Energy Storage and Transmission: Lecture 5

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

AL-Karkh University of Sciences ‫كليــة علــوم الطاقة والبيئة‬
College of Energy and Environment Science
Department of Energy science
‫قسم علوم الطاقة‬
Energy Storage and

Transmission
Second Semester
2021-2022
Lecture ﴾5﴿
Dr. Firas A. Hadi

3- Magnetic storage
This method is considered one of the latest technologies used to store the electrical
energy generated by Renewable energy sources.
In this way, electrical energy is converted into magnetic energy by coils made of
superconducting metals with low electrical resistance. In this method, a high
electric current is passed over a coil that converts electrical current into magnetic
energy. The stored magnetic energy is calculated from the following equation:
E (J) = Stored magnetic energy

L (Henry) = Magnetic inductance
I (Ampere) = Electrical current
The inductance of the coil depends on its geometry, and this method is one of the
most efficient ways to store energy. There is no need to convert energy into other
forms such as mechanical energy, and then convert it to electric energy which
increasing the losses.
Some factories resort to this technology to secure electricity in the event of a

sudden power outage due to the small size of the technology and its long life. The
figure below shows a schematic diagram of a typical storage unit that uses a
superconducting magnetic coil.
schematic diagram of a typical storage unit that uses

a superconducting magnetic coil
4- Electrical Battery storage

Batteries play an important role in operating internal combustion engines and
storing its energy. The most important of these batteries is the Lead acid battery.
Which characterized by Low price, availability in the market and high efficiency.
One of the main disadvantages of this type of battery is the low value of the
energy-to-mass ratio. It makes it not possible to use it to store large amounts of
energy.
Large storage capacity batteries have been achieved and one of these batteries is
Nickel-cadmium battery. There is also another type of battery with a high energy
density, which is the sodium sulfur battery, which operates at a temperature of
250cº this battery is used in electric cars.
5- Chemical storage
This method involves converting the excess energy into a chemical fuel that can be
stored easily and quickly. The most important of these methods is the production
of hydrogen gas, which is considered one of the new alternative energy and
receiving wide interest as a future fuel and an alternative to conventional fuels.
Some chemical compounds decompose when exposed to solar radiation.

compounds Nitrosyl chloride, which decomposes according to the following
equation:
2NOCL  2NO + Cl2
And when energy is consumed, the direction of the reaction is reversed, as chlorine
reacts with nitrogen oxide to be a Nitrosyl chloride compound with heat generation
that can be used for various purposes.
Example1
What quantity of heat is required to raise the temperature of 450 grams of water from
15°C to 85°C? The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g/°C.
Sol/
In this problem, we know the following:
m = 450 g
C = 4.18 J/g/°C
Tinitial = 15°C
Tfinal = 85°C
We wish to determine the value of Q - the quantity of heat. To do so, we would use the
equation Q = m•C•ΔT. The m and the C are known; the ΔT can be determined from
the initial and final temperature.
T = Tfinal - Tinitial = 85°C - 15°C = 70.°C
With three of the four quantities of the relevant equation known, we can substitute and
solve for Q.
Q = m•C•ΔT = (450 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(70.°C)
Q = 131670 J
Q = 1.3x105 J = 130 kJ (rounded to two significant digits)
Example2
A 12.9 gram sample of an unknown metal at 26.5°C is placed in a Styrofoam cup
containing 50.0 grams of water at 88.6°C. The water cools down and the metal warms
up until thermal equilibrium is achieved at 87.1°C. Assuming all the heat lost by the
water is gained by the metal and that the cup is perfectly insulated, determine the
specific heat capacity of the unknown metal. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18
J/g/°C.
Sol/
the quantity of heat lost by the water (Qwater) equals the quantity of heat gained by the
metal (Qmetal). Since the m, C and ΔT values of the water are known, the Qwater can be
calculated. This Qwater value equals the Qmetal value. Once the Qmetal value is known, it
can be used with the m and ΔT value of the metal to calculate the Qmetal. Use of this
strategy leads to the following solution:
Part 1: Determine the Heat Lost by the Water
Given:
m = 50.0 g
C = 4.18 J/g/°C
Tinitial = 88.6°C
Tfinal = 87.1°C
ΔT = -1.5°C (Tfinal - Tinitial)
Solve for Qwater:
Qwater = m•C•ΔT = (50.0 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(-1.5°C)
Qwater = -313.5 J (unrounded)
(The - sign indicates that heat is lost by the water)
Part 2: Determine the value of Cmetal
Given:
Qmetal = 313.5 J (use a + sign since the metal is gaining heat)
m = 12.9 g
Tinitial = 26.5°C
Tfinal = 87.1°C
ΔT = (Tfinal - Tinitial )
Solve for Cmetal:
Rearrange Qmetal = mmetal•Cmetal•ΔTmetal to obtain Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal)
Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal) = (313.5 J)/[(12.9 g)•(60.6°C)]
Cmetal = 0.40103 J/g/°C
Cmetal = 0.40 J/g/°C (rounded to two significant digits)
Example3
A man places 48.2 grams of ice in his beverage. What quantity of energy would be
absorbed by the ice (and released by the beverage) during the melting process? The heat
of fusion of water is 333 J/g.
The equation relating the mass (48.2 grams), the heat of fusion (333 J/g), and the
quantity of energy (Q) is Q = m•ΔHfusion. Substitution of known values into the
equation leads to the answer.
Q = m•ΔHfusion = (48.2 g)•(333 J/g)

Q = 16050.6 J
Q = 1.61 x 104 J = 16.1 kJ (rounded to three significant digits)
Example4
A solar power system that uses water as a storage medium, the volume of the
container was 1m3 and the amount of change in temperature 10cº. It has been
suggested to use paraffin wax instead of water as a storage medium. compare
between the volume occupied by paraffin and the volume occupied by water.
Sol/
The amount of heat stored in water is calculated from the following equation:
The amount of heat stored in paraffin wax is calculated as follows:
By comparing this small body with the volume of water, we find:

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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

Energy Storage and

Dr. Firas A. Hadi

E (J) = Stored magnetic energy

Some factories resort to this technology to secure electricity in the event of a

schematic diagram of a typical storage unit that uses

4- Electrical Battery storage

Some chemical compounds decompose when exposed to solar radiation.

Q = m•ΔHfusion = (48.2 g)•(333 J/g)

The amount of heat stored in paraffin wax is calculated as follows:

By comparing this small body with the volume of water, we find:

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