THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Republic of the Philippines

BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
La Trinidad Campus
Km 6 La Trinidad, Benguet

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Module in

ES 131: THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

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Course Information:

Course Code : ES 131

Course Title : Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Pre-requisite : Phys 21 & Math 30
Credit : 5 Units
AY/Semester : 2020-2021/ Second Semester
Offered
Number of Hours : 4 hours lecture; 3 hours laboratory
Course Description : Basic laws of thermodynamics; characteristics of gases, vapor
and mixtures; laws governing heat transfer and their
applications to insulators and heat exchangers such as
condensers, cooling coils and evaporators.
Module Objectives:
After the completion of this module, students will be able to:
1. explain the energy and first law of thermodynamics, and
2. calculate problems related to the first law of thermodynamics.

Module Content:
1. Forms of Energy
2. Heat transfer and Work
3. The First Law of Thermidynamics
4. YouTube Video Links related to Energy, Work and First Law of Thermodynamics
5. Problem Set #2
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

LESSON 2

ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

FORMS OF ENERGY
 Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic,
potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the
total energy E of a system.
 The total energy of a system on a unit mass basis is denoted by e and is expressed
as:
𝑬 𝒌𝒋
𝒆= ( )
𝒎 𝒌𝒈
 Thermodynamics provides no information about the absolute value of the total
energy.
 It deals only with the change of the total energy.

A. Macroscopic Forms of Energy

 system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as
kinetic and potential energies.
B. Microscopic Forms of Energy
 related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity,
independent of outside reference frames.

Macroscopic Forms of Energy

Kinetic Energy
 system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some reference frame.
 KE = mv2/2 (kJ)
 ke= v /2
2
(kJ/kg), on a unit mass basis
Potential Energy
 system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field.
 PE = mgz (kJ)
 pe = gz (kJ/kg), on a unit mass basis

Examples:
1. A mass of 5 kg is 100 m above a given datum where local g = 9.75 m/s 2. Find the
potential energy of the mass with respect to datum.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
𝑚
𝑃𝐸 = (5 𝑘𝑔) (9.75 ) (100 𝑚)
𝑠2
𝑷𝑬 = 𝟒 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝑱

2. The combined mass of car and passengers travelling at 72 km/hr is 1500 kg. Find the
kinetic energy of the combined mass.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐾𝐸 =
2
𝑚
(1500 𝑘𝑔)(20 )
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑠
2
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

𝑲𝑬 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱

3. A lump of ice falls from an aeroplane as it comes in to land. If the ice hits the ground
with a vertical speed of 85m/s, what was the height of the plane when the ice fell off?
(Assume that friction can be ignored.)
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑚𝑔𝑧 =
2
𝑣2
𝑧=
2𝑔
𝑚
(85 )2
𝑧= 𝑠
𝑚
2(9.806 )
𝑠2
𝒛 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎

Internal Energy
 The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy in a system
 It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of molecular activity and can be
viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules.

Internal energy includes:

Sensible Energy
 The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies of the
molecules. At higher temperatures, the molecules possess higher kinetic energies, and
as a result the system has a higher internal energy.
Latent Energy
 The internal energy associated with phase-change process of a system. It is the energy
required for phase-change without a change in chemical composition.
Chemical Energy
 Internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule. Energy is released
during chemical reaction (e.g. combustion) where chemical bonds are destroyed/
formed.
Nuclear Energy
 The tremendous amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus
of the atom itself. The energy deals with nuclear fusion and fission reactions.
Total Energy
 Total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies.
 E = U + KE + PE (kJ)
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

 e = u + ke + pe (kJ/kg)
Stationary Systems
 Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of gravity remain constant
during a process.
 The change in the total energy (ΔE) is IDENTICAL to the change in its internal
energy (ΔU).

Control volumes typically involve fluid flow for long periods of time.
volume flow rate ̇v = Av (m3/s)
mass flow rate: m = ρv ṁ = ρAcvavg (kg/s)
Energy flow rate: Ė = ṁe (kJ/s or kW)

𝝆𝟏𝑨𝟏𝑽𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐𝑨𝟐𝑽𝟐

Example:
1. When 2.5 m/s flows through a 40 cm pipe that later reduces to a 20 cm pipe, calculate
the change velocity between two pipes. Assume that the energy and work flow is
constant with the pipes.
𝐴1𝑉1 = 𝐴2𝑉2
2
𝜋(0.4) 𝑚 𝜋(0.2)2
( ) (2.5 ) = ( ) (𝑉2)
4 𝑠 4
𝑚
𝑉2 = 10
𝑠

𝑚 𝑚
∆𝑉 = 10 − 2.5
𝑠 𝑠
𝒎
∆𝑽 = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝒔
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Mechanical Energy
 the form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly
by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.

