A C Circuit-II Final

Basic Electrical Engineering: F.E.
SEM-I
Module :5
AC Circuits-II
Lecture : 26
5.1 Series R-L Circuit:
5.1.1 Motivation:
Present chapter deals with the behavior of R-L-C circuit. It also focuses on
resonance which is the state of circuit where it is purely resistive at resonance.
The three phase systems and the behavior of the three phase system for 3-ph
circuit with the concept of phasor diagram is explained in this chapter. The
Chapter also highlights the comparison of single phase and three phase supply
system.
5.1.2. Syllabus:
Lectur Content Duration Self Study

e
26 AC through R-L 1 lecture 2
27 AC through R-C 1 lecture 2
28 Numerical-Practice 1 lecture 2
29 R-L-C series circuits 1 lecture 2
31 R-L-C parallel circuits 1 lecture 2
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33 Series resonance, Q factor and bandwidth. 1 lecture 2
34 Parallel resonance, Q factor and bandwidth. 1 lecture 2
36 Three phase voltage and current generation, star 1 lecture 2
and delta connections (balanced load only)
37 Relationship between phase and line currents and 1 lecture 2
voltages, Phasor diagrams for star connection
38 Relationship between phase and line currents and 1 lecture 2
voltages, Phasor diagrams for Delta connection
40 Basic principle of wattmeter, measurement of 1 lecture 2
power by one and two wattmeter methods
5.1.3. Weightage in University Examination:20-25 marks
5.1.4. Learning Objective:
1. Learners shall be able to understand the behavior of AC through parallel and

series RLC circuits
2. Learner’s s will be able to understand circuit concept of series and parallel
resonance in A.C.
3. Learners shall be able to explain generation of three phase A.C. voltage and
current.
4. Learners shall be able to define terms such as phase voltage, phase current, line
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Module 5 : AC Circuits-II
voltage and line current.

5. Learners shall be able to explain relationship between phase and line currents
and voltages for star/delta connection.
6. Learners will able to calculate power using two watt meter method.
5.1.5. Theoretical Background:
Electronics is a part of electrical engineering academic subject. In the field of
electronic engineering, behavior of R-L-C components at resonance and in series
parallel connection is required for designing circuits. Design of three phase
circuit and single phase circuit, again consist of resistances and inductors as load
that we have already studied in AC circuits.
5.1.6. Abbreviations:
 R.M.S= Root Mean Square
 PF= Power Factor
 S= Apparent power
 Q= Reactive Power
5.1.7. Key Notation:
 Z(j ω ) = impedance  eB= Instantaneous value of
 Y(j ω ) =admittance generated voltage in winding
 R=resistance BB1
 X (j ω ) = Reactance
 XC=capacitive reactance  Em= Maximum voltage of
 XL=inductive reactance induced voltage in each
 G=conductance Winding.
 fo= Resonant frequency  IL = line current
Qo= Quality factor
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
 eR = Instantaneous value of  Iph = phase current
generated voltage in winding RR1
 eY = Instantaneous value of  VL = RMS value of line
generated voltage in winding YY1 voltage
 Vph = RMS value of phase

voltage
 Zph = impedance/phase
 P = Total power
 Q = Total reactive power
 S = Total apparent power
5.1.8 Formulae:
 V=Vmsinωt  IZI=√(R2+X2) and Ф= tan -1 =
 I=Im sin ωt (X/R)
 ω=2f  P=V*I
 Vrms=Vm/√2  Pav= VI cosФ
 Xc=(1/ωC)  S= V*I
 Z=R+jX  P.F=cosФ
 Y=G+jS  Q= VI sinФ
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Basic Electrical Engineering: F.E. SEM-I
5.1.9 Important Relations:
5.1.9.1 Voltage, current and power relations in balanced star connected
load:
 VL = √3Vph
 IL = Iph
 Reactive power Q = 3Vph Iph sin ǿ
5.1.9.2 Voltage, current and power relation in balanced delta

connected load:
 VL = Vph
 IL = √3 Iph
 P = 3VphIph cos ǿ
 S = 3VphIph= √3 VL IL
 Q = √3 VLIL sin ǿ
 S = √3 VL IL
5.1.10 Key Definitions:
 Single Phase System – It is a system which generates single alternating voltage
and current. It uses only one winding.
 Phase sequence or phase order – The sequence in which the voltage in the three
phases reaches maximum positive value. Phase sequence of three phase system
is R-Y-B. The direction of rotation of the three phase machines depends on the
phase sequence.
 Line voltage – It is the voltage at any instant between two lines. Between R and
Y line we have VRY.
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 Phase voltage – It is the voltage of individual phases with respect to neutral. We
have VR, VY, VB.
 Line current – It is the Phase current in any phase. We have IR, IY, IB
 Phase current – It is the current in individual phases. We have iR, iY, iB
 Balanced system – a three phase system is said to be balanced if , the voltages
and current in the three phase are equal in magnitude and differ in phase from
one another by 1200.Secondly, the all loads connected across the three phase
have same magnitude and power factor (identical).
 Star connection (wye connection) – It is obtained by connecting similar terminals
(start or finish) of the three windings together. This common point is called as
neutral point. The remaining three ends of the windings are brought out for the
external connection.
 Delta connection (mesh connection) – It is obtained by connecting one end of the
winding to the starting end of the other winding such that it produces a closed
loop.
 Resonance- A circuit containing reactance is said to be in resonance if the
voltage across the circuit is in phase with the current through it. At resonance,
the a. circuit behaves as a pure resistance and the net reactance is zero.
 Advantages of Ac signal over DC signal:
(i) Transmitting AC signal at a long distance is easy and cheaper compared to the
DC signal.
(ii) AC signal is comparatively safer to handle than equivalent DC signal.
(iii) Some devices that work on Faraday’s law require AC signal.
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5.1.11 Series RL circuit

A pure resistance R and a pure inductive coil of inductance L are shown
connected in series in Fig. 4.1.
Let V = r.m.s. value of the applied voltage, I = r.m.s. value of the resultant
current
VR=IR-voltage drop across R (in phase with I),
VL=IXL-voltage drop across coil (ahead of I by 90°)
These voltage drops are shown in voltage triangle in Fig. 13.1 (b). The applied
voltage V is the vector sum of the two voltages i.e. ohmic drop V R and inductive
drop V L .
V = ( V R )2 + ( V L ) 2= [ ( IR )2 + ( IX L ) 2 ]=I √ R2 + X 2L
√ √
2 2
The quantity √ R +X L
is known as the impedance (Z) of the circuit. As seen from
the impedance triangle (Fig. 13.2 (a))
Z2 =R2+ X 2L
(b)
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(a)
(b)
(a)
Fig 5.1(a) Series RL circuit (b) Voltage Triangle
Fig 5.2 (a) Impedance Triangle (b) Waveforms
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Fig 5.3 Power Waveform Fig 5.4 Power Triangle
The three powers drawn by the circuit are as under:

(i) Apparent power (S)
It is given by the product of r.m.s. values of applied voltage and circuit current.
S = V.I = (I, Z), I= I2 Z volt-amperes (VA)
(ii) Active power (P or W)

It is the power which is actually dissipated in the circuit resistance.
P=I 2 R=VI cos ∅ watts
(iii) Reactive power (Q)
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It is the power developed in the inductive reactance of the circuit.
Q=I2XL=I2Zsin Volt-amperes-reactive (VAR)
These three powers are shown in the power triangle of Fig. 4.4 from where it can
be seen that
S2=P2 +Q 2 orS=√ P2 +Q 2
Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. Draw power triangle and name the sides with units and give their formulas
2. Two sources of emf 200 sin wt and 200 sin are in series. Express the resultant
emf in vector notation with reference to 200 sin wt. Find the rms current and
power supplied to a (8 + j6) ohm impedance
Exercise
Q1. A leaky capacitor Zc= 74.5 ohm is in series with a coil ZL 40 ohm and a resistor
R = 56 ohms. When a voltage V = 200 volts is applied, 1= 2.5A and the p.d.
across Rand ZL combined is 194V. Find the loss in the capacitor. (Marks 10)
Q2.An alternating voltage 80 + j60 V is applied to a circuit and the current flowing is 4
– j2 A. Find (a) impedance (b) power consumed (c) phase angle (d) power factor.[22.37
, 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging], 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging]
Q3.A circuit consists of a pure resistance and coil in series. Power dissipated in the
resistance and in the coil are 1000 W and 250 W respectively. The voltage drops across
the resistance and coil are 200 V and 300 V respectively. Determine (i) value of pure
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resistance (ii) resistance and reactance of the coil (iii) coil impedance (iv) combined
resistance of the circuit (v) combined impedance (vi) supply voltage
[40 , 10 , 59.2 , 60 , 50 , 77.5 , 387.5 V]
Questions/problems for practice:

Q4. An inductive coil having an inductance of 0.04 H and resistance of 25 ohm has
been connected in series with another inductive coil of 0.2 H inductance and 15
ohm resistance. The whole circuit has been energized from 230 V, 50 Hz mains.
Calculate power dissipation in each coil and power factor of the whole circuit.
Draw the phasor diagram. Suggest a suitable capacitor for the above circuit to
resonate at 50 Hz
[181.
59 W, 108.95 , 0.468 lag ]
Q5.When 1 A is passed through three coils A, B and C in series, the voltage drops
across them are 6, 3 and 8 V respectively on direct current and 7, 5 and 10 V
respectively on alternating current. Find (a) power factor and power dissipated in each
coil and (b) power factor of the whole circuit when alternating current flows.
[(a) 0.86, 0.6, 0.8; 6 W, 3 W, 8 W (b) 0.78 lagging]
Learning from the lecture ‘A.C. through R-L ’: Learners should be able to
understand the behavior of AC through RL circuits
Lecture 27
5.2 A.C. through R-C
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Learning objective: Learners shall be able to understand the behavior of AC
through parallel and series RLC circuits.
Series RC circuit
The circuit is shown in Fig. 4.5 (a).
Here V R = IR - drop across R in phase with I.
π
VC=IXC=drop across capacitor –lagging I by
2
As capacitive reactance X C is taken negative, V C is shown along negative
direction of Y-axis in the voltage triangle [Fig. 4.5 (b)]
Fig 5.5 (a) Circuit diagram of R-C parallel circuit (b) Voltage Triangle (c)
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Impedance Triangle
V = ( V R )2 + (−V C )2= [ ( IR )2 + (−IX C )2 ]=I √ R 2+ X 2C

√ √
2 2
The quantity √ R +X C
is known as the impedance (Z) of the circuit. As seen from
the impedance triangle (Fig. 13.2 (a))
Z =R + X 2C
2 2
−X C
From Fig. 4.5 (b) it is found that I leads V by angle ∅ such that tan ∅=
R
Hence, it means that if the equation of the applied alternating voltage is v = Vm
sinω t, the equation of the resultant current in the R-C circuit is i = Im sin ( ω t +∅
) so that current leads the applied voltage by an angle ∅ . This fact is shown
graphically in Fig. 4.6.
Fig 5.6 Waveforms for R-C series circuit
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Fig 5.7Power triangle Fig 5.8 Power waveforms

3. The voltage applied to a circuit is e = 100 sin (wt + 30 o) and current flowing in
the circuit is i = 15 sin (wt + 60 o). Determine impedance, resistance, reactance,
power and power factor.
4. [6.67 , 5.77 , 3.33 , 649.5 W, 0.866 leading]
A resistmor R in series with a capacitance C is connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz ac supply.
Find the value of C so that R absorbs 300 W at 100 V. Find also the maximum charge
and maximum stored energy in C.[43.77 F, 0.0135 C, 2.08 J]
5.
Exercise
118
Q6A load consisting of a capacitor in series with a resistor has an impedence of 50?
and pf 0.707 leading. Thwe load is connected in series with 40? resistor across AC
supply and resulting current is 3A. Determine the supply voltage and overall phase
angle. [249.69, -25.135]
Q7.A leaky capacitor Zc = 74.5ohm is in series with a coil Z L = 40ohm and a resistor R
=56 ohm. When a voltage V =200 volts is applied ,I =2.5 A and the p.d across R and Z L
combined is 194 V. Find the loss in the capacitor.
[24.31 Watts]

Q8. A choke coil and resistor R are connected in series across 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply. The
circuit draws current of 2 A at 0.866 lagging pf. The voltage drop across resistance R is 100 V.
Calculate (i) resistance R
(ii) internal resistance and reactance of choke coil and (iii) power factor of choke coil.
[50 , 49.59 , 57.5 ,
0.653 lagging ]
Learning from the lecture ‘A.C. through R-C ’: Learners should be able to
understand the behaviour of AC through RC circuits
Lecture 28
5.3 Numerical Practice
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Learning objective:Learners shall be able to understand the behaviour of AC
through parallel and series RLC circuits
1. If two impedances Z1 = (4 +j8)Ω and Z 2 = ( 3-j6)Ω are connected in parallel with

each other and a voltage source of 50 hz, 230 volts is applied across the parallel
combination then obtain the following.
a. Draw the circuit diagram
b. Current through each branch and power factor in each branch
c. Total current and total power factor
d. Power consumed by each impedance
e. Draw the neat phasor diagram.
Ans. The circuit diagram for the given problem is shown below
230 ∠0
I 1= =25.71 ∠−63.43
4+ j8
230 ∠0
I 2= =15.33 ∠30.67
3− j 6
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p.f1 = 0.447 lagging
p.f2 = 0.86 leading
I =I 1+ I 2=28.97 ∠−31.58
p.f of total circuit=0.85 leading
P 1=I 12 R 1=( 25.712 ) ( 4 )=2644.01Watt
P 2=I 22 R 1=( 15.332 ) ( 3 )=705.02 Watt
Phasor diagram:
2. For the circuit shown in Fig.below,find (i) total impedance (ii) total current (iii)
total power absorbed and power-factor.
= 14.13 ∠ 29.2°
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Solution: -ZBC= (4 + j8) || (5 − j8) = 9.33 + j0.89
(i) ZAC= 3 + j6 + 9.33 + j0.89 = 12.33 + j6.89
(ii) I = 100/14.13 ∠ 29.2°, as drawn in Fig. 14.37 (b)

= 7.08 ∠ − 29.2°
(iii) φ = 29.2°; cos φ = 0.873; P = VI cos φ¿ 100 ×7.08 ×0.873=618 W
3..The voltage and current in a circuit are given by v = 150.3 ∠ 0o V and I = 2 ∠ 15o A. If
the circuit works on 50 Hz supply, determine the power factor, power loss, impedance,
resistance, reactance considering the circuit as a simple series circuit. [0.707 lag, 212.1 W, 75 ,
53.03 , 53.03 ]
4. A resistor and a capacitor are connected across a 250 V supply. When the supply
frequency is 50 Hz, the current drawn is 5 A. When the frequency is increased to
60 Hz, it draws 5.8 A. Find the value of R and C and power drawn in the second
case[19.96 , 69.4 F, 671.45 W].
5.A leaky capacitor Zc = 74.5ohm is in series with a coil Z L = 40ohm and a resistor R =56 ohm.
When a voltage V =200 volts is applied ,I =2.5 A and the p.d across R and Z L combined is 194 V.
Find the loss in the capacitor.[24.31 Watts]
Lecture 29
5.4 A.C. through R-L-C series
120

Series R.L.C circuits
Fig 5.9 Circuit diagram of R-L-C series Circuit

Case 1 : XL> XC
V T =V R + j ( V L −V C )
√ 2 2
V T = ( V R ) + ( V L −V C ) ∠ tan −1 ( V −V
R )
L C
Fig 5.11 Voltage triangle
Z=R+ j ( X L −X C )
TCET ( X −X
R )
2 2 L C
√
Z= ( R ) + ( X L− X C ) ∠ tan−1
Fig 5.12 Impedance triangle

S=P+ jQ
S= √( P )2 + ( Q )2 ∠ tan −1 ( QP )
Fig 5.13 Power triangle
Case 2 : XC> XL
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V T =V R − j ( V C −V L )
V C −V L
√ 2 2
V T = ( V R ) + ( V C −V L ) ∠−tan −1 ( R )
Fig 5.10 Voltage triangle

Z=R− j ( X L − X C )
X C− X L
√ 2 2
Z= ( R ) + ( X C − X L ) ∠−tan−1 ( R )
Fig 5.14 Impedance triangle

S=P− jQ
S= √( P )2 + ( Q )2 ∠−tan −1 ( QP )
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Fig 5.15 Power triangle
Let’s check the take away from this

lecture
In RLC series circuit the voltage across the resistor inductor and capacitor are 10V, 15V
and 10V resp. What is the supply voltage?[ 20.615V]
Exercise
Q9. A series R-L-C circuit having a resistance of 8 ohm, an inductance of 80 mH, and
a capacitance of 100 micro F is connected across a 150 V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate (i) current, (ii)Power factor and (iii) Voltage across the inductance and
capacitance. [14.35 A,
0.766 leading,
360.47 V, 457.04 V]
Q10.A coil of resistance 3 Ω and inductance 0.22 H is connected in series with
imperfect capacitor. When such a series circuit is connected across a supply of 200
V,50 Hz, it has been observed that their combined impedance is (3.8+ j 6.4) Ω.
Calculate the capacitance and its equivalent capacitance ‘s resistance.
[0.8 , 62.71 , 50.75 F]
122

Q11. An RLC series circuit of 10 ohm resistance should be designed to have a
bandwidth of 100 Hz. Determine the values of L and C so that the circuit
resonates at 250 Hz.
[0.0
159H,25microF]
Q12.A coil of resistance 3 Ω and inductance 0.22 H is connected in series with

imperfect capacitor. When such a series circuit is connected across a supply of 200
V,50 Hz, it has been observed that their combined impedance is (3.8+ j 6.4) Ω.
Calculate the capacitance and its equivalent capacitance ‘s resistance.
[0.8 , 62.71 , 50.75 F]
Learning from the lecture ‘A.C. through R-L-C series’: Learners should be able to
understand the behaviour of AC through series RLC circuits
Lecture 30
Learning objective: Learnersshall be able to understand the behaviour of AC
1. In R-L-C Series circuit the voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor are 10V,
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15V, and 10V respectively. What is P.F. of the circuit?
Ans: VR = 10V
VL = 15V
Vc = 10 V
V = √[ VR^2 +(VL – Vc)^2]
V = √[ (10)2 +52]= 11.18
P.F. = Cos ф = VR/V = 10/11.18
P.F. = 0.8944 (lag)
2. Find the values of R and C so that V x = 3Vy. Vx and Vy are in quadrature.
I 0.0255 H 6  C R
Vx Vy
240 V, 50 Hz
[0.58 F or 6.37 F, 50 mW]
3. Draw a vector diagram for the circuit shown. Find the value of current, V 1 and V2
and power factor.
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10  0.05 H 20  0.1 H 50  F
V1 V2
200 V, 50 Hz
[5.84 A, 108.74 57.52o V, 221.57 58.19o V, 0.875 leading]
4.A resistor R and inductor L=0.01H and a capacitor C connected in series. Whena
voltage V=400 sin (3000t - 10º)V is applied to series combination, the current flowing is
10v2cos (3000t - 55º)A. Find R and C. [1.99, 166.66µF]
Lecture 31
5.6 A.C. through R-L-C parallel
Learning objective: Learners shall be able to understand the behaviour of AC

Parallel AC circuits
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6. Derive the admittance equation for a series R-L in parallel with C
Exercise
Q13. Two impedances Z1 and Z2 having the same numerical value are connected in
series .If Z1 is having a pf of 0.8 lagging and Z2 is having a pf of 0.6 lagging ,
What is the power factor of the combination if they are connected in parallel.
[0.707]
Q14. A resistance of 50, an inductance of 0.15 H and a capacitance of 100 µF are
connected in parallel across a 100 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Calculate (i) current in
each circuit (ii) resultant current (iii) relationship between currents and voltages
(iv) value of the reactances (v) phase angle between the resultant current and
supply voltage. Draw individual phasor diagrams and the overall phasor diagram.
[20 A, 2.12A, 3.1490A, 2.2527.02 A]
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Q15.An inductive coil of resistance 15 , 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging] and inductive reactance 42 , 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging] are connected in parallel
with a capacitor of capacitive reactance 47.6 , 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging]. The combination is energized from a 200 V, 33.5
Hz ac supply. Find the total current drawn by the circuit and its power factor
[14.13 -29.77, 11.57,-39.17]
Learning from the lecture ‘A.C. through R-L-C parallel’: Learners should be able to
understand the behaviour of AC through parallel RLC circuits
Lecture 32
1. A voltage of 200 ∠53º8′ is applied across two impedances in parallel. The values
of impedancesare (12 + j 16) and (10 − j 20). Determine the kVA, kVAR and kW
in each branch and the power factor of the whole circuit.
Solution. The circuit is shown in Fig.

above.
YA = 1/(12 + j16) = (12 − j16)/[(12 + j16)
(12 − j16)]
= (12 − j16)/400 = 0.03 − j0.04 mho
YB = 1/(10 − j20) = 10 + j20/[(10 − j20)
(10 + j20)]
Now V = 200
j sin 53º8′ )
= 2000 (0.6 + j0.8) = 120 + j160 volt
IA = VYA = (120 + j160) (0.03 − j0.04) TCET
= (10 + j0) ampere (along the reference axis)
IB = VYB = (120 + j160) (0.02 + j0.04)
= − 4.0 + j8 ampere (leading)
∠∠
∠ 53º8′ = 200 (cos 53º8′ +
2. A total current of 10 A flows through the parallel combination of three

impedances (2-j5)Ω, (6 + j3)Ω and (3+j4)Ω. Calculate the current flowing
through each branch. Find the PF of the combination.
[5.669A, 4.55A,
6.1A, 0.986]
3.Determine the current in the circuit of Fig. Also find the power consumed as well
as pf.
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[5.78 30.77o A, 496.9 W, 0.86 lagging]
4. Compute Zeq and Yeqfor the given circuit.
5
j5  15  –j10 
j8.66 
[4.54 57.04o, 0.2257.04o ]
Lecture 33
5.8 Series resonance ,Q factor and Bandwidth
Learning objective:Learners will be able to understand circuit concept of
series and parallel resonance in A.C.
Resonance
In an R-L-C series circuit, resonance is said to have occurred if inductive
reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance. Hence, XL = XC. The impedance
of the series resonance circuit is given by,Z= R+jX = R+j(XL - XC)
Series resonance
1.
2.
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Fig 5.16 Series Resonance
When R-L-C circuit is in resonance
Net reactance of the circuit is zero. i.e.(XL - XC) =0 or X=0
Circuit impedance is minimum i.e Z=R. Consequently, circuit admittance is
maximum.
3. Circuit current is maximum and is given by I 0= V/ Z0=V/R
4. Power Dissipated is maximum i.e. P0 = I02R= V2/R
5. Circuit power factor angle θ=0. Hence, power factor cos θ =1.
6. Although VL= V C yet V coil is greater than VC because of its resistance
7. At resonance,ω2LC =1.
8. Q=tanθ = tan 00= 00
9. Reactive power is zero.
Active power is non-zero.
Apparent power is reactive power.
10. Resonant Frequency =

