DAY THIRTY ONE

Matter Waves
Learning & Revision for the Day
u de-Broglie Waves u X-Rays
u Davisson-Germer Experiment u Moseley’s Law

de-Broglie Waves
Light is said to have dual character, i.e. it behaves like matter (particle) and wave both.
Some properties like interference, diffraction can be explained on the basis of wave
nature of light, while the phenomena like photoelectric effect, black body radiation, etc.
can be explained on the basis of particle nature of light.
In 1942, Louis de-Broglie explained that like light, matter also show dual behaviour,
there is a wave associated with moving particle, known as matter waves or de-Broglie
waves.

de-Broglie Relation
According to quantum theory, energy of photon
E = hν …(i)
If mass of the photon is taken as m, then as per Einstein’s equation
E = mc2 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, hν = mc2
c
h= mc2 ,
λ
where, λ = wavelength of photon
h
λ=
mc
de-Broglie asserted that the above equation is completely a general function and applies
to photon as well as all other moving particles.
h h
So, λ= =
mv 2 mE
where, m is mass of particle and v is its velocity.
l
de-Broglie wavelength associated with charged particle Clearly from figure, we have θ + φ + θ = 180 °
h h h
λ= = =
p 2 mE 2 mqV
l
de-Broglie wavelength of a gas molecule θ φ
D
h θ d
λ=
3 mkT
where, T = absolute temperature
k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K
l
Ratio of wavelength of photon and electron The X-Rays
wavelength of photon of energy E is given by
X-rays were discovered by Roentgen. X-rays are produced
hc
λp = while the wavelength of an electron of kinetic when fast moving electrons strike a metal of high atomic
E weight and high melting point.
h
energy K is given by λ c = ⋅ Therefore for same The phenomena of thermionic emission is used to produce
2 mK
energy, the ratio electrons in coolidge tube. Intensity of X-rays is directly
proportional to the square of the strength of the current in the
λp c 2 mc2 K filament which heats the cathode.
= 2 mK =
λe E E2 Quality of X-rays is measured in terms of their penetrating
power and depends upon the potential difference applied to
Davisson-Germer Experiment the X-ray tube. X-rays are diffracted by crystals in accordance
with Bragg’s law.
l
The de-Broglie hypothesis was confirmed by
Davisson-Germer experiment. It is used to study the
scattering of electron from a solid or to verify the wave Properties of X-Rays
nature of electron. l
X-rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelength range
l
A beam of electrons emitted by electron gun is made to fall 0.1 Å to 100 Å.
on nickel crystal cut along cubical axis at a particular l
X-rays are invisible.
angle. Ni crystal behaves like a three dimensional l
X-rays carry no charge, so they are not deflected by electric
diffraction grating and it diffracts the electron beam and magnetic fields.
obtained from electron gun.
l
They travel in straight line with speed 3 × 10 8 ms −1 through
l
The diffracted beam of electrons is received by the detector
which can be positioned at any angle by rotating it about vacuum.
the point of incidence. l
They obey phenomenon of interference, diffraction and
l
The energy of the incident beam of electrons can also be polarisation of light.
varied by changing the applied voltage to the electron gun. l
They ionise gases.
l
According to classical physics, the intensity of scattered l
They effect photographic plate.
beam of electrons at all scattering angle will be same but l
They can pass through flesh and blood, but not through
Davisson and Germer found that the intensity of scattered bones.
beam of electrons was not same but different at different l
They produce photoelectric effect and Compton effect.
angles of scattering.
l
They are not used in RADAR as they are not reflected by the
l
It is maximum for diffracting angle
target. X-rays can be used to detect diseases and to cure them.
50° at 54 V potential difference.
54 V
Incident beam

l
If the de-Broglie waves exist for
electrons, then these should be Types of X-Rays
diffracted as X-rays. X-rays are classified into two types on the basis of penetrating
Using the Bragg’s formula 50°
power
2d sin θ = nλ ,
we can determine the wavelength of
1. Soft X-rays
these waves, l
These types of X-rays produced when the potential
where d = distance between diffracting planes, difference across the cathode and target is less than 20000 V.
180 − φ l
They have low penetrating power.
θ=
2 l
These are used in the field of medicine.
= glancing angle for incident beam = Bragg’s angle. l
These are having large wavelengths.
2. Hard X-rays l
If the electron striking the target ejects an electron from
L-shell of the target atom, an electron from the M, N,…
l
These type of X-rays produced when the potential difference shells jumps to the L-shell, so that X-rays photons of lesser
across the cathode and target is more than 30000 V. energy are emitted. These photons form the L-series of
l
These rays are more penetrating than soft X-rays. spectrum.
l
They have low wavelength of the order of 1Å. l
In similar way, the formation of M-series, N-series, etc. may
l
These are used in the field of science and industry. be explained.
l
Intensity wavelength graph is given by
Typese of X-rays Spectra
X-rays spectra are of two types
Kα

1. Continuous X-Ray Spectrum Kβ L β Lα

Intensity
Lγ
l
X-rays of all wavelengths but having different intensities
K-series
are emitted by the tube.
L-series
l
As incident electron loses its energy continuously, due to
collisions with atoms of the target, the loss of energy is
found as X-rays. Hence, X-rays of all wavelengths are λmin Wavelength
produced.

Moseley’s Law
30kV Moseley studied the characteristic of X-ray spectrum of a
Intensity

number of a heavy elements and concluded that the spectra

20kV of different elements are very similar and with increasing
10kV atomic number, the spectral lines merely shift towards higher
frequency. If ν denotes the emitted frequency of a substance
λmin of atomic number Z, then
Wavelength ν ∝ Z ⇒ ν = a(Z − b )2
l
These wavelength are of different intensity. where, a and b are constants, a = proportionality constant,
l
The maximum frequency or minimum wavelength limit is b = nuclear screening constant, values of (a) and (b) vary from
due to the loss of the total energy of electron during a one series to another series.
single collision. (i) For K-series, b = 1
1 (ii) For L-series, b = 7.4
mv2 = hν max = eV
2 (iii) For M-series, b = 19.2
hc Kγ
⇒ = eV Kβ Lγ Lβ
λ min
Kα Lα
hc 12400 √ν √ν
⇒ λ min = = in Å
eV V

2. Characteristics of X-Rays Spectrum O X O X

b Z b Z
l
Few of fast moving electrons having high velocity penetrate (a) (b)
the surface atoms of the target material and knock out the
tightly bound electrons even from the inner most shells of The intercept along + X -axis denotes the constant b.
the atoms. l
Moseley’s law is in accordance with Bohr’s theory of
l
If the electron striking the target eject an electron from spectral lines of atoms.
K-shell of the atom, a vacancy is created in the K-shell. An Wavelength of characteristic spectrum,
electron from one of the outer shell say L-shell jumps to
1 1 1 
K-shell, emitting an X-ray photon of energy equal to the = R(Z − b )2  2 − 2 
energy difference between the two shells. λ  n1 n2 
l
Similarly, if an electron from the M-shell jumps to the and energy of X-ray radiations,
K-shell, X-ray photon of higher energy is emitted. The 1
hc 1 
X-ray photons emission gives K α , K β , K γ lines of the ∆E = hν = = Rhc (Z − b )2  2 − 2 
K -series of the spectrum. λ  1
n n2 
334 40 DAYS ~ NEET PHYSICS DAY THIRTY ONE

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 If α, β and γ rays carry same momentum which has the 9 If an electron and a proton have the same de-Broglie
longest wavelength? wavelength, then the kinetic energy of the electron is
(a) α-rays (b) β-rays (a) zero
(c) γ-rays (d) All have same wavelength (b) less than that of proton
(c) more than that of a proton
2 What is de-Broglie wavelength of a dust particle of mass (d) equal to that of proton
1 × 10−9 kg drifting with a speed of 2.2 m/s?
10 The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton (charge
(a) 1.1 × 10−32 m (b) 3.01 × 10−25 m
= 1.6 × 10 − C, m = 1.6 × 10−27 kg) accelerated through a
19
(c) 1.1 × 10−3 m (d) 3.01 × 10−2 m
potential difference of 1 kV is
3 What will be the de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of
(a) 600 Å (b) 0.9 × 10−12 m
rest mass m0 , if it moves with the speed of light? (c) 7 Å (d) 0.9 nm
h 2h
(a) (b) 11 The de-Broglie wavelength of 1 MeV proton is
m0c m0c
(c) ∞ (d) 0 (a) 6.63 × 10−34 m (b) 3.33 × 10−30 m
(c) 2.32 × 10−20 m (d) 2.86 × 10−4 m
4 An α-particle and a deuteron are moving with the same
kinetic energy. What will be the ratio of their de-Broglie 12 The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron,
wavelengths? accelerated through a potential difference of 100 V is
1 (a) 0.529 nm (b) 52.9 nm (c) 0.123 nm (d) 1.23 nm
(a) (b) 2
2 13 A particle is dropped from a height H. The de-Broglie
(c) 1 (d) 2
wavelength of the particle as a function of height is
5 Which of the following figures represent the variation of proportional to
particle momentum and the associated de-Broglie (a) H (b) H 1/ 2
wavelength? j
CBSE AIPMT 2015 (c) H 0 (d) H −1/ 2
14 Energy of neutron (in eV) whose de-Broglie wavelength
(a) p (b) p is 1 Å
(a) 1.674 × 10−27eV (b) 8.13 × 10−2 eV
λ λ (c) 6.62 × 10−22 eV (d) 3.23 × 10−2 eV
15 In the Davisson-Germer experiment, if the incident beam
(c) p (d) p consists of electrons, then the diffracted beam consists
of
λ λ (a) protons (b) neutrons (c) α-particles (d) electrons

6 If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to 16 times 16 The X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum
its previous value, the percentage change in the wavelength produced, is
de-Broglie wavelength of the particle is j CBSE AIPMT 2014 (a) 0.5 Å (b) 0.75 Å
(a) 25 (b) 75 (c) 60 (d) 50 (c) 0.25 Å (d) 1.0 Å

7 The following particles are moving with the same velocity, 17 What kV potential is to be applied on X-ray tube, so that
then maximum de-Broglie wavelength will be for minimum wavelength of emitted X-ray may be 1 Å
j
CBSE AIPMT 2002 (Take, h = 6.6 × 10−34 J - s )
(a) proton (b) α-particle (c) neutron (d) β-particle (a) 12.42 kV (b) 12.84 kV
(c) 11.98 kV (d) 10.78 kV
8 Nuclear radii may be measured by scattering high
18 If f1, f2 and f3 are the frequencies of corresponding
energy electrons from nuclei. What is the de-broglie
K α , Kβ and Lα , X-rays of an electron, then
wavelength for 200 MeV electrons?
(a) f1 = f2 = f3 (b) f1 − f2 = f3
(a) 8.28 fm (b) 7.98 fm
(c) 6.45 fm (d) 6.20 fm (c) f2 = f1 + f3 (d) f22 = f1f3
19 According to the Moseley’s law, the frequency of 20 Two elements A and B with atomic numbers Z A and Z B
characteristic X-rays is related to the atom in number of are used to produce characteristics X-rays with
target element as frequencies ν A and νB , respectively. If Z A : Z B = 1 : 2,
(a) Z (b) Z 2 then ν A : νB will be
(c) Z −1 (d) Z −2 (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 A particle of mass 1 mg has the same wavelength as an The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle in the range
electron moving with a velocity of 3 × 106 ms −1. The 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is λ 1 and that in the range x > 1 is λ 2 . The total
λ
velocity of the particle is (Take, mass of electron energy of the particle is 2E 0 . Ratio 1 is
= 9.1 × 10−31 kg) j CBSE AIPMT 2008 λ2
1 1
(a) 2.7 × 10−18 ms −1 (b) 9 × 10−2 ms −1 (a) (b) 3 (c) (d) 2
(c) 3 × 10−31 ms −1 (d) 2.7 × 10−21 ms −1 2 3

2 The de-Broglie wavelength of a bus moving with speed v 7 The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron in thermal
is λ. Some passengers left the bus at a stoppage. Now, equilibrium with heavy water at a temperature T (kelvin)
when the bus moves with twice its initial speed, its kinetic and mass m, is j NEET 2017

energy is found to be twice its initial value. The h h 2h 2h

(a) (b) (c) (d)
de-Broglie wavelength will now mkT 3mkT 3mkT mkT
λ λ 8 Electrons of mass m with de-Broglie wavelength λ fall on
(a) λ (b) 2λ (c) (d)
2 4 the target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off wavelength (λ 0) of
3 X-rays of wavelength λ 0 = 0.200 nm are scattered from a the emitted X-ray is j
NEET 2016
block of material. The scattered X-rays are observed at 2mcλ2 2h
(a) λ 0 = (b) λ 0 =
an angle of 45° to the incident beam. Calculate their h mc
wavelength. 2m 2c 2 λ3
(c) λ 0 = (d) λ 0 = λ
(a) 0.300700 nm (b) 0.100710 nm h2
(c) 0.200710 nm (d) 0.400710 nm 9 The energy that should be added to an electron, to
4 An electron is moving with an initial velocity v = v 0 $i and reduce its de-Broglie wavelength from10−10m to
is in a magnetic field B = B0 $j . Then, it’s de-Broglie 0.5 × 10−10 m, will be
wavelength (a) four times the initial energy
(a) remains constant (b) increases with time (b) thrice the initial energy
(c) decreases with time (c) equal to the initial energy (d) twice the initial energy
(d) increases and decreases periodically 10 An electron of mass m and a photon have same energy
5 A parallel beam of fast moving electrons is incident E.The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with
normally on a narrow slit. A fluorescent screen is placed them is (c being velocity of time) j
NEET 2016
at a large distance from the slit. If the speed of the 1 1 1 1

