DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER DUAL NATURE OF

LIGHT

h
PLANCK'S QUANTUM de – Broglie wavelength, λ = & 2πr = nλ
mν
THEORY OF LIGHT nh
• mνr =
2π
(1) The energy of one photon is proportional This is Bohr quantisation Condition
to its frequency
(2) E ∝ ν , E = hν
h = Plank’s constant
= 6.62 × 10-34 Js
(3) Energy of any light or radiation is
one integral multiple of hν.
E= nhν
(4) Energy of one photon. PARTICLE NATURE OF
1240 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT LIGHT
E = hν = eV EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
π(nm) (1) It is a phenomenon of ejecting electrons
DAVISSON-GERMER
• The emission of electrons causes flow of
by falling light of suitable Frequency on
electric current in the circuit.
(1) In interaction of radiation with matter,
radiation behaves as if is mode of
EXPERIMENT
a metal
(2) Ejected electrons are called particles called photons
photoelectrons. hν
(3) Current Flowing due to the photoelectrons (2) E = hν and p=
PROPERTIES OF PHOTONS is called photocentric current c

(1) Photon is just a packet of energy. (3) In a photon – particle collision, total
(2) Energy of photon does not change with LAWS energy and total momentum are
medium. (1) No emission takes place below the conserved.
(3) Photon can not be deflected by electric threshold Frequency.
field and magnetic field. (2) Above threshold Frequency, no. of
 h E photoelectrons emitted per seconds is
(4) Momentum of photon P = m × c = = directly proportional to intensity of
λ C radiation
MATTER WAVE THEORY
Energy (3) The emission of photoelectrons is an • de – Broglie wavelength
(5) Intensity of light beam =
area × time
instantaneous process. associated with moving • at φ = 50o and accelerating
(4) Above threshold frequency, K.E (max) particles, λ = h potential = 54 V, maxima is
depends on Frequency EFFECT OF POTENTIAL p obtained
1 p2 • This experiment confirmed the
Here, evo • K.E of particle = mν =
2

WORK FUNCTION = K.Emax 2 2m wave nature of electron.

FORCE AND RADIATION • Minimum energy required for getting a = hν - φo • momentum, p = mv
PRESSURE EXERTAD BY free electron away from the metal
PHOTON EMITTED A LIGHT BEAM surface. 2m × K.E
PER SECOND • Work function (φo) = hνo SPECIAL CASE FOR
pλ
(1) n = ELECTRON
hc φ
(1) E= nhν νo = = threshold frequency 1.227
(2) Power, P = nhν (2) momentum of one h FOR UNCHARGED λ= nm
p pλ h V
⇒ = = photon =
λ
momentum PARTICLES And
hν hc EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC 150.l
imparted per h h V= Volt
h P λ= = o
Number of photon per
second = n × = EQUATION mν 2m × K.E [λ(A)] 2

second = Power λ C
energy of one Photon ⇒ Force exerted = CP • The electron is emitted with maximum K.E
K.Emax = hν - φo
EFFECT OF INTENSITY
(3) Radiation Pressure = hν = K.Emax + φo
OF LIGHT FOR GASEOUS
• Range of K.E.
F P I EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF MOLECULES
= = 0 ≤ K.E.photoelectrons ≤ hν − φo
A CA C INCIDENT 3
PHOTON FLUX FOR ACCELERATED K.E = KT
CHARGED PARTICLES 2
• Photon flux is no. of photon STOPPING POTENTIAL h ⇒ λ=
h
incident normally to a λ= 3
• Minimum negative potential required to stop 2m × K.E
surface per seconds 2m × KT
. the electron of maximum K.E.` 2
•φ= n P V = potential difference
= h
A hν Vo =
K.Emax h
= (ν − ν o ) Volts
⇒ λ=
e e 3 mKT