Note:
i) If R=0, R-L-C circuit will be L-C series circuit. At resonance LC circuit will short
circuit the source.
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ii) It can be used in generation of oscillation frequency in the oscillation.

iii) It can be used as filter which is a circuit which scales the wanted frequency and
reject the unwanted frequency.
iv) It can be used as antenna in communication.
v) Resonant circuit serves as stable frequency source.
So far, the phenomenon of resonance appears to be a useless curiosity, or at
most a nuisance to be avoided (especially if series resonance makes for a short-
circuit across our AC voltage source!). However, this is not the case. Resonance
is a very valuable property of reactive AC circuits, employed in a variety of
applications .One use for resonance is to establish a condition of stable
frequency in circuits designed to produce AC signals. Usually, a parallel (tank)
circuit is used for this purpose, with the capacitor and inductor directly
connected together, exchanging energy between each other. Just as a pendulum
can be used to stabilize the frequency of a clock mechanism's oscillations, so can
a tank circuit be used to stabilize the electrical frequency of an AC oscillator
circuit. As was noted before, the frequency set by the tank circuit is solely
dependent upon the values of L and C, and not on the magnitudes of voltage or
current present in the oscillations
vi) Another use for resonance is in applications where the effects of greatly
increased or decreased impedance at a particular frequency is desired. A
resonant circuit can be used to “block” (present high impedance toward) a
frequency or range of frequencies, thus acting as a sort of frequency “filter” to
strain certain frequencies out of a mix of others. In fact, these particular circuits
are called filters, and their design constitutes a discipline of study all by itself
vii)
radio
TCET station
Fig 5.17
Resonant circuit serves as filter : In essence, this is how analog radio receiver
tuner circuits work to filter, or select, one station frequency out of the mix of
different frequency signals intercepted by the
antenna.QualityFactor: The Q, quality factor, of a resonant circuit is a measure
of the “goodness” or quality of a resonant circuit. A higher value for this figure of
merit corresponds to a narrowerbandwith, which is desirable in many
applications. More formally, Q is the ration of power stored to power dissipated in
the circuit reactance and resistance, respectively:
Q = Pstored/Pdissipated = I2X/I2R
Q = X/R
Series resonant circuits
A series resonant circuit looks like a resistance at the resonant frequency. Since
the definition of resonance is XL=XC, the reactive components cancel, leaving
only the resistance to contribute to the impedance. The impedance is also at a
minimum at resonance. The resonant frequency, the series resonant circuit looks
capacitive since the impedance of the capacitor increases to a value greater
than the decreasing inductive reactance, leaving a net capacitive value. Above
resonance, the inductive reactance increases, capacitive reactance decreases,
leaving a net inductive component.
127
Fig 5.18 Series

resonance Curve
At resonance
the series
resonant circuit appears purely resistive. Below resonance it looks capacitive.
Above resonance it appears inductive.
Current is maximum at resonance, impedance at a minimum. Current is set by
the value of the resistance. Above or below resonance, impedance increases.
TCET
Fig 5.19 Parallel resonance Curve
Impedance is at a minimum at resonance in a series resonant circuit.
Impact of Q-factor on frequency response:
Fig 5.20
A high Q resonant circuit has a narrow bandwidth as compared to a low Q
128
Fig 5.21
Bandwidth, Δf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of seriesf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of series
resonant circuit.
fl = fc - Δf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of seriesf/2
mA. The 70.7% level is 0.707(50 mA)=35.4 mA. The upper and lower band edges
read from the curve are 291 Hz for fl and 355 Hz for fh. The bandwidth is 64 Hz,
and the half power points are ± 32 Hz of the center resonant frequency:
BW = Δf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of seriesf = fh-fl = 355-291 = 64
fl = f c -
fh = f c +
Since BW = fc/Q:
Proof’s for series resonance:

1. fr:
At the frequency fr, XLXC:
1
2πfrL=
2π f r C
1 1
Therefore, series resonant frequency,
At this frequency fr, known as the resonant frequency, Z R and I V/R.
f r=
√
2 π LC
The angular frequency r, at resonance, is

2. Quality factor:
At resonance, the voltages across L and C can be very much greater than the
applied voltage and this magnification is given by quality factor Q:
V V
TCET ωr=
√ 1
LC
Q= L = C
i.e. V V
At resonance, VC=I0XC; VL=I0XL, V=I0Z where Z=R
1
X ω L √ LC )
( L
I X 1 L
∴Q= = = = 0
I0 Z
= L
R
L 0
R R √
R C
In a series RLC circuit, values of V L and VC can actually be very large at

resonance and can lead to component damage if not recognized and subject to
careful design. Figure 14.9 illustrates the voltage magnification in a series
resonant circuit.
129
Fig 5.22

7. Explain the quality factor in case of series resonance.
Exercise
TCET
Q16. A series R-L-C circuit having a resistance of 8 ohm, an inductance of 80 mH, and
a capacitance of 100 micro F is connected across a 150 V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate (i) current, (ii)Power factor and (iii) Voltage across the inductance and
capacitance. [14.35 A,
0.766 leading,
360.47 V, 457.04 V]
Q17. A series resonant ckt has impedance of 500 Ω at resonant frequency. Cut-off
frequencies are 10 kHz and 100 Hz. Determine
i. Resonant frequency
ii. Value of R-L-C
iii. Quality factor at resonant frequency.[ [5050 Hz, 500 , 8.03 mH, 0.1237 F, 0.509, 1, 0.707
lead, 0.707 lag]
Q18. A RLC series circuit with a resistance of 10 ohm, inductance of 0.2 H and a
130
capacitance of 40 µF is supplied with a 100 V supply at variable frequency. Find

(i) resonant frequency (ii) current (iii) power (iv) power factor (v) voltage across
R, L, C (vi) quality factor (vii) half power frequencies (viii) resonance and phasor
diagram (ix) bandwidth
[(i) 56.29 Hz, (ii) 10 A, (iii) 1000 W, (iv) 1, (v) 100 V, 707.1 V, 707.1 V (vi) 7.07, (vii) 52.32 Hz, 60.3 Hz, (viii) 7.96 Hz]
Q19. A series RLC circuit is connected to 200 V ac supply. The current drawn by the
circuit at resonance is 20 A. The voltage drop across the capacitor is 5000 V at
resonance. Calculate resistance and inductance if capacitance is 4 µF. Also
calculate the resonant frequency.
[10 , 0.25 H, 159.15 Hz]
Learning from the lecture ‘Series resonance’: Learners should be able to

understand circuit concept of series and parallel resonance in A.C.
Lecture 34
5.9 Parallel resonance ,Q factor and Bandwidth
Learning objective:Learners will be able to understand circuit concept of series and
parallel resonance in A.C.
Parallel resonant circuits
A parallel resonant circuit is resistive at the resonant frequency. At resonance X L=XC,
the reactive components cancel. The impedance is maximum at resonance. Below the
resonant frequency, the series resonant circuit looks inductive since the impedance of
the inductor is lower, drawing the larger proportion of current. Above resonance, the
TCET
capacitive rectance decreases, drawing the larger current, thus, taking on a capacitive
characteristic.
Fig 5.23 A parallel resonant circuit is resistive at resonance,

Impedance is maximum at resonance in a parallel resonant circuit, but decreases
above or below resonance. Voltage is at a peak at resonance since voltage is
proportional to impedance (E=IZ).
Fig 5.24 Parallel resonant circuit: Impedance peaks at resonance.

A low Q due to a high resistance in series with the inductor produces a low peak
on a broad response curve for a parallel resonant circuit.Conversely, a high Q is
131
due to a low resistance in series with the inductor. This produces a higher peak
in the narrower response curve. The high Q is achieved by winding the inductor
with larger diameter, lower resistance wire.
Fig 5.25 Parallel resonant response varies with Q.

The bandwidth of the parallel resonant response curve is measured between the
half power points. This corresponds to the 70.7% voltage points since power is
proportional to E2. ((0.707)2=0.50) Since voltage is proportional to impedance,
we may use the impedance curve.
Proof’s for series resonance:

1. fr
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Fig5.26 Bandwidth, Δf is measured between the 70.7% impedance points of af is measured between the 70.7% impedance points of a
parallel resonant circuit.
Consider the practical case of a coil in parallel with a capacitor. Such a circuit is
said to be in electrical resonance when the reactive (or wattless) component of
line current becomes zero. The frequency at which this happens is known as
resonant frequency. The vector diagram for this circuit is shown in Fig. 5.26.
Fig 5.27 Parallel resonant circuit along with its phasor diagram
132
Net reactive or wattless component= IC-ILsinΦL. As at resonance, its value is zero, hence,
IC  IL sin L = 0 or IL sin L = IC
Now, IL = V/Z; sin L = XL and IC = V/XC
Hence, condition for resonance becomes,
V XL V
× =
Z Z X C or X ×X =Z2
L C
Now. XL=ωLL , XC=1/ωLC
ωL L L
=Z 2 =Z2 =R2 + X 2L R2 + ( 2 πf 0 L ) 2
ωC or C or C =
1 R2
∴2 πf 0=
√ −
LC L2
1 1 R2
∴ f 0=
√ −
2 π LC L2
This is the resonant frequency and is given in Hz, R is in ohm, L is the Henry and C is the farad. If R
1 1
is the negligible, then,
∴ f 0=
√
2 π LC i.e. same as for series resonance.
2. Current at Resonance
TCET
As shown in Fig. 5.26, since wattless component of the current is zero, the circuit current at
resonance is:
V R VR
I R= 2
×
IR =IL cos ΦL= Z Z or Z
VR V
I R= =
Putting the value of Z2= L/C, we get L/C L/CR
The denominator L/CR is known as the equivalent or dynamic impedance of the parallel circuit at
resonance. It should be noted that impedance is ‘resistive’ only. Since current is minimum at
resonance, L/CR must, therefore, represent the maximum impedance of the circuit. Parallel
resonance is a condition of maximum impedance or minimum admittance.
Current at parallel resonance is minimum, hence such a circuit (when used in radio work) is
sometimes known as rejector circuit because it rejects (or takes minimum current of) that frequency
to which it resonates. This resonance is often referred to as current resonance also because the
current circulating between the two branches is many times greater than the line current taken from
the supply.
133
Fig 5.28: Impedance and current curve for parallel

resonance
As seen, at resonant frequency, impedance is maximum and equals L/CR.
Consequently, current at resonance is minimum and is = V / (L/CR). At off-
resonance frequencies, impedance decreases and, as a result, current increases
as shown.
Following points about parallel resonance should be noted and compared with
those about series resonance. At resonance:
1. Net susceptance is zero i.e. 1/XC = XL/Z2 or XL × XC = Z2 or L/C = Z2
2. The admittance equals conductance
3. Reactive or wattless component of line current is zero.
4. Dynamic impedance = L/CR Ω
5. Line current at resonance is minimum and = V / (L/CR) but is in phase with the
applied voltage.
6. Power factor of the circuit is unity.
3. Bandwidth of a Parallel Circuit
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The bandwidth of a parallel circuit is defined in the same way as that for a series
circuit.
4. Q-factor of a Parallel Circuit

It is defined as the ratio of the current circulating between its two
branches to the line current drawn from the supply or simply, as the
current magnification.
Fig 5.29: Parallel resonant circuit
As seen from above, the circulating current between capacitor and coil branches
is IC.
Hence Q-factor (at resonance)= IC/I.
Now IC = V/XC = V/ (1/ωL0C) = ωL0CV & I = V/(L/CR)
∴Q−factor=Vω 0 C /VCR / L=ω 0 L/ R
Neglecting R at resonance, ω 0=1 / √ LC
134
1 L
∴Q−factor=(1/ √ LC ) L/ R=
√
R C
5.11.4.1 Comparison between D.C Circuit and A.C Circuit