Flow Work
 expressed in terms of fluid properties, and part of the energy of a flowing fluid.
emech = P/ρ + V2/2 + gz (kJ/kg)

Examples:
1. A site evaluated for a wind farm is observed to have steady winds at a speed of 8.5
m/s. Determine the wind energy (a) per unit mass, (b) for a mass of 10 kg, and (c) for
a flow rate of 1154 kg/s for air.

𝑣2
𝑘𝑒 =
2
𝑚
(8.5 )2
𝑘𝑒 = 𝑠
2
𝑱
𝒌𝒆 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐾𝐸 =
2
𝑚
(10 𝑘𝑔)(8.5 )2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑠
2
𝑲𝑬 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑱

𝐸 = 𝑚𝑒
𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝐸 = (36.125 ) (1154 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑬 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑾)

2. Determine the mechanical energy per kilogram of a water pump required to deliver
water at an elevation of 10 m with the pressure of 392 kPa. The water flows at 0.7 m/s.
The pipe has an area of 0.44m2.
𝑚
392 000 𝑃𝑎 0.7
𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = ( )+( 𝑠 ) + (9.806 𝑚 )(10 𝑚)
𝑘𝑔 2 𝑠2
1000
𝑚3
𝑱
𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝟒𝟗𝟎
𝒌𝒈

HEAT TRANSFER AND WORK

 The only 2 forms of energy interactions associated with a closed system.
 Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two distinct forms:
 heat and work
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Heat
 form of energy that is transferred between 2 systems (on a system and its
surroundings)
 by virtue of a temperature difference

Energy Transfer by Heat

 Heat addition
 transfer of heat into a system
 Heat rejection
 transfer of heat out of a system
 Adiabatic process (ΔQ = 0)
 process during which there is no heat transfer
 Heat transfer per unit mass of a system:
 q = Q/m (kJ/kg)

Mechanism of Heat Transfer

A. Conduction
 Is the transfer of heat from one point to another point within a body or from one body
to another body when they are physical contact with each other.
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

B. Convection
 Is the transfer of heat from one point to another within a fluid through molecular motion.
It is a continuous circulation pattern where heat is transferred to cooler areas.

C. Radiation
 It the flow of heat from one body to another body separated by a distance due to
electromagnetic waves.
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

 energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.

 work done per unit mass of a system:
 w = W/m (kJ/kg)

Generally accepted formal sign convention:

 POSITIVE
 heat transfer to a system
 work done by a system
 NEGATIVE
 heat transfer from a system
 work done on a system

A small change in volume is represented by dV,

 and the total volume change during a process between states 1 and 2 is
2
 ∫1 dV = V2 - V1 = ΔV

Electrical Work
 The electrons are crossing the system boundary which does electrical work on the
system.
 In an electric field, electrons in a wire move under the effect of electromotive forces,
doing work.

Example:
1. An electric current of 20 A flows continuously into a resistor of 30 ohms. Compute the
power input in kW.
𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅
𝑃 = (20 𝐴)2 (30 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑾
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Flow Work
 Also known as flow energy, it is a work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary,
usually into or out of a system.
𝐸𝑓 = 𝑝𝑉
∆𝐸𝑓 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1

Mechanical Forms of Work

2 requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to exist:
 there must be a force acting on the boundary, and
 the boundary must move.

Shaft Work
 Energy transmission with a rotating shaft is very common in engineering practice.
 Force acting through a moment arm generates a torque:
 F = T/ r
 Distance (s), which is related to the radius:
 s = (2πr)n
 Wsh = Fs
= T/r (2πr)n
= 2πnT
𝑾 𝒔𝒉 = 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝑻 (𝒌𝑾)

Example:
1. Determine the power transmitted through the shaft of a car when the torque applied is
200 N·m and the shaft rotates at a rate of 4000 revolutions per minute (rpm).
𝑊 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑇
4000
𝑊 = 2𝜋( )(200 𝑁𝑚)
60
𝑾 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑾

Strain Work
 Also called elastic potential energy, involves a force, F deforming a solid body. (best
example is spring)
𝒌𝒔
𝑾𝑺 = (𝒙𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 )
𝟐
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Example:
1. The spring constant of a spring is 10 579 J/m 2. Determine the work done to stretch the
spring by 3.78 cm from its free length.
𝑘𝑠
𝑊𝑆 = (𝑥2 2 − 𝑥1 2 )
2

𝐽
(10 579 )
𝑊𝑆 = 𝑚2 (0.0378 𝑚)2
2
𝑾𝑺 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝑱

Energy Conversion Efficiencies

Performance or efficiency, in general, can be expressed in terms of the desired output and the
required input as:
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 =
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices

Mechanical efficiency of a device or process can be defined as:
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= Emech,out/Emech,in
= 1 - (Emech,loss/Emech,in)

In fluid systems,
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜂 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= ΔĖmech,fluid /Ẇshaft,in
= Ẇ pump,u/Ẇ pump

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
= Ẇ shaft,out/ΔĖmech,fluid
= Ẇ turbine,out/Ẇ turbine
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

For motors,
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= Ẇ shaft,out/Ẇ elec,in

For generators,
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= Ẇ elec,out/Ẇ shaft,in

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

 Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process.

