R RoAL

Nuclear radius
Ro-1.2x 101 m
A-mass no.
of protons and neutrons
Consist
zx, A Z+N= mass number
V- 4/3nR Size of nucleus
V 4/3nRA
Nuclear volume Composition aocnumber
N no. oT
neuuo
Density mass of nucleus /volurme
Nucdear density The to
of nucieus
minimum energy required separate
nucleons into its constituent protons and
Nuclear binding energy neutrons.

AM=Zm,+(AZImal-M E AMc
mmass of proton Mass defect
mamass of neutron
Rate
M=mass of nucleus of decay of a radioactive
Law of
proportional to the amount of
NUCLEI radioactive substance present
Heavy doubly lonised He lon decay dN/dt N
Disintegration of heavy N- N, e
Decay of 1 alpha particle cause a-particle elements into
decrease In atomic no. (Z) by 2 and
mass no. (A) by 4 Radioactivity comparitively klighter
elements by emission of
Time taken by radioactive substance to
reduce to haif of t s initial
a p.Y Haff life
In 5+ and decay mass number remains Properties of a B. y concentration
T2-0.633/A
uncnanged, wnereas n e atