoir to a high
temperature reservoir, thus violating the Clausius statement. Hence, a violation of Kelvin-Planck
statement leads to a violation of Clausius statement.

2. Consider a system as shown in Fig. 1.13 (b). In this system, a heat pump or refrigerator (i.e. PMM-II) is
violating the Clausius statement as it transfers heat from a low temperature reservoir at T2 to a high
temperature reservoir at T1 without any expenditure of work. Now let a heat engine, operating between
the same heat reservoirs, receives an amount of heat Q1 (as discharged by the heat pump) from the high
temperature reservoir at T1 does work (WE = Q1- Q2) and rejects an amount of heat Q2 to the low
temperature reservoir at T2. If the combination of the heat pump (or refrigerator) and the heat engine is
considered as a single system, as shown in Fig. 1.13 (b), then the result is a device that operates in a
cycle whose sole effect is to remove heat at the rate of (Q1- Q2) and convert it completely into an
equivalent amount of work, thus violating the Kelvin-Planck statement. Hence, a violation of Clausius
statement leads to a violation of Kelvin-Planck statement.

Composed by Taslim Alam Rafi, ME-18, Roll: 1802161 4

(c) A carnot heat engine receives 500kJ of heat per cycle from a high temperature source at 652 and
rejects heat to a low temperature sink at 30 . Determine (i) the thermal efficiency of this carnot engine
and (ii) the amount of heat rejected per cycle. 05

Composed by Taslim Alam Rafi, ME-18, Roll: 1802161 5