Sr. Comparison D.C. Circuit A.C. Circuit
No. criteria
1 Current Direct Current (DC) always Alternating Current (AC)
flows in the same direction, flows one way, then the
but it may increase and other way, continually
decrease. reversing direction.
2 Voltage A DC voltage is always An AC voltage is
positive (or always continually changing
negative), but it may between positive (+) and
increase and decrease. negative (-).
3 Circuit diagram
4 Polarity DC voltage has a fixed AC voltage switches

polarity polarity back and forth
TCET
Comparison between Series Resonance and Parallel Resonance
Sr. Comparison Criteria Series Parallel
No. Resonance Resonance
1 Impedance at resonance Minimum maximum
2 Power factor at resonance unity unity
3 Desire source impedance Low high
4 Bandpass Frequency Frequency

between half between half
power points power points
5 Reactance, source frequency Capacitive Inductive
below resonance
6 Reactance ,source frequency Inductive Capacitive

abow resonance

8. What is difference between series and parallel resonance
9. What are half power points in resonance
10. A pure resistor, a pure capacitor and a pure inductor are connected in parallel
across a 50 Hz supply. Find the impedance of the circuit as seen by the supply.
135
Also find the resonant frequency
Exercise
Q20. An inductive coil of resistance 10 ohm and inductance 0.1 H is connected in
parallel with a 150 F capacitor to a variable frequency 200 V supply. Find theF capacitor to a variable frequency 200 V supply. Find the
resonant frequency at which the total current taken from the supply is in phase
with the supply voltage. Also find the value of this current
[37.89 Hz, 3 A]
Q21.An inductance coil having a resistance of 20 ohm and an inductance of 0.2 H is

connected in parallel with a 200µF capacitor with variable frequency, 230V supply. Find
the resonant frequency at which the total current taken from the supply is in phase
with supply voltage. Also find the value of this current. Draw the phasor diagram .
[19.49Hz, 4.6A]

Q22.An inductance coil having a resistance of 20 ohm and an inductance of 200 µH is
connected in parallel with a variable capacitor. This parallel combination is connected
in series with a resistance of 8000 ohms . A voltage of 230 V at frequency of 106 Hz is
applied across the circuit. Calculate (i) capacitance at resonance (ii) Q factor of the
circuit (iii) dynamic impedance of circuit (iv) total circuit current.
[ 126.65 pF, 62.83, 78.958Ω, 2.645 mA]
Learning from the lecture ‘parallel resonance’: Learners should be able to
understand circuit concept of parallel resonance in A.C.
TCET
Lecture 35
Learning objective: Learnerswill be able to understand circuit concept of
series and parallel resonance in A.C.
1. A capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil having L = 5.52 mH andR = 10 Ω,

to a 100-V, 50-Hz supply. Calculate the value of the capacitance for which the
currenttaken from the supply is in phase with voltage.
Solution. At resonance, L/C = Z2 or C = L/Z2
XL= 2π × 50 × 5.52 × 10−3 = 1.734 Ω, Z2 = 102 + 1.7342, Z = 10.1 Ω
C = 5.52 × 10−3/10.1 = 54.6 μF
2. A choking coil of 10 ohm resistance and 0.1 H inductance is connected in series with a
capacitor of 200 F capacitance. Calculate the current , the coil voltage and the capacitor
voltage. The supply voltage is 230 V at 50 Hz. At what frequency will the circuit
resonate? Calculate the voltages at resonant frequency across the coil and capacitor. For
this assume that supply voltage is 230 V of variable frequency [23A, 722.56V, 366.05V,
35.58 Hz, 514.178, 514.413 V.]
3. An inductance coil having a resistance of 20  and an inductance of 0.2 H is
connected in parallel with a 200µF capacitorf with variable frequency, 230V
supply. Find the resonant frequency at which the total current taken from the
supply is in phase with supply voltage. Also find the value of this current. Draw
the phasor diagram. [19.49Hz, 4.6A]
4. A RLC series circuit with a resistance of 10 ohm, inductance of 0.2 H and a
capacitance of 40 microF is supplied with a 100 V supply at variable frequency.
136
Find (i) resonant frequency (ii) current (iii) power (iv) power factor (v) voltage
across R, L, C (vi) quality factor (vii) half power frequencies (viii) resonance and
phasor diagram (ix) bandwidth.
5. [(i) 56.29 Hz, (ii) 10 A, (iii) 1000 W, (iv) 1, (v) 100 V, 707.1 V, 707.1 V (vi) 7.07, (vii) 52.32 Hz, 60.3
Hz, (viii) 7.96 Hz]
Lecture 36
5.11 Three phase voltage and current generation, star and delta
connections (balanced load only)
Learning objective: Learnersshall be able to explain generation of three
phase A.C. voltage and current and to define terms such as phase voltage,
phase current, line voltage and line current.
Introduction to Three phase:
Generation of three phase voltages:
A system which generates a single alternating voltage and current is termed as

single phase system. It utilizes only one winding. A polyphase system utilizes
more than one winding. It will produce as many induced voltages as the number
of winding.
A three phase system consists of three separate but identical windings that are
displaced by 1200 electrical degrees from each other. When these three windings
are rotated in an anticlockwise direction with constant angular velocity in a
uniform magnetic field, the emfs are induced in each winding which have same
magnitude and frequency but displaced 120 0 from one another.
TCET Fig 5.26
Fig. 5.30
The
instantaneous values of generated voltage in winding RR1, YY1 and BB1 are
given by
eR = Em sin θ
………. (4.1)
eY = Em sin (θ - 1200)
………. (4.2)
137
eB = EB sin (θ - 2400)
………. (4.3)
(All are in time domain)
Where Em is the maximum value of induced voltage in each winding. The

waveform of these three voltages is shown in Fig 5.27.
Phasor diagram of these three induced voltage.
Fig.5.31 Star Or Wye Connection

Advantages of Three-phase system
1. In a single- phase system, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature.
However, in a three-phase system, it is constant at all time
2. The output of three phase system is greater than single phase system
TCET
3. Transmission & distribution of three phase system is cheaper than that of single
phase system
4. Three-phase motor are more efficient and have higher power factor than single-
phase motor of the same frequency
5. Three-phase motor are self starting whereas single-phase motors are not self
starting.
STAR OR WYE CONNECTION: In the method, similar terminals (start or
finish) of the threewinding are joined together as shown in Fig. 5.29. The
common point is called star or neutral point.
iR = Im sin θ ……….
(4.4)
iY = Im sin (θ - 1200) ……….

(4.5)
iB = Im sin (θ - 2400) ……….

(4.6)
iR + iy + iB = Im sin θ +Im sin (θ - 1200) + Im sin (θ - 2400) = 0

………. (4.7)
138
Fig.5.32
DELTA OR MESH CONNECTION: In this method, dissimilar terminals of the
three winding are joined together i.e. ‘finish’ terminal of one winding is
connected to ‘start’ terminal of other winding and so on as shown in Fig.4.30 This
system is also called three phase, three wire system.
For a balanced system sum of the three phase voltages round the closed mesh is
zero. The three emfs are equal in magnitude but differ in phase from one another
by 1200.
eR = Em sin θ
eY = Em sin (θ - 1200)
eB = Em sin (θ - 2400)
eR + eY + eB = Em sin θ + Em sin (θ – 1200) + Em sin (θ - 2400) = 0

………. (4.8)
TCET
Fig.5.33 Delta Or Mesh Connection
APPLICATIONS:
Application of three phase systems are-
 Three phase systems are generally used for Industrial purpose.
 It is generally used where large power application required e.g. Sub-stations, in

transmission systems where high efficiency required, etc.
 In High voltage transmission system it is mostly used.
139
11. What are the applications of three phase circuits.
Exercise
Q23. Explain the generation of three phase voltage.

Q24. Explain star connection
Q25. Explain Delta connection
Learning from the lecture ‘Three phase voltage and current generation’ :
Learners should able to explain generation of three phase A.C. voltage and
current.
Lecture 37
5.12 Relationship between phase and line currents and voltages,
Phasor diagrams for star connection
Learning objective:Learnersshall be able to explain relationship between
phase and line currents and voltages for star/delta connection generation of
three phase
Key Derivations:
Voltage, Current and Power Relations in Balanced Star Connected

Load -
Relation between line voltage and phase voltage: Since the system is balanced,
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the three phase voltages VRN, VYN and VBN are equal in magnitude and differ in
phase from one another by 1200.
Fig.5.34
Let VRN = VYN = VBN = Vph
Where Vph indicates rms value of phase voltage
VRN= Vph< 00
VyN= Vph< 1200
VbN= Vph<-2400
Let VRY = VYB = VBR = VL
Where VL indicates rms value of line voltage.
140
Applying Kircoff ‘s voltage law,
VrY = VrN +VnY = VrN - VyN
= Vph< 00 - Vph< -1200
= Vph + j0 + 0.5 Vph + j0.866 Vph
= 1.5 Vph + j0.866 Vph
= √3 Vph< 300
………. (4.9)
Similarly,
VyB= VyN+ VnB= √3 Vph<300
VbR = VbN + VnR = √3 Vph<300
Thus in a star connected three phase system VL = √3 Vph and line voltages lead
respective phase voltages by 300.
Phasor Diagram: (Lagging power factor)
TCET
Fig.5.35
Relation between line current and phase current:
From the fig 5.9, it is clear that line current is equal to the phase current.
IL = Iph ………
(5.10)
Power:
The total power in three phase system is the sum of powers in the three phases.
For a balanced load, the power consumed in each load phase is the same.
Total power P = 3 x power in each phase = 3 VphIph cos ǿ
In a star connected three phase system,
Vph = VL /√3
141
Iph = IL
P = 3 x VL / √3 x IL cos ǿ
= √3 VL IL cos ǿ
………. (5.11)
Where ǿ is the phase difference between phase voltage and corresponding

phase current.
Similarly, total reactive power Q = 3VphIph sin ǿ
= √3 VL IL sin ǿ
Total apparent power S = 3 VphIph= √3 VL IL ……….

(5.12)

12. For three phase star connected circuit,
(a) Line voltage = phase voltage (b) Line current= phase current
(c) Line current = √3 phase current(d) None of the above is true
13. In three phase star connections, line voltage is the same as

(a) Phase voltage (b) 1/√3 phase voltage
(c) √3 phase voltage (d) 3 phase current
Exercise
TCET
Answers: 13. b, 14. c
Q26. Three similar choke coils are connected in star to a 3φ supply. If the line current
is 15 A, the total power consumed is 11 kW and the volt-ampere input is 15 kVA,
find the line and phase voltages, the VAR input and the reactance and resistance
of each coil.
[577.35V,333.33V,10.2KVAR,15.11,16.29]
Q27. Three equal impedances each 8 + j10 ohms are connected in star. This is further
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, 3 phase supply. Calculate the active and reactive
power and line and phase currents
[9.44KW,11.81KVAR,19.83 A,
19.83A]
Q28. A 415 V, 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected identical
impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15, capacitance of
177 µF and inductance of 0.1 Henry in series. Find (i) phase current (ii) line
current (iii) power factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi) total VA.Draw a
neat phasor diagram.
[ 11.9 A,11.9 A, 0.745, 6373.61 W, 5704.67
VAR, 8553.73 VA]
142
Learning from the lecture ‘Three phase star connection’: Learners should
able to explain relationship between phase and line currents and voltages
for star connection.
Lecture 38
5.13 Relationship between phase and line currents and voltages,
Phasor diagrams for Delta connection
Learning objective:Learnersshall be able to explain relationship between
phase and line currents and voltages for star/delta connection generation of
three phase
Voltage, Current And Power Relations In Balanced Delta

Connected Load:
Relation between line voltage and phase voltage :
TCET
Fig 5.36 Relation Between Line Voltage And Phase Voltage
From Fig 5.33, It is clear that line voltage is equal to phase voltage.
VL = Vph ……….
(5.13)
Relation between line current and phase current :
Since the system is balanced, the three phase current IRY,IYB and IBR are equal
in magnitude but differ in phase from one another by 1200.
Let IRY = IYB = Iph
Where Iph indicates rms value of phase current.
IrY= Iph< 00
IyB = Iph< -1200
IbR = Iph< -2400
Let IR = IY = IB = IL
143
Where IL indicates rms value of line current.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law,
Ir+ IbR= IrY
Ir = IrY- IbR= Iph<00Iph<-2400
= Iph + j0 + 0.5 Iph – j0.866 Iph
= √3 Iph<300
………. (5.14)
Similarly ,
Iy= IyB - IrY= √3 Iph<-300
Ib = IbR - IyB= √3 Iph<-300
Thus in a delta connected three phase system, IL = √3 Iph and line current are
300behind the respective phase current.
Phasor Diagram: (Lagging power factor)
TCET
Fig 5.37 Lagging power factor
Power:
Total power P = 3 VphIph cos ǿ
In a delta connected three phase system,
Vph = VL
Iph = IL/ √3
P = 3 x VL x IL / √3 cos ǿ
= √3 VL IL cos ǿ
Total reactive power Q = 3Vph Iph sin ǿ

144
= √3 VL IL sin ǿ
Total apparent power S = 3 VphIph
= √3 VL IL ………. (5.15)
Balanced Y /∆ And D/ Y Conversion:
Any balanced star connected system can be completely converted into

equivalent delta connected system and vice versa.
For a balanced star connected load,
Line voltage = VL
Line current = IL
Impedance/ phase = Zy
Vph = VL / √3
Iph = IL
ZY = Vph/Iph = VL/ √3 IL ……….

(5.16)
For an equivalent delta connected system, the line voltage and current must
have the same values as in the star connected system i.e.
TCET
Line voltage = VL
Line current = IL
Impedance/phase = Z ∆
Vph = VL
Iph = IL/ √3
ZY = Z ∆ / 3 ……….
(5.17)
Relation between Power in Delta and Star System:
Let a balanced load be connected in star having impedance per phase as Zph.
For star connected load,
Vph = VL / √3
Iph = Vph / Zph = VL / √3 Zph
IL = Iph = VL / √3 Zph
Now PY = √3 VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x VL x VL / √3 Zph cos ǿ = V L 2 / Zph cos ǿ
145
For delta connected load,
Vph = VL
Iph = Vph / Zph = VL / Zph
IL = √3 Iph
= √3 x VL / Zph
Now P ∆ = √3 VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x VL x √3 x VL / Zph cos ǿ
= 3 x VL 2 x Zph cos ǿ
=3 PY ………. (5.18)
Thus power consumed by a balanced star connected load is one third of that in
the case of delta connected load.

14. Deduce the relationship between phase and line quantities (voltage, current,
power) in the circuit of a three phase delta connected system. Also draw neat
diagram.
15. Prove that for 3 phase balanced delta connected lode line current is 3 times
phase current. Also define power Triangle in 3 phase circuits. (June 2008)
Exercise
TCET
Q29.Each phase of a delta connected load consists of a 50 mH inductor in series with a parallel
combination of 50 Ω resistor and 50 µF capacitor. The load is connected to three phase, 550 V,
800 rad/sec AC supply. Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power drawn (iv) power factor
(v) reactive power (vi) kVA rating of the load. [24.59 A, 42.604 A, 18.151 KW, 0.447 lagging, 36.3
KVAR, 40.59 KVA]
Q30.A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10.44 kW at 200 V at a
power factor of 0.5 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and the reactive volt-amperes
drawn. [0.908 , 27.878 , 13.555 KVAR]
Q31. Three identical coils connected in delta to a 440 V, three phase supply take a
total power of 50 kW and a line current of 90 A. Find phase current, power factor, total
apparent power taken by the coils. [12 , 16 ]
Learning from the lecture ‘Three phase delta connection’: Learnersshould

able to explain relationship between phase and line currents and voltages for
delta connection.
Lecture 39
146
Learning objective:Learnersshall be able to explain relationship between phase

and line currents and voltages for star/delta connection
1. A 415 V. 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected
identical impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15 Ώ,
capacitance of 177 µF and inductance of 0.1 Henry in series. Find (i) phase
current (ii) line current (iii) power factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi)
total VA.Draw a neat phasor diagram. If the same impedances are connected in
delta, find (i) line current (ii) power consumed.
Data: VL = 415 Ω F = 50 Hz
R = 15 Ω C = 177 µF
L = 0.1 H
Vph = VL/√3 = 415/√3 = 239.6 V
XL = 2πfL =2π x 50 x 0.1 = 31.42 Ω
Xc = 1/2 fC = 1/2π 50 177 10.6 = 17.98 Ω
Zph = R + jXL – jXC = 15 + j31.42 – j17.98
= 15 + j13.44
= 20.14 <41.860 Ω
Zph = 20.14
Power factor
ǿ
TCET
= 41.860
= cos ǿ = cos (41.860)
= 0.744 (lagging)
Iph = Vph/Zph = 239.6/20.14 = 11.9 A
IL = Iph = 11.9 A
P = √3VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x 415 x 11.9 x 0.744
= 6.36 kW
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ
= √3 x 415 x 11.9 sin (41.860)
= 5.71 kVAR
S = √3VL IL
= √3 x 415 x 11.9
147
= 8.55 kVA
If same impedances are connected in delta,
VL = Vph = 415 V
Zph = 20.14 Ω
Iph = Vph/Zph = 415/10.14 = 2061 A
IL = √3 Iph = √3 x 20.61 = 35.69 A
P = √3 VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x 415 x 35.69 x 0.744
= 19.09 kW (Ans)
2. Three equal impedances each 8 + j10 ohms are connected in star. This is further
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, three phase supply. Calculate the active and
reactive power and line and phase currents.
Data: Zph = 8 + j10 Ω
VL = 440 V
f = 50 Hz
TCET
Vph= VL/√3 = 440/√3 = 254.03V
Zph = 8+j10 = 12.81 <51.340 Ω
Zph = 12.81 Ω
ǿ = 51.340
Iph = Vph/Zph = 250.03/12.81 = 19.83 A
IL = Iph = 19.83 A
P = √3 VL IL cos ǿ = √ 3 x 440 x 19.83 x cos (51.340)
= 9.44 kW
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ = √3 x 440 x 19.83 sin (51.340)
=11.81kVAR. (Ans)
3. Each of the star connected load consist of a non-reactive resistance of 100 Ω in

parallel with capacitance of 31. 8 µF. calculate the line current, power absorbed,
the total KVA and power factor when connected to a 416V, 3 phase, and 50 Hz
supply.
Data : f= 50 Hz R=100 Ω
148
Vl=416V C= 31. 8 µF
Xc= 1/2πfC = 1/(2π x 50 x31.8 x10-6) = 100.1 Ω
Zph=(R║-jXc) = (100)(-j100.1) / (100-j100.1) = 50.05 – j 49.99 = 70.74<-44.97
Now, Eph= Vl/√3 = 416/ √3 = 240.17V
Iph= Eph/ Zph= 240.17/ 70.74 = 3.394A
Il = Iph = 3.394A
P = √3VlIlcos ǿ = √3 x 416 x 3.394 x cos 44.97 = 1.73 kW
S = √3VlIl = √3 x 416 x 3.394 = 2.446kVA

P.f. = cos ǿ = cos 44.97 = 0.707(leading) (capacitive load)
4. A 1100 V, 50 balanced three phase star connected load of 100 kW takes a leading
current of 80 A, when connected across a three phase, Hz supply. Find the circuit
constants of the load per phase. [5.208 , 530 F]
5. A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10 kW at 440 V at
a power factor of 0.6 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and the reactive
voltamperes drawn
[2.873 , 4.975 , 18.079 KVAR]
6. A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10.44 kW at 200 V
at a power factor of 0.5 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and the reactive
voltamperes drawn. [0.908 , 27.878 , 13.555 KVAR]
Lecture 40
5.15 Basic principle of wattmeter, measurement of power by one
and two wattmeter methods
Learning objective:Learnerswill able to calculate power using two watt
TCET
meter method.
Three-phase power measurement- Two Wattmeter method
In the previous lesson, the phase and line currents for balanced delta-connected
load fed from a three-phase supply, along with the expression for total power,
are presented. In this lesson, the measurement of total power in a three-phase
circuit, both balanced and unbalanced, is discussed. The connection diagram for
two-wattmeter method, along with the relevant phasor diagram for balanced
load, is described. The connection diagram for the measurement of power in a
three-phase circuit using two wattmeter’s, is given in Fig. This is irrespective of
the circuit connection – star or delta. The circuit may be taken as unbalanced
one, balanced type being only a special case. Please note the connection of the
two wattmeters. The current coils of the wattmeter’s, 1 & 2, are in series with
the two phases, R&B, with the pressure or voltage coils being connected across
R−Y and B−Y respectively. Y is the third phase, in which no current coil is
connected.
149
Fig 5.38 Two Wattmeter Method

If star-connected circuit is taken as an example, the total instantaneous power
consumed in the circuit is,
………. (5.19)
Each of the terms in the above expression is the instantaneous power consumed
for the phases. From the connection diagram, the current in, and the voltage
across the respective (current, and pressure or voltage) coils in the wattmeter,
W1 are iRN .
So, the instantaneous power measured by the wattmeter,W1 is,
………. (5.20)
Similarly, the instantaneous power measured by the wattmeter, W2 is,
TCET
The sum of the two readings as given above is,
Substituting the above expression for in the earlier one,

………. (5.21)
If this expression is compared with the earlier expression for the total
instantaneous power consumed in the circuit, they are found to be the same. So,
it can be concluded that the sum of the two wattmeter readings is the total
power consumed in the three-phase circuit, assumed here as a star-connected
one. This may also be easily proved for delta-connected circuit. As no other
condition is imposed, the circuit can be taken as an unbalanced one, the
balanced type being only a special case, as stated earlier. The phasor diagram
using the two-wattmeter method, for a three-phase balanced star-connected
circuit is shown in Fig. Please refer to the phasor diagrams shown in the figures
18.4 &18.6b. As given in lesson No. 18, the phase currents lags the respective
phase voltages by φ=φp, the angle of the load impedance per phase. The angle,
φ is taken as positive for inductive load. Also the neutral point on the load (N′) is
same as the neutral point on the source (N), if it is assumed to be connected in
star.
Phasor diagram for a three-phase balanced star-connected circuit
150
The voltage at that point is zero (0).