 It can only change forms.
 Makes no reference to the value of the total energy of a closed system at a state.
 Process that involve heat transfer but no work interactions.

 A well-insulated room heated by an electric heater as our system.

1) Energy Balance
Change in the total energy of the system:
 Total energy entering the system - Total energy leaving the system
 ΔEsystem = Ein - Eout
= Efinal – Einitial
= E2 - E1
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

2) Energy Change of a System

 If the state of the system does not change during a process,
 The energy change of a system is zero.

ΔE = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
 ΔU = m(u2 - u1)
 ΔKE = m(V22 - V21)/2
 ΔPE = mg(z2 - z1)

For stationary systems:

 ΔKE = ΔPE = 0
Total energy change relation in reduces to:
 ΔE = ΔU

MECHANISMS OF ENERGY TRANSFER

Energy can be transferred to or from a system in three forms:
 Heat
 Work
 Mass flow

Mass Flow (m)

 When mass enters a system,
 the energy of the system increases because mass carries energy with it.

ΔEsystem = Ein – Eout

= (Qin – Qout) + (Win – Wout) + (Emass,in - Emass,out)
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Adiabatic systems
1. Q = 0
Systems that involve no work interactions
2. W = 0
No mass flow across their boundaries
3. Emass = 0

Examples:
1. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially,
the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ
of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal
energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.

𝑈 = (800 𝑘𝐽 + 100 𝑘𝐽) − 500 𝑘𝐽

𝑼 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱

2. An electric current of 20 A flows continuously into a resistor of 20 ohms. Compute the

power input in kW.
𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅
𝑃 = (20 𝐴)2 (20 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
𝑷 = 𝟖 𝒌𝑾

3. Heat is transferred to an elastic sphere containing gas at 97.45kPa. The diameter of the
sphere is 2 m. Because of heating the sphere, the diameter increases to 2.2m and the gas
pressure increases in direct proportion to the sphere diameter. Find the work of the gas
during the heating process.
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑉1 𝑉2
97.45 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃2
=
4 4
𝜋(1)3 𝜋(1. 1)3
3 3
𝑃2 = 129.71 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑊 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉
𝑊 = (129.71 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(5.58 − 4.19)𝑚3
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝑱
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

4. The flow energy of 124 L/min of fluid passing a boundary of a system is 108.5 kJ/min.
Determine the pressure at this point.
𝐸
𝑃=
𝑄
𝑘𝑁 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃 = 108.5 ∗
𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.124 𝑚3
𝒌𝑵
𝑷 = 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝒎
5. Consider a 1200 kg car cruising steadily on a level road at 90 km/hr. Now the car starts
climbing a hill that is sloped 30 from the horizontal. If the velocity of the car remains
constant during climbing, determine the additional power that must deliver by the engine.
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 = (1200 𝑘𝑔)(25 )(9.806 )
𝑠 𝑠2
𝑃 = 294.18 𝑘𝑊

295 18 𝑘𝑊
cos 30 =
ℎ
ℎ = 339.69 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 = 339.69 𝑘𝑊 − 294 𝑘𝑊
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑾

Suggested YouTube Video Links Related to Energy, Work and First Law of
Thermodynamics:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4QFJb9a8vo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVRH9d5PW8g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7u6pIfUVy4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyOYW07-L5g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7HwhkYt6YU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNZi12OV9Xc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR5bYxC4syI

Note: Please find time to watch/view related video tutorials in the YouTube. This platform
(YouTube) can help you understand deeper the subject matter. You can search any video
tutorials in the said platform, don’t limit yourself on the suggested links above.
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

PROBLEM SET 2

Instructions: Solutions can be typewritten or handwritten on a sheet of paper. If typewritten,

doc or pdf. If handwritten, scan or take a picture. Upload your answers to our google
classroom. Don’t forget to write your name. Name your file following this format First and
Middle Initials and Last name.pdf (e.g. KPTitiwa.pdf or KPTitiwa.doc) Round your answers to
the nearest hundredths and box your final answer. Deadline of submission is on or before
February 26, 2020 @ 12:00 Midnight.

1. A girl weighing 470 N hang suspended on the end of a rope 8 m long. What will be her
gain in potential energy when a friend swings her to one side so that the rope makes an
angle of 35° with the vertical?

2. Calculate the gravitational energy of a 3 kg block at a height 2 m above the floor.

3. A volume of 22 m 3 nitrogen gas at 20 °C is heated under a constant pressure of 167 °C.

What is the volume of the nitrogen gas?

4. An ice cube with a mass of 3 kg falls from a root of 8 m above the ground. What is the
kinetic energy of the ice as it reaches the ground?

5. Determine the mechanical energy per kilogram of water pump required to deliver water at
an elevation of 1500 cm with the pressure of 400 kPa if the water flows 1.1 m/s and the
pipe has an area of 0.5 m2.