DE LA SALLE LIPA

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT 3, 4 and 5

SUBMITTED BY:
LINGAO, AIRA SHAYNE P.

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. RODELIO H. CABRERA

APRIL 6, 2018
 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

EXPERIMENT #3: PARALLEL RC AND RL CIRCUITS

I. OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of parallel RC and RL circuits.

II. DISCUSSION

The characteristics of a parallel circuit by which it is defined is that the

same voltage appears across all parallel branches. Therefore, in preparing a phasor
diagram for any parallel circuit, we always use this common voltage as the reference
phasor.

Each branch may then be considered separately and the total current is equal to
the sum of the individual currents.

III. COMPONENTS NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100 W 1
3H inductor 1
2 uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 3.1.

2. Measure and record the voltage and the individual currents.
3. Measure and record the total current.
4. Using Ohm’s law, compute the magnitude of the impedance of the network.
5. Compute XL and get the equivalent impedance.
6. Compute the percent difference between these two values of impedance.
7. Measure and record the resistance of the inductor. Compute XL.
8. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 3.2 and repeat steps 2 to 6 except step 5. Use
ZL = RL + jXL instead of XC.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 3.1. Parallel RC circuit

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

Fig. 3.2. Parallel RL circuit

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Connecting the voltmeter and the ammeter:

CIRCUIT ET IR IC IT Z(meas) Z(comp) % diff ϴ

455.67
FIG 3.1 220 V 0.416 0. 182 A 0.460 A 478.261Ω angle - 4.93 % -20. 048
20.048 Ω
444.966
angle 2.44 % 23.1685
FIG 3.2 220 V 0.418 A 0.186 A 0.473 A 456.116Ω
23.168Ω

VII. QUESTIONS

1. What is the advantage of thinking in terms of admittance, conductance and

susceptance in dealing with parallel AC circuits?

Admittance, conductance and susceptance are just the reciprocals

of impedance, resistance and reactance. In a parallel AC circuit you just
need to add these values to get its total instead of the inverse of the sum of
their reciprocals. Also, impedances in transmission lines are
sometimes impedances and sometimes admittances which depends. It
is easier to solve using one form over the other. Knowing both can help
you deal with electrical machines.

2. What is meant by the equivalent impedance of a parallel AC circuit?

In a parallel AC circuit, the equivalent impedance is the synonym to equivalent

parallel resistance and is expressed in units of ohms that may be made up of all real
numbers (resistive), or all imaginary numbers (reactive), or part real and part imaginary
numbers. Impedance is the term they use to describe reactances which are measured in
ohms just like resistors - that are combined. Calculated by getting the inverse of the sum
of the reciprocals of RL or RC or other values.

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VIII. CONCLUSION

After performing the experiment Parallel Resistor, Inductor and Parallel Resistor
Capacitor (RL and RC circuit), we were able to get familiar with the different
characteristics of a parallel RL and RC circuit. I therefore conclude that the behavior of
current and voltage in an RC and RL circuit is the same as the circuit that only have a
resistor. We also see that there is a small percent of difference between the measure
impedance and the calculated impedance. The behavior of either a series or a parallel
RL circuit is very similar to the characteristics for series and parallel RC circuits.
Parallel RL and RC is quite different than that of a series since it is not added
arithmetically but rather the inverse of the reciprocal of the resistances are added but
same process goes with the application of Pythagorean Theorem which is the square
root of the sum of the squares of the resistances.

DRAWING:

RL

RC

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

EXPERIMENT #4: THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

I. OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of a series RLC circuit.

II. DISCUSSION
Resistance and impedance both represent opposition to the flow of alternating
current. Both are measured in terms of the same unit, the ohm. To determine the
magnitude of the total impedance, we have to get the sum of the impedances of
each of the elements in series. As long as we carry out all the necessary
calculations by vector algebra, we use all the relationships studied earlier under DC
circuits.

The total impedance may not always increase with the addition of another
element in series. Capacitive reactance could cancel out inductive reactance, and
vice versa. An extreme case would have the capacitive reactance completely
cancelling out the inductive reactance. This results in resonance and high voltage
and currents could result.

III. COMPONENTS NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100 W 1
3H inductor 1
2uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 4.1.

2. Measure and record the current and the voltage across each of the elements.
3. Using Ohm's law, compute for the total impedance.
4. Compute for the total impedance Z' using the capacitance and inductance of the
elements. Do not forget to include the resistance of the inductor.
5. Compute for the percent difference between Z and Z'.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 4.1. The Experimental Circuit

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Connecting the voltmeter and the ammeter:

IT ET ER EL EC Z Z’ % diff ϴ

0.347 A 220 V 0.689 V 1.957 V 2.078 V 521.924 Ω 64.006 Ω 21.47% 0

VII. QUESTIONS

1. Under what conditions could the total impedance of two impedances in series be less
than that of either one by itself?

