Lecture 1

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

AL-Karkh University of Sciences ‫كليــة علــوم الطاقة والبيئة‬
College of Energy and Environment Science
Department of Energy science
‫قسم علوم الطاقة‬
Energy Management
First Semester
2021-2022
Lecture ﴾1﴿
Dr. Firas A. Hadi

Types of Energy
 Different Forms of Energy

Everyday in our life we are using energy. But what is Energy? Energy occurs in
different forms. Energy neither be "created" nor "destroyed". It is only
converted by us from one form to another so that it is convenient to use. The origin
of all forms of energy can be traced back to the solar energy received by the earth,
either now or in the past. However, the different forms of energy are
classified into four categories: primary, secondary, final and useful energy for
our convenience (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Different forms of energy

Primary energy is in the same form it occure in nature. Solar energy, wind
energy, hydro potential, biomass, crude oil, coal and nuclear energy are examples
of primary energy.
Secondary energy is when a primary form is converted into a more useful

form. For example, electricity is a secondary form of energy, since a
primary form of energy is converted in a power plant to produce electricity.
Gasoline and kerosene are other examples of secondary energy.
Final energy i s what is input to a conversion device at the point of end-use.

Electricity produced at a power plant has to be transmitted, where some
electricity would be lost as heating losses, and that electricity (final energy)
is provided to a motor to drive the equipment in a factory.
Useful energy is what actually does useful work. There are energy losses in the
motor, which appear as heat and noise, and the amount of energy that
actually goes into the driven equipment is less than what is input to the motor.
 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

Any form of energy that can be used without depletion, is considered renewables.
- (solar photovoltaics)
- (water drawn from a hydropower reservoir)
- (growing biomass for energy needs).
- Geothermal energy (using the heat beneath the surface of the earth)
While non-renewable are finite resources,

- fossil fuels (oil, coal and their derivatives, as well as gas) and they deplete
fast causing price increases.
 Energy and Sustainability
In the context of energy, sustainability has come to mean the harnessing of those
energy sources:
1. that are not substantially depleted by continued use;

1. the use of which does not entail the emission of pollutants or other hazards
to the environment.
 Is your Business “Energy Intensive”?

Depending on the company's total expenses spent on energy, it can be classify any
business operation to be (a) highly intensive, or (b) moderately energy intensive.
Any company uses more than 10% of its recurrent costs on energy, it is generally
classified as an energy intensive business. The calculation is straightforward:
Example: The table below shows the cost of production per tonne, in a small
factory. Calculate the energy intensity of this manufacturing industry.
Table 1. Cost of Production per tonne
Cost item Cost

Direct materials (€/t)
38,767.3
Water 55.78
Steam (i.e. Oil) 2,263.87
Electricity 8,172.37
Labour 3,159.18
Repair and maintenance 1,719.34
Other expenses 8,189.16
Depreciation 665.63
Total Cost of Production 62,993.20
Therefore, this is an energy intensive industry.
 The efficient and inefficient use of energy

Energy efficiency in installations can be considered in two ways:
1. The output returned for the energy input. This can never be 100% because of
the laws of thermodynamics.
2. The careful (or effective) use of energy. Inefficiency (or ineffective use)
results from:
The poor matching of energy supply and demand + including poor design +
operation and maintenance + running equipment when not needed, such as
lighting; running processes at a higher temperature than necessary, etc.
 Conversion efficiency
The conversion efficiency, often simply called efficiency, of any energy
conversion system is defined as the useful energy output divided by the total
energy input. In practice it is very common to express this as a percentage of the
input:
Example: What is the efficiency, for example, of a complete coal-to-light

conversion process?
Ans./
1. Consider 1 tonne of coal: 28 GJ (gigajouls) of primary energy in the ground.
2. If 2.5% of this energy is used in mining and transporting the coal, the energy
entering the power station is only 97.5% of this:
Energy entering power station = 0.975 x 28 = 27.3 GJ.
3. If we take the fuel-to-electricity efficiency of a modern coal-fired power
station to be 35%:
Electrical energy leaving the power station = 0.35 x 27.3 = 9.56 GJ.
4. About 7.5% of this will be lost as heat in transmission in the wires and
transformers or the way to the user, who receives only 92.5%:
Delivered electrical energy = 0.925 x 9.56 = 8.84 GJ.
5. But an incandescent light bulb turns only 5% of this into light, so

Useful light output = 0.05 x 8.84 = 0.44 GJ
Thus an input of 28 GJ of primary energy produces an output of 0.44 GJ of useful
light energy:
 Energy efficiency indicators

In general, energy efficiency is defined as “a ratio between an output of
performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy”.
1. Specific energy consumption (SEC): most commonly used by industry,

SEC can be defined as:
SEC with a dimensions (GJ/tonne),

In many cases the situation may be more complex, such as where there may be
multiple products and the product mix varies with the time. In such cases, the SEC
can be defined as:
2. Energy intensity factor (EIF): ratio of the energy used to a financial

value,
However, as the cost of output usually rises over time, the EIF can decrease
without any increase in physical energy efficiency. The term should therefore be
avoided in assessing the physical energy efficiency of an installation.

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

Dr. Firas A. Hadi

 Different Forms of Energy

Fig. 1. Different forms of energy

Secondary energy is when a primary form is converted into a more useful

Final energy i s what is input to a conversion device at the point of end-use.

 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

While non-renewable are finite resources,

 Energy and Sustainability

1. that are not substantially depleted by continued use;

 Is your Business “Energy Intensive”?

Table 1. Cost of Production per tonne

Cost item Cost

Therefore, this is an energy intensive industry.

 The efficient and inefficient use of energy

Example: What is the efficiency, for example, of a complete coal-to-light

5. But an incandescent light bulb turns only 5% of this into light, so

 Energy efficiency indicators

1. Specific energy consumption (SEC): most commonly used by industry,

SEC with a dimensions (GJ/tonne),

2. Energy intensity factor (EIF): ratio of the energy used to a financial

You might also like