The reading of the first wattmeter is,
The reading of the second wattmeter is,
The line voltage, VRY leads the respective phase voltage, VRN by 300, and the
phase voltage, VRN leads the phase current, IRN by φ. So, the phase difference
between VRY &VRN is (ф+300)Similarly, the phase difference between VBY& IBN
in the second case, can be found and also checked from the phasor diagram.
TCET
The sum of the two wattmeter readings is,
………….. (5.22)
So, (W1+W2) is equal to the total power consumed by the balanced load.
Determination of power factor for the balanced load
The difference of the two wattmeter readings is,
……..
……….. (5.23)
If the two sides is multiplied by 3, we get
…………..…. (5.24)
From the two expressions, we get,
………. (5.25)
The power factor, cosφ of the balanced load can be obtained as given here, using
two wattmeter readings.
151
………. (5.26)
Where,
The two relations, cosφ and sinφ can also be found as,
………. (5.27)
16. Explain with phasor diagram of how two wattmeter can be used to measure
power in 3phase system. Also explain the variations in the wattmeter readings
with load power factors.
17. Two wattmeters are connected to measure the input to a 400 V, 3 –phase
connected motor outputting 24.4 KW at a power factor of 0.04 lag and 80 %
efficiency. Calculate (i) resistance and reactance of motor per phase (ii) reading
of each wattmeter
Answers: 18: 2.55, 5.58,34915 W, - 4850W
Exercise
Q32. Two wattmeters connected to measure the power input to 3 phase circuit,
indicate
2500W and 500W respectively, Find the power factor of the circuit
TCET
i) when both reading are positive
ii) When later reading is obtained after reversing the connection to the current
coil of one instrument. ) [0.36 lag , 0.65lag]

Q33. A 3 phase, 220 V, 50 Hz, 11.2 kW induction motor has a full load efficiency of 88
percent and draws a line current of 38 amp under full load, when connected to 3φ, 220
V supply. Find the reading on two wattmeters connected in the circuit to measure the
input to the motor. Determine also the power factor at which the motor is operating.
[8357.068 W, 4370.20 W]
Q34. A 3 phase motor load has a pf of 0.397 lagging. Two wattmeters connected to
measure
power show the input as 30 kW. Find the reading on each wattmeter. [35 kW, 5 kW]
Learning from the lecture ‘Two wattmeter method’: Learners should able to
calculate power using two watt meter method
Lecture 41
Learning objective:Learnerswill able to calculate power using two watt
meter method.
152
1. A 3- phase 10 kVA load has P.F. of 0.342. the power is measured by two watt-
meter method. Find the reading of each wattmeter when 1) P.F. is leading 2) P.F.
is lagging
S = 10 kVA
p.f. = 0.342 = cos ǿ
P = √3 VlIl cos ǿ
S = √3 VlIl
P= S cos ǿ = 10 kVA x 0.342= 3.42kW= W 1+W2 …………(1)
Case I when p.f. is leading
ǿ = -70
tan(ǿ ) = √3(W1-W2) / (W1+W2)
(-2.74) = √3(W1-W2) / 3.42 kW
W1-W2 = 5.42 kW ……………….(2)
Solving equation 1 & 2
W1 = -1 kW & W2= 4.42kW
2. A 3- phase 10 kVA load has P.F. of 0.342. the power is measured by two watt-
meter method. Find the reading of each wattmeter when 1) P.F. is leading 2) P.F.
is lagging
S = 10 kVA
p.f. = 0.342 = cos ǿ
P = √3 VlIl cos ǿ
S = √3 VlIl
P= S cos ǿ = 10 kVA x 0.342= 3.42kW= W1+W2 …………(1)
Case I when p.f. is leading
TCET
ǿ = -70
tan(ǿ ) = √3(W1-W2) / (W1+W2)
(-2.74) = √3(W1-W2) / 3.42 kW
W1-W2 = 5.42 kW ……………….(2)
Solving equation 1 & 2
W1 = -1 kW & W2= 4.42kW
3.Three identical coils each having a resistance of 8 , 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging] and inductance of 0.02 H are
connected in (i) star and (ii) Delta across 3 , 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat phasor, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat phasor
diagram and calculate the readings of two wattmeters connected to measure power.
Also calculate pf of the circuit W1=8.99kW, W2=3.38kW, 0.7866 lag W1=26.979kW,
W1=10.144kW, 0.7866 lag]
4. Thre identical coils each having a reactance of 20Ω and resistance of 10Ω are
connected in (i) star (ii) delta across a 440 V, 3 phase line. Calculate for each method
of connection the line current and readings on each of the two watt meters connected
to measure the power. (Jan 2003)
[11.3609A, 4171.79 W. -299.073 W, 34.083 A, 12515.59W, -697.227W]
5. Three identical coils each having a resistance of 8 , 199.81 W, 64.43o, 0.447 lagging] and inductance of 0.02 H are
connected in (i) star and (ii) Delta across 3 , 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat phasor, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat phasor
diagram and calculate the readings of two wattmeters connected to measure power.
Also calculate pf of the circuit. W1=8.99kW, W2=3.38kW, 0.7866 lag W1=26.979kW,
W1=10.144kW, 0.7866 lag]
5.17 Solved University Questions:
153
1. In R-L-C Series circuit the voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor are 10V,
15V, and 10V respectively. What is P.F. of the circuit? (4 Marks) Dec
10
Ans: VR = 10V
VL = 15V
Vc = 10 V
V = √[ VR^2 +(VL – Vc)^2]
V = √[ (10)2 +52]= 11.18
P.F. = Cos ф = VR/V = 10/11.18
P.F. = 0.8944 (lag)
2. Explain the quality factor in case of series resonance. (4Marks) May
2010
QUATITY FACTOR : The Q, quality factor, of a resonant circuit is a measure of the
“goodness” or quality of a resonant circuit. (1M)
A higher value for this figure of merit correspondes to a more narrowbandwith,
which is desirable in many applications. More formally, Q is the ration of power
stored to power dissipated in the circuit reactance and resistance, respectively:
Q = Pstored/Pdissipated = I2X/I2R
Q = X/R
4.
1.
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A high Q resonant circuit has a narrow bandwidth as compared to a low Q.(3M)
If two impedances Z1 = (4 +j8)Ω and Z 2 = ( 3-j6)Ω are connected in parallel with
each other and a voltage source of 50 hz, 230 volts is applied across the parallel
combination then obtain the following.
Draw the circuit diagram
2. Current through each branch and power factor in each branch
3. Total current and total power factor
4. Power consumed by each impedance
5. Draw the neat phasor diagram.
Ans. The circuit diagram for the given problem is shown below
230 ∠0
I 1= =25.71 ∠−63.43
4+ j8
230 ∠0
I 2= =15.33 ∠30.67
3− j 6
154
p.f1 = 0.447 lagging

p.f2 = 0.86 leading
I =I 1+ I 2=28.97 ∠−31.58
p.f of total circuit=0.85 leading
P 1=I 12 R 1=( 25.712 ) ( 4 )=2644.01Watt
P 2=I 22 R 1=( 15.332 ) ( 3 )=705.02 Watt
Phasor diagram:
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, three phase supply. Calculate the active and
reactive power and line and phase currents.
(Dec-10, 10marks)
Data: Zph = 8 + j10 Ω
VL = 440 V
f = 50 Hz
TCET
Vph= VL/√3 = 440/√3 = 254.03V
Zph = 8+j10 = 12.81 <51.340 Ω
Zph = 12.81 Ω
ǿ = 51.340
Iph = Vph/Zph = 250.03/12.81 = 19.83 A
IL = Iph = 19.83 A
P = √3 VL IL cos ǿ = √ 3 x 440 x 19.83 x cos (51.340)
= 9.44 kW
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ = √3 x 440 x 19.83 sin (51.340)
=11.81kVAR. (Ans)
6. Each of the star connected load consist of a non-reactive resistance of 100 Ω in

parallel with capacitance of 31. 8 µF. calculate the line current, power absorbed,
the total KVA and power factor when connected to a 416V, 3 phase, and 50 Hz
supply. (May-2011,6 M)
Data : f= 50 Hz R=100 Ω
Vl=416V C= 31. 8 µF
155
Xc= 1/2πfC = 1/(2π x 50 x31.8 x10-6) = 100.1 Ω
Zph=(R║-jXc) = (100)(-j100.1) / (100-j100.1) = 50.05 – j 49.99 = 70.74<-44.97
Now, Eph= Vl/√3 = 416/ √3 = 240.17V
Iph= Eph/ Zph= 240.17/ 70.74 = 3.394A
Il = Iph = 3.394A
P = √3VlIlcos ǿ = √3 x 416 x 3.394 x cos 44.97 = 1.73 kW
S = √3VlIl = √3 x 416 x 3.394 = 2.446kVA

P.f. = cos ǿ = cos 44.97 = 0.707(leading) (capacitive load)
7. 415 V. 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected identical
impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15 Ώ, capacitance of
177 µF and inductance of 0.1 Henry in series. Find (i) phase current (ii) line
current (iii) power factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi) total VA.Draw a
neat phasor diagram. If the same impedances are connected in delta, find (i) line
current (ii) power consumed.
Data: VL = 415 Ω F = 50 Hz
R = 15 Ω C = 177 µF
L = 0.1 H
Vph = VL/√3 = 415/√3 = 239.6 V
XL = 2πfL =2π x 50 x 0.1 = 31.42 Ω
TCET
Xc = 1/2 fC = 1/2π 50 177 10.6 = 17.98 Ω
Zph = R + jXL – jXC = 15 + j31.42 – j17.98
= 15 + j13.44
= 20.14 <41.860 Ω
Zph = 20.14
ǿ = 41.860
Power factor = cos ǿ = cos (41.860)
= 0.744 (lagging)
Iph = Vph/Zph = 239.6/20.14 = 11.9 A
IL = Iph = 11.9 A
P = √3VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x 415 x 11.9 x 0.744
= 6.36 kW
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ
156
= √3 x 415 x 11.9 sin (41.860)
= 5.71 kVAR
S = √3VL IL
= √3 x 415 x 11.9
= 8.55 kVA
If same impedances are connected in delta,
VL = Vph = 415 V
Zph = 20.14 Ω
Iph = Vph/Zph = 415/10.14 = 2061 A
IL = √3 Iph = √3 x 20.61 = 35.69 A
P = √3 VL IL cos ǿ
= √3 x 415 x 35.69 x 0.744
= 19.09 kW (Ans)
8. Three coils each with a resistance of 10 Ω and reactance of 10 Ω are connected

in star across a three phase, 50 Hz, 400 V supply. Calculate (i) Line current and
(ii) Readings on the two wattmeter’s connected to measure the power.
TCET
Data: R = 10 Ω XL = 10 Ω
VL = 400 V
Vph = VL/√3 = 400/√3 = 230.94 V
Zph = R + jXL = 10 + j10 = 14.14 <450 Ω
Zph = 14.14 Ω
ǿ = 450
Power factor = cos ǿ
= cos (450) = 0.707 (lagging)
Iph = Vph/Zph = 230.94/14.14 = 16.33 A
IL = Iph = 16.33 A
P = √3VLIL cos ǿ
= √3 x 400 x 16.33 x 0.707
= 7998.83 W
157
W1 – W2 = 7998.83 W
Also
Tan ǿ = √3 W1–W2 / W1+W2
Tan 450 = √3 W1-W2 / 7998.83
W1-W2 = 4618.13 W
Solving equations (1) and (2),
W1 = 6308.48 W
W2 = 1690.35W
4.18 University Questions Unsolved:

1. A leaky capacitor Zc= 74.5 ohm is in series with a coil ZL 40 ohm and a resistor R =
56 ohms. When a voltage V = 200 volts is applied, 1= 2.5A and the p.d. across Rand ZL
combined is 194V. Find the loss in the capacitor. (Marks 10) [24.31 Watts]
A resistor and a capacitor are in series with variable inductor (pure). When the circuit is
connected to 220V, 50Hz supply the maximum current obtainable by varying the
inductance is 0.314A, The voltage across capacitance is then "8OOV. Find the circuit
constants. (Marks 8) [ R = 700.63 ohm, C = 1.25F capacitor to a variable frequency 200 V supply. Find theF,L = 8.10 H ]
1. Determine the RMS value of semi-circular current wave which has a maximum value
of ‘a’.
(4Marks) May 2010
TCET
2. A total current of 10 A flows through the parallel combination of three impedances
(2-j5)Ω,
(6 + j3)Ω and (3+j4)Ω. Calculate the current flowing through each branch. Find the
PF of the combination. Marks (10) Dec 2009.[5.69577.7,4.572-17.04,6.134-
43.61,0.986]
3. A series R-L-C circuit having a resistance of 8 ohm, an inductance of 80 mH, and a
capacitance of 100 micro F is connected across a 150 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (i)
current, (ii)Power factor and (iii) Voltage across the inductance and capacitance.
[14.35 A, 0.766 leading, 360.47 V, 457.04 V] (8 marks)
4. (a).A series resonant ckt has impedance of 500 Ω at resonant frequency. Cut-off
frequencies are 10 kHz and 100 Hz. Determine 1. Resonant frequency2.Value of R-L-
C3.Quality factor at resonant frequency.[5050HZ,255.05
OHM,0.12F,8.038Mh,0.5176]
(b).Impedance of a circuit is observed to be capacitive and decreasing from 1Hz to