(a) 
E 2
(c) 
1 2m  2
(d) 
1 E 2
electrons is increased, then which of the following  (b) c (2mE ) 2  
 2m  c E  c  2m 
statement(s) is/are correct? j
NEET 2013
(a) Diffraction pattern is not observed on the screen in the 11 An electron of mass m with a velocity v = v 0i$ (v 0 > 0)
case of electrons enters an electric field E = − E 0$i (E 0 = constant > 0) at
(b) The angular width of the central maximum of the
t = 0. If λ 0 is its de-Broglie wavelength initially, then its
diffraction pattern will increase
de-Broglie wavelength at time t is
(c) The angular width of the central maximum will be
 eE 0 
decrease (a) λ 0 t (b) λ 0  1 + t
(d) The angular width of the central maximum will be  mv 0 
unaffected λ0
(c) (d) λ 0
 eE 0 
6 The potential energy of a particle of mass m varies as 1 + t
 mv 0 
U(x) = E 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
0 for x > 1
 ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (d)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (c)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 electron is minimum. Thus, de-Broglie = 13.01 × 10−21 J
wavelength is maximum for β-particle.
1 de-Broglie suggested that the dual ∴ E = 8.13 × 10−2 eV
nature is not only of light, but each 8 The de-Broglie wavelength is given by
moving material particle has the dual hc 1240 15 In Davisson-Germer experiment
λ= = = 6.20 fm working on the scattering basis, if the
h 200 × 106
nature. The wavelength of wave, λ = E
p incident beam consists of electrons,
1
where, p is momentum 9 Given, λ = h = h
⇒ KE = then the diffracted beam consists of
mv 2mKE 2mλ2 electrons.
It is given that, α, β and γ-rays carry
As, λ is same for both electron and 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
same momentum, so they will have 16 ∴ λ = hc = −19
1 eV 1.6 × 10 3
× 50 × 10
same wavelength. Hence, option (d) is proton, KE ∝ .
m
true. 19.8 × 10−26
Hence, kinetic energy will be maximum ⇒λ = = 0.25Å
2 Given, m = 1 × 10−9 kg, v = 2.2 ms −1 80 × 10−16
for particle with lesser mass, i.e.
∴ p = mv = 1 × 10−9 × 2.2 electron. 17 ∴λ min = 12375 Å = 12375 Å
= 2.2 × 10−9 kgms −1 V 1
10 λ = h = h = h
h 6.62 × 10 −34 p 2mE 2mqV = 12375
. kV = 12.42 kV
∴ λ= =
p 2.2 × 10−9 6.6 × 10−34 18 For K α , L-shell to K -shell, K β ,
⇒ λ=
−25
⇒ λ = 3.01 × 10 m 2 × 1.6 × 10−27 × 1.6 For K β , M-shell to K -shell
3 The mass of particle will be infinite, × 10−19 × 1000 L α , M-shell to L-shell
h
hence λ = = 0. 6.6 × 10−34 −12 E M − E K = (E M − E L ) + (E L − E K )
mc ⇒ λ= = 0.9 × 10 m
. × 10−22
716 ⇒ hf2 = hf3 + hf1
4 λ= h . ⇒ f2 = f1 + f3
0.286 0.286
2mK 11 Q λ = = = 2.86 × 10−4 m 19 According to the Moseley’s law, the
λ md 1 V 106
Hence, α = = frequency of characteristic X-rays is
λd mα 2 12 Accelerating potential, V = 100 V related to the atom in number of target
The de-Broglie wavelength, element as Z 2 .
5 Since, λ = h [Q pλ = h]
1.227
p λ= nm, 20 According to Moseley’s law, ν ∝ Z
Therefore, graph will be hyperbola. V 2 2
νA Z 
=  A  =   =
1 1
λ=
1.227
nm = 0.123 nm ∴
6 From de-Broglie wavelength, νB  ZB   2 4
h h 100
λ= = [Q p = 2mE ]
p 2mE 13 Velocity acquired by a particle, while SESSION 2
h λ falling from a height H is,
∴ λ′ = = = 0.25λ,
2m(16 E ) 4 v = 2g H 1 According to de-Broglie relation,
wavelength of a particle is given by
% change = 75% h h
∴ λ= = or λ ∝ H −1 /2 λ=
h
7 de-Broglie wavelength is given by mv m 2g H p
h
λ= h2 where, h is Planck’s constant and
mv 14 Q λ = h = h
⇒E = wavelength of an electron is given by