There are 3 cases, first if one impedance was resistive-inductive (R-L),

second if the other impedance was resistive-capacitive (R-C), third if the effective
impedance could be less than either. For example, towards or at resonance,
the inductive reactance will negate the capacitive reactance, leaving resistance as
the main (or only) opposition to current flow. At resonance, the impedance of a
circuit is simply its resistance.

2. Given the magnitude of two impedances in series, why can we not calculate the total
impedance of these two impedance in series?

Since they are vectors, therefore it’s not about knowing the magnitude only,
rather, you need to know the character of the impedance especially its direcition.

For example:

1st condition: both are resistors

Given: R1 = 5 Ω
R2 = 5 Ω

Solution:
RT = 10 Ω

2nd condition: a resistor and internal resistance of inductor/capacitor

Given: R1 = 5 Ω
R2 = 5 Ω

Solution:
RT = 7.07 Ω

Therefore in the first condition, in order to get the total resistance you just
add arithmetically the values of R1 and R2, RT is obtained. In the second condition in
order to get the total resistance it is added using vectorial sum. Using
Pythagorean Theorem, get the square root of the squares of the values of R1 and R2,
then RT is obtained.

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VIII. CONCLUSION

After performing the experiment Series Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor

(RLC circuit), we were able to get familiar with the features of a series RLC circuit.
With the table of data and results in the previous pages, it can be seen that the
current is the only current in the IT circuit. The individual voltage drops across all
the components are also measured which varies from one another. The phasor
diagram of the RLC Series Circuit when the circuit is acting as an inductive circuit
that means (EL>EC) is shown below and if (EL< EC) the circuit will behave as a
capacitive circuit.

DRAWING:

2
 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

EXPERIMENT #5: THE PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

I. OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of a parallel RLC circuit.

II. DISCUSSION
In working with resistances in parallel, we found that the more resistors we
connect in parallel, the less is the total resistance. In a way, the solution of parallel
circuits is a bit more involved than the solution of series circuits. In solving parallel
circuits, we use the same procedure as before but the results are less predictable.
The total impedance would depend on the nature of the elements. The
total impedance may not always become smaller with the additional elements in
parallel.
III. COMPONENTS NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100 W 1
3H inductor 1
2uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 5.1.

2. Measure and record the voltage and the currents of each element. Measure and
record the total current.
3. Using Ohm’s law, compute for the total impedance.
4. Compute for the total impedance using the capacitance and inductance of the
elements.
5. Compute for the percent difference between Z and Z’.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 5.1. The Experimental Circuit

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

IT ET IR IL IC Z Z’ % diff ϴ

0.454 A 220 V 0.422 A 0.089 A 0.188 A 483.041 Ω 484.581 Ω 0.31 % 13.21

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VII. QUESTIONS

1. What conditions must be fulfilled for a series circuit to be the exact equivalent
of a given parallel circuit?

In order for a series circuit to be the exact equivalent of the given

parallel circuit, it should have the same current throughout the circuit which is IT
It should be drawn continuously without branches for it to be a series circuit.

2. What is the significance of equivalent circuits in the analysis of electric

and electronic circuits?
Given the definition of an equivalent circuit as a simplified circuit of an original
electrical complex circuit which often consists of linear parameters such as
resistor, inductor, and capacitor, therefore it is important. Also, the purpose of
equivalent circuit analysis is to understand and analyze the complex electrical circuits
in a simple and easy way. Equivalent circuits help to understand and predict how a
device will work. It can be used in simulation, and to help with design, fault finding,
explanations.

VIII. CONCLUSION

After performing the experiment for Parallel Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor
(RLC circuit), we were able to get familiar with the different characteristics of a parallel RLC
circuit. Equivalent circuits are important in analyzing and performing this experiment since
equivalent circuits are mainly used as a reduction of the original circuit. They are mainly used
for theoretical derivation or to adopt better understanding. It allows for, as stated,
simplification. It can be applied in areas, like one sub-system has a certain output and that
is all you know to design for your input. Designing a system must be based upon that
generalized information alone. Moreover, the current across the components varies but it’s
voltages do not since it is parallel. We also conclude that a phasor diagram for a parallel
alternating current circuit is drawn analogically to that for a series circuit. We must take into
account that in a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across all elements, in contrast to a
series circuit, where the same current flows through all elements.

DRAWING