100 Hz. Beyond 100 Hz, the impedance starts increasing. Find the values of ckts
elements if the power drawn by this ckt is 100W at 100Hz, when the current is 1A.
158
The Power Factor of the circuit at 70 Hz is 0.707. (10 marks) [[100

ohm,.2187h,11.58F]
5. .Two impedances Z1 and Z2 having the same numerical value are connected in
series .If Z1 is having a pf of 0.866 lagging and Z2 is having a pf of 0.8 leading ,
Calculate the pf of the series combination. (8 marks)[.9982]
6. A current of 5A flows through non inductive resistance in series with coil supplied at
250V ,50Hz supply if voltage across R is 125V&across coil 200v calculate i)
impedance, reactance, resistance of coil ii)power absorbed by coil iii)power factor
of coil. Also draw phasor diagram [40,5.5,0.39.62,137.61W, 0.137]
7. Two coil A and B are connected in series across a 240v 50Hz Supply. The resistance
of A is 5ohm and inductance B is 0.015H.If the input from the supply is 3KW and 2K
var .Find the inductance of A and resistance of B .Calculate the voltage across each
coil. [0.0139H,8.29OHMS,97.5839.68,143.1629.60]
8. (a) An inductive coil having an inductance of 0.04 H and resistance of 25 ohm has
been connected in series with another inductive coil of 0.2 H inductance and 15 ohm
resistance. The whole circuit has been energized from 230 V, 50 Hz mains. Calculate
power dissipation in each coil and power factor of the whole circuit. Draw the phasor
diagram. Suggest a suitable capacitor for the above circuit to resonate at 50 Hz.
[181.57 W, 108.95 W, 0.468 Lagging, 42.22 microF] (12 Marks)
(b) AN RLC series circuit of 10 ohm resistance should be designed to have a

bandwidth of 100 Hz. Determine the values of L and C so that the circuit resonates
at 250 Hz. [0.0159H, 25microF]
(8 Marks)
TCET
9. A circuit has XL=20Ω at 50Hz its resistance being 15Ω.For an applied voltage of
200V at 50Hz,Calculate:
1.P.F. 2. Current 3. Value of shunting capacitance to bring the resultant current

into phase with the applied voltage4.resultant currentin case 3. [0.6,8-
53.13,101.8f,4.8A] (10Marks) (Dec-10)
10. Three identical coils, each having resistance of 15 Ώ and inductance of 0.03 H,
are connected in delta across a three phase ,50 Hz ,400 V supply. Calculate the
phase current, line current, and total power absorbed. draw phasor diagram.
[26.21-10.67,45.39,30.9Kw]
(10Marks) (June 2008)
11. Non inductive resistances each of 100 ohm connected in star to 3 phase 440V
supply. Three ideal equal choke are also connected in delta to the same supply, the
reactance of one of the coil being equal to 100 ohm. Calculate i) line current ii)
power factor of the system. ) [ IL= 8.03 < -7.15, p.f = 0.317]
( 10Marks)
12. A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10 kW at 440 V
at a power factor of 0.6 lead. Find the lead, find the values of the circuit elements
and the reactive voltamperes drawn. (8 Marks) (May 2004) [2.873 Ω 4.975Ω,
18.079 KVAR]
159
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, 3φ supply. Calculate the active and reactive power and
line and phase currents.
[9.458 KW, 11.806 KVAR, 19.85 A, 19.85 A](Dec-10,Dec. 88) (10Marks)
14. A balanced delta connected load of impedance (8 – j6) ohm per phase is
connected to a three phase
230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate : (i) line current (ii) power factor (iii) reactive power.
Draw phasor diagram. (May 94) (10Marks) [39.83 A, 0.8
leading, 9.52 KVAR]
15. Three coils, each having resistance of 8 Ω inductance of 0.02 H are connected in
(i) star (ii) delta to a 3φ, 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Calculate in both cases, the various
line and phase quantities and the total power absorbed. (May 98)[ 13.05 A,
132.79V, 10.17Ω, 4.088 kW, 39.33 A, 68.12A, 10.17Ω, 37.124kW]
16. Three similar coils A, B, and C are available. Each coil has 9 _ resistance and 12 _
reactance. They are connected in delta to a 3φ, 440 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
phase current, line current, power factor, total kVA, active power and reactive
power. If these coils are connected in star across same supply, calculate all the
above quantities. 10Marks [May 91] [29.33 A, 50.8 A, 0.6 lagging, 38.72 KVA,
23.23 KW, 30.97 KVAR, 16.94 A, 16.94 A, 0.6 lagging,12.91 KVA, 7.74 KW, 10.33
KVAR]
17. 415 V, 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected identical
impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15 _, capacitance of 177 µF
and inductance of 0.1 henry in series. Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii)
power factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi) total VA. Draw a neat phasor
TCET
diagram. If the same impedances are connected in delta, find (i) line current (ii)
power consumed. 10Marks (May 88) [11.9 A, 11.9
A, 0.744 lagging, 6.36 KW, 5.71 KVAR, 8.55 KVA, 35.69 A, 19.09 KW]
18. Each phase of a delta connected load consists of a 50 mH inductor in series with
a parallel combination of 50 Ω resistor and 50 µF capacitor. The load is connected to
three phase, 550 V, 800 rad/sec AC supply. Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii)
power drawn (iv) power factor (v) reactive power (vi) kVA rating of the load.
10Marks (May 95,Dec-10) [24.59 A, 42.604 A, 18.151 KW, 0.447 lagging, 36.3
KVAR, 40.59 KVA]
19. Calculate the active and reactive components of the current in each phase of a
star connected 5000 V, 3φ, alternator supplying 3000 KW at a pf of 0.8. 8 Marks
(May 98) [250 A, 150A]
20. A three phase, 208 volt generator supplies a total of 1800 W at a line current of
10 A when three identical impedances are arranged in Wye connection across the
line terminals of the generator. Compute the resistive and reactive components of
each phase impedance.
8 Marks (Dec. 89)[6 Ω, 10.39 Ω]
21. Three similar choke coils are connected in star to a 3φ supply. If the line current
find the line and phase voltages, the VAR input and the reactance and resistance of
each coil. If these coils are now connected in delta to same supply, calculate phase
160
and line currents, active and reactive power. 10Marks (Dec. 92) (Dec. 91, May 97,
Jan 2004) [577.36 V, 333.35 V, 10.19 KVAR, 15.11 Ω, 18.289 Ω, 25.98 A, 45 A,
32.98 KW, 30.59 KVAR]
22. Three identical coils connected in delta to a 440 V, three phase supply take a
total power of 50 kW and a line current of 90 A. Find phase current, power factor,
total apparent power taken by the coils. 8 Marks (Dec. 92)[57.961 A, 0.7289
lagging, 68.589 KVA]
23. A 3φ star connected source feeds 1500 kW at 0.85 power factor lag to a
balanced mesh connected load. Calculate the current, its active and reactive
components in each phase of the source and the load. The line voltage is 2.2 kV.
8 Marks (Dec. 95) [463.11 A, 393.64 A, 243.95 A]
24. A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10.44 kW at
200 V at a power factor of 0.5 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and the
reactive voltamperes drawn. 10Marks (May 95) [0.908 Ω, 27.878 Ω, 13.555
KVAR]
25. Three identical coils each having a resistance of 8 Ω and inductance of 0.02 H
are connected in (i) star and (ii) Delta across 3φ, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat
phasor diagram and calculate the readings of two wattmeters connected to measure
power. Also calculate pf of the circuit. (10 Marks) (May 2000)
26. [W1=8.99kW, W2=3.38kW, 0.7866 lag W1=26.979kW, W1=10.144kW, 0.7866

lag]
TCET
27. Three identical coils each having a reactance of 20Ω and resistance of 10Ω are
connected in (i) star (ii) delta across a 440 V, 3 phase line. Calculate for each
method of connection the line current and readings on each of the two watt meters
connected to measure the power. (10 Marks) (Jan 2003)
28. [11.3609A, 4171.79 W. -299.073 W, 34.083 A, 12515.59W, -697.227W]
29. Two wattmeters connected to measure the total input to a balanced 3φ circuit
indicate 2000 W and 500 W respectively; the latter reading being obtained by
reversing the terminals of current coil. Find the pf of the circuit. (8 Marks) (May
96) [0.3272 lagging]
30. Find the power and power factor of the balanced circuit in which the wattmeter
readings are wattmeter. (8 Marks) (May 96) [4.5 kW, 0.427 lagging]
31. Three star connected impedances Z1 = ( 20+ j37.7 ) per phase are connected in
parallel with three delta connected impedances Z2 = ( 30- j59.3 ) per phase. The
line voltage is 398 V. Find line current, p.f, power and reactive VA taken by the
combination. (10Marks ) [3.36A,0.99,2.29KW,397.43VAR] (Dec 2006)
32. 3 - phase ,220 V ,50 Hz ,11.2 KW induction motor has full load efficiency 88%
and draws a line current of 38 A under full load when connected to 3 phase 220 V
supply. Find the reading on the two wattmeter connected in the circuit to measure
the input to the motor. Determine also the pf at which the motor is operating.
(8Marks) (June 2007)[.88,8356.58w,4385.49W]
161
33. Two wattmeters connected to measure the power input to 3 phase circuit,
indicate 2500W and 500W respectively, Find the power factor of the circuit
ii) When later reading is obtained after reversing the connection to the current coil
of one instrument. (10Marks) (Dec -07,Dec-10) [0.36 lag , 0.65lag]
34. A 3-ph RYB system has effective line voltage 173.2v. Wattmeter in lines R and Y
read 301w and 1327w respectively. Find the impendence of the balance star
connected load. (10 Marks) (Dec-08[Z==12.45<47.5Ω]
35. Calculate the total power and reading of two wattmeters connected to measure
power in three phasebalance load, if the reactive power is 15 KVAR, and load P.F. is
0.8 lagg (10 Marks) (Dec-08) [14.03Kw,5.67Kw,19.7Kw]
36. Explain two wattmeter methods for power measurement in 3-ph delta connected
balance load. Also draw the phasor diagram. (10 marks) (Dec-10)
37. Show only two wattmeter are sufficient to measure 3-ph power. Also state
advantages of two wattmeter. (10 marks) (May-10)
38. Show that the algebraic sum of all potential difference in delta nerwork is zero.
(Show graphically). (8marks)(Dec-07)
39. Prove that for 3 phase balanced delta connected lode line current is times phase
current. Also define power triangle in 3 phase circuits. (8 marks) (June-08)
TCET
power) in the circuit of a three phase delta connected system. Also draw neat
diagram (10 marks.) (Dec. 98, Dec. 2000, Dec. 2001, July 2002, May-10)
power) in the circuit of a three phase star connected system. Also draw neat
diagrams. (8 marks) (Dec. 96, May 98, Dec. 98)
42. Explain merits of two wattmeter method for power measurement, giving circuit
diagram and phasor. (5marks) (Jan 2004, June 2008)
43. Explain with phasor diagram of how two wattmeter can be used to measure
power in 3phase system. Also explain the variations in the wattmeter readings with
load power factors.
(5marks) (Jan 2003)
44. (a) Deduce the relationship between phase and line quantities (voltage, current,
power) in thecircuit of a three phase delta connected system. Also draw neat
diagram. (4)
(b)Explain merits of two wattmeter method for power measurement, giving