1 mv 2mE 2mλ2
For same velocity, λ ∝ −27 λe =
h
m Given, m = 1.674 × 10 kg, λ = 1 Å,
pe
h = 6.62 × 10−34 J-s
Out of the given particles, the mass of But λ = λe , so p = pe
β-particle which is a fast moving (6.62 × 10−34 )2 or me v e = mv
=
2 × 1.674 × 10−27 × (10−10 )2
 me v e h Energy of a photon can be given as
or v = λ2 =
m 2m(2E 0 ) E = hν
Here, me = 91. × 10−31 kg, λ1 hc
∴ = 2 ⇒ E =
v e = 3 × 106 ms −1 λ2 λp
and m = 1 mg = 1 × 10−6 kg 7 de-Broglie wavelength of the neutron, ⇒ λp =
hc
…(iv)
E
9.1 × 10−31 × 3 × 106 λ=
h
=
h
∴ v = p Hence, λ p = de-Broglie’s wavelength of
1 × 10−6 2m(KE )
h h photon.
= 2.7 × 10−18 m / s = =
3 3mkT Now, divide equation (iii) by (iv), we get
1 2m × kT λe h E
mv × v 2 = .
2 KE λp
2 Momentum, p = mv = 2 =
8 Given, mass of electrons = m
2mE hc
1 v
×v λc 1 E
2 de-Broglie wavelength = λ ⇒ = .
2 λp c 2m
If kinetic energy as well as speed are p
doubled, momentum p remains So, kinetic energy of electron =
2m 11 According to the question,
h
unchanged λ = .  h
2
v = v 0 $i, E = − E 0 $i
p  
 λ h2
Hence, de-Broglie wavelength will be = = Thus, magnitude of force on the electron
unchanged.
2m 2mλ2 due to the electric field,| F | = q| E |
Now, maximum energy of photon can be ⇒ F = eE 0
3 The shift in wavelength of the scattered given by
X-rays is given by hc h2 From Newton’s second law of motion,
h E = = F = ma
∆λ = λ ′ − λ = (1 − cos φ) λ 0 2mλ2
m 0c ∴ F = ma = eE 0
hc × 2λ2 . m eE 0
Substituting the values, we have ⇒ λ0 = ⇒ a= …(i)
6.626 × 10−34 h2 m
λ′ − λ = 2mcλ2 (− e ) (− E 0 i ) eE 0 $
$
(9.11 × 10−31 )(3.00 × 108 ) = or a = = i
h m m
(1 − cos 45° )
−13 9 The wavelength of electron of energy E From first equation of motion,
= 7.10 × 10 m = 0.000710 nm
is λ=
h v = u + at
∴λ′ = (0.200) + (0.000710) 2mE Here, u (initial velocity) = v 0
= 0.200710 nm 1 eE 0
⇒ λ∝ ⇒ v = v0 + t …(ii)
E m
4 Here, v = v 0 $i, B = B 0 $j. λ1 E2 (from Eq. (i))
⇒ =
Force on moving electron due to λ2 E1 Initial de-Broglie wavelength of the
magnetic field is
F = − e (v × B) = − e [ v 0 i$ × B 0 $j ] 10−10 E2 electron is given as
⇒ = h
= − ev B k$ 0.5 × 10−10 E1 λ0 = ⇒ h = λmv 0 …(iii)
0 0 mv 0
E2
As this force is perpendicular to v and ⇒ =4
E1 After time t, de-Broglie wavelength is
B, so the magnitude of v will not
⇒ E2 = 4E1 given as
change, i.e. momentum (= mv ) will
h
remain constant in magnitude. Hence, Hence the required energy λ=
de-Broglie wavelength λ = h / mv = E2 − E1 = 3E1 is thrice of initial mv
remains constant. energy. Substituting the value of v from Eq. (ii),
we get
5 As the screen is placed at larger 10 (d) Since, it is given that electron has h
distance and the speed of electron λ=
mass m.  eE 0 
increases, hence the angular width of m v0 + t
de-Broglie’s wavelength for an electron  m 
the central maxima of the diffraction
will be given as h
pattern will increase. =
λe =
h  eE 0 
6 Total energy, …(i) mv 0 1 + t
P  mv 0 
2E 0 = Kinetic energy + Potential energy where, h = Planck’s constant λ mv 0
= K + U ( x) = [from Eq. (iii)]
P = Linear momentum of electron  eE 0 
In the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,U ( x ) = E 0 (given) mv 0 1 + t
∴ K = 2E 0 − U ( x ) = 2E 0 − E 0 = E 0 P2  mv 0 
As kinetic energy of electron, E = λ0
de-Broglie wavelength, 2m =
h h  eE 0 
λ= ⇒ λ1 = ⇒ P = 2mE …(ii) 1 + t
2mK 2mE 0  mv 0 
From equation (i) and (ii), we get λ0
In the range x > 1, U ( x ) = 0 (given) ∴ λ=
h eE 0
∴ K = 2E 0 − U ( x ) = 2E 0 λe = …(iii) 1+ t
2mE mv 0