Lecture #I :

Waves
Q Atomic Transitions and EM

know that
·

From Quantum mechanics we

,

any physical system Can atom

,
molecule
,

collection of atoms such as a

solid)

has a
unique
set
of possible states
eng
.
1"eigenstates") in which it can exist

3 Each energy
state has an associated "wavefunction"
Leigenfunction) .

of quantum state
Representation
4 m
(r
,
t) =
4 m(r) ·

exp /-j Emt/t)

where 14m(F) 12 ·

dxdydz is the probability density

function for particle
le 9
.

election ) position
and state m = 1
,
2
,
3
...

h = n/2π h is Planck's constant

,

Em is the
eigen energy of state m
·

In A semiconductor
-
-
land in imators) ,

there between the highest occupied

is a
gap

"Valence band")
and the
band (the

empt band at the top (the "conduction band").

bands due to
↳ The Valence & Conduction arise

between atoms and valence electrons

.
interactions

in
↳ The badgap represents forbidden energies

The .
material

↳ electrons in the valence band cannot "conduct"

because they have no free energy states to

move into

source :
Kasap .
 atom Solution i e
.
The Hydrogen Considering
.

·
,

atom subject to Coulombic potential

a single
can be used to understand energy
energy ,

the .
S E
levels ,
using .

↳ here
,
VI)
=En e 3
where
,

radial distance z =
1 for Hydrogen
electron charge, ~
.
-

2 -

&
from nucleus
.

discrete
·

The S E.
.

predicts an is set
of
for the election En
possible energies ,

↳ This states become increasingly closely

spand as .
nex

to the "free" electron

n = of
Corresponds
that has escaped the Conlembic attraction

of the nucleus
.
② ectrons in Crystalline solids (semiconductors)

·
In a crystal ,
electrons are bound together

in an ordered , periodic arrangement .

within the crystal are thus subject

↳ elections

potential energy function

to
erodic
.

kap-and
. 13
3
in

.
edition

to solve the
fime-indep
It is then
required
·

potential
:

SE .
With a
periodic
V(X) =
V(X + m .

a)
Where m is an
integer,
a is the lattice constant [m]
·

The solutions to the S E

. . With this potential
are the "Block" ware functions :

jkx
Nk(X) =
Up(X) -

x)
ej(E/t
.

t + k .

:
W(X +) ,
=
Up(x)

the Block Wave number

where K is
,

Hx(X) =

Vp(X + m -

a)
is a
periodic envelope

Block Wave functions 4/x +) are

·

The ,
,

to a
plane wave modulated by
analogous
a
periodic envelope
.

ikx -ky
·
Both
2
and 2 are possible ,
Waves
.
representing
left and right traveling
rated with the
K is a
·

The parameter
state in electron
momentum of a
quantum
energy. ItK is the electron
"guasimomentum" .