circuit diagram andphasor. (4)
(c)Show that the algebraic sum of all potential difference in delta network is zero.
(Show graphically) (4)
162
(d) Show only two wattmeter are sufficient to measure 3-ph power. Also state
advantages of two wattmeter.
(e) Prove that for 3 phase balanced delta connected lode line current is √3times
phase current. Also define power triangle in 3 phase circuits (4)
45. (a) Three equal impedances each 8 + j10 ohms are connected in star. This is
further connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, 3φ supply. Calculate the active and reactive
power and line and phase currents. (10)
(b) A balanced delta connected load of impedance (8+j6) ohm per phase is
connected to a three phase 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate: (i) line current (ii)
power factor (iii) reactive power. Draw phasor diagram. [39.85 A, 0.8
(lagging),12.74 kW, 9.52 kVAR, 15.86 kVA] (6)
(c) Deduce the relationship between phase and line quantities (voltage, current,
power) in the circuit of a three phase star connected system. Also draw neat
diagrams.
46. (a) Each phase of a delta connected load consists of a 50 mH inductor in series
with a parallel combination of 50 Ω resistor and 50 µF capacitor. The load is
connected to three phase, 550 V, 800 rad/sec AC supply. Find (i) phase current (ii)
line current (iii) power drawn (iv) power factor (v) reactive power (vi) kVA rating of
the load. [.447,24.6A,42.6a,18.14Kw,36.3Kvar,40.59Kva]
(8)
(b) Three similar choke coils are connected in star to a 3φ supply. If the line current
TCET
find the line and phase voltages, the VAR input and the reactance and resistance
of each coil. If these coils are now connected in delta to same supply, calculate
phase and line currents, active and reactive power.
[577.35V,333.33V,10.2Kvar,15.11ohm,25.98A,45A,32.98KW,30.61Kvar] (8)
(c) Calculate the active and reactive components of the current in each phase of a
star connected 5000 V, 3φ, alternator supplying 3000 KW at a pf of 0.8.
[250A,150A]
(a) Three identical coils connected in delta to a 440 V, three phase supply take a
total power of 50 kW and a line current of 90 A. Find phase current, power factor,
total apparent power taken by the coils. [51.96,.73,68.59Kva] (8)
(b) A 3φ star connected source feeds 1500 kW at 0.85 power factor lag to a
balanced mesh connected load. Calculate the current, its active and reactive
components in each phase of the source and the load. The line voltage is 2.2 kV.
[Il=463.12A, Ial=227.27A,Ias=393.65A]
(7)
(c) A balanced three phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10.44 kW at
200 V at a power factor of 0.5 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and
the reactive volt-amperes drawn. [18.08 kVAR] (5)
47. (a)Three star connected impedances Z1 = ( 20+ j37.7 ) per phase are
connected in parallel with three delta connected impedances Z2 = ( 30- j59.3 ) per
163
phase. The line voltage is 398 V. Find line current, p.f, power and reactive VA taken
by the combination.[3.36 A,.99,2.29KW,397.43VAR] (8)
(b) 3 - phase ,220 V ,50 Hz ,11.2 KW induction motor has full load efficiency 88%
and draws a line current of 38 A under full load when connected to 3 phase 220
V supply. Find the reading on the two wattmeter connected in the circuit to
measure the input to the motor. Determine also the of at which the motor is
operating. (8)
(c) Two wattmeters connected to measure the power input to 3 phase circuit,
indicate 2500W and 500W respectively, Find the power factor of the circuit
ii) When later reading is obtained after reversing the connection to the
current coil of one instrument.
[pf=0.693, pf=0.33] (4)
48. (a) A 3-ph RYB system has effective line voltage 173.2 V.Wattmeter in lines R
and Y read 301W and 1327 W respectively. Find the impedance of the balance star
connected load. (6)[Z=12.45Ω]
(b) Calculate the total power and reading of two wattmeters connected to
measure power in three phase balance load, if the reactive power is 15 KVAR,
and load P.F. is 0.8 lagg. (8)
(c) A 3 phase, 220 V, 50 Hz, 11.2 kW induction motor has a full load efficiency of
88 percent and draws a line current of 38 amp under full load, when connected
TCET
to 3φ, 220 V supply. Find the reading on two wattmeters connected in the
circuit to measure the input to the motor. Determine also the power factor at
which the motor is operating.
[W1=8356.58,W2=4385.49W pf=0.88 lagging]
49. (a)Explain with phasor diagram of how two wattmeter can be used to measure
power in
3phase system. Also explain the variations in the wattmeter readings with load
power
factors. (7)
(b)Explain two wattmeter methods for power measurement in 3-ph delta

connected
load. Also draw the phasor diagram.
(c) Two wattmeters are connected to measure the input to a 400 V, 3 –phase
connected motor outputting 24.4 KW at a power factor of 0.04 lag and 80 %
efficiency. Calculate (i) resistance and reactance of motor per phase (ii) reading
of each wattmeter.
[2.55Ω, 5.58Ω , 34915 W, -4850 W] (8)

5.19 Multiple Choice Questions:
1. A delta circuit has each element of value R/2. The equivalent elements of star
circuit will be
164
(a) 2R (b) 6R
(c) 3/2 R (d) R/6
Ans:(d)
2. In case of delta connected circuit, when one resistor is open, power will be
(a) zero (b) reduced to 1/3
(c) reduced by 1/3 (d) unaltered
Ans:(b)
3. For three phase star connected circuit,
(c) Line current = √3 phase current (d) None of the above is true
Ans:(b)
4. Which of the following is true for a three phase delta connected circuit
(c) Line current = 1/√3 phase voltage (d) Line current = √3 phase current
Ans:(a)
5.
(a) Phase voltage
(c) √3 phase voltage

TCET
In three phase star connections, line voltage is the same as
(b) 1/√3 phase voltage
(d) 3 phase current
Ans: C
5.20 Oral Questions:

1. Relation between line current and phase current and line voltage and phase
voltage in 3 phase system.
2. What is resonance and derive the equation for resonating frequency
3. Derive the admittance equation for a series R-L in parallel with C
4. Difference between series and parallel resonance
5. What are half power points in resonance
6. Write down the equation for active, reactive and apparent power
7. Draw the phasor diagram for a star connected load with lagging power factor
8. Draw the phasor diagram for a delta connected load with lagging power factor
9. Explain measurement of power in three phase connection
10. List the advantages of poly phase systems
5.21 Learning Resources:
1. B.L. Thareja, Volume-I, Basic Electrical Engineering, Chapter No. 19, “Polyphase
165
circuits” pg. no 561-640.
2. R.G. Karandikar, Basic Electricity and Electronics – II Chapter No. 2, “Polyphase

circuits”
5.22 Learning Outcomes:
1. Learners should be able to understand the behaviour of AC through parallel and
series RLC circuits
2. Learnersshould be able to understand circuit concept of series and parallel
resonance in A.C.
3. Learners should be able to explain generation of three phase A.C. voltage and
current.
4. Learners should be able to define terms such as phase voltage, phase current,
line voltage and line current.
5. Learners should be able to explain relationship between phase and line currents
and voltages for star/delta connection.
6. Learnersshould will able to calculate power using two watt meter method.
Self Assessment Test
1. Explain the Generation of three phase supply with star and delta connection.
(Level-1)
2. Describe relation between phase and line voltages and currents for three
phase system.
(Level-2)
3. Draw phasor diagram for 3 phasor star connection for lagging power factor.
(Level-3)
4. Explain two Wattmeter Method. (Level-4)
5. A 3-ph RYB system has effective line voltage 173.2v. Wattmeter in lines R
TCET
and Y read 301w and 1327w respectively. Find the impedence of the balance
star connected load. (Level-5)
166
Self Evaluation
Name of Student: Course Code: FEC105

Class & Div: Roll No:
TCET
1. Can you explain generation of three phase supply?
(a)Yes (b) No
2. Are you able to describe relation between phase and line voltages and
currents.
(a) Yes (b) No
3. Are you able to draw phasor diagram for three phasor power supply?
(a) Yes (b) No
4. Did you understand two wattmeter method?
(a) Yes (b) No
5. Can you calculate voltage, current, power & power factor for three
phase supply?
(a) Yes (b) No
167
TCET
168

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Basic Electrical Engineering: F.E.

Lectur Content Duration Self Study

5.1.4. Learning Objective:

1. Learners shall be able to understand the behavior of AC through parallel and

voltage and line current.

 Vph = RMS value of phase

 Q = Total reactive power

 S = Total apparent power

5.1.9.2 Voltage, current and power relation in balanced delta

5.1.11 Series RL circuit

Fig 5.1(a) Series RL circuit (b) Voltage Triangle

Fig 5.2 (a) Impedance Triangle (b) Waveforms

Fig 5.3 Power Waveform Fig 5.4 Power Triangle

The three powers drawn by the circuit are as under:

(ii) Active power (P or W)

(iii) Reactive power (Q)

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

Questions/problems for practice:

V = ( V R )2 + (−V C )2= [ ( IR )2 + (−IX C )2 ]=I √ R 2+ X 2C

Fig 5.6 Waveforms for R-C series circuit

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

Questions/problems for practice:

1. If two impedances Z1 = (4 +j8)Ω and Z 2 = ( 3-j6)Ω are connected in parallel with

(ii) I = 100/14.13 ∠ 29.2°, as drawn in Fig. 14.37 (b)

Learning objective:Learners shall be able to understand the behaviour of AC

Fig 5.9 Circuit diagram of R-L-C series Circuit

Fig 5.11 Voltage triangle

Fig 5.12 Impedance triangle

Fig 5.13 Power triangle

Fig 5.10 Voltage triangle

Fig 5.14 Impedance triangle

Let’s check the take away from this

Questions/problems for practice:

Q12.A coil of resistance 3 Ω and inductance 0.22 H is connected in series with

Learning objective: Learners shall be able to understand the behaviour of AC

Questions/problems for practice:

Solution. The circuit is shown in Fig.

2. A total current of 10 A flows through the parallel combination of three

4. Compute Zeq and Yeqfor the given circuit.

[4.54 57.04o, 0.2257.04o ]

10. Resonant Frequency =

ii) It can be used in generation of oscillation frequency in the oscillation.

Fig 5.18 Series

fl = fc - Δf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of seriesf/2

Proof’s for series resonance:

The angular frequency r, at resonance, is

In a series RLC circuit, values of V L and VC can actually be very large at

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

ii. Value of R-L-C

Questions/problems for practice:

capacitance of 40 µF is supplied with a 100 V supply at variable frequency. Find

[10 , 0.25 H, 159.15 Hz]

Learning from the lecture ‘Series resonance’: Learners should be able to

Fig 5.23 A parallel resonant circuit is resistive at resonance,

Fig 5.24 Parallel resonant circuit: Impedance peaks at resonance.

Fig 5.25 Parallel resonant response varies with Q.

Proof’s for series resonance:

Now. XL=ωLL , XC=1/ωLC

Fig 5.28: Impedance and current curve for parallel

3. Bandwidth of a Parallel Circuit

4. Q-factor of a Parallel Circuit

Fig 5.29: Parallel resonant circuit

5.11.4.1 Comparison between D.C Circuit and A.C Circuit

4 Polarity DC voltage has a fixed AC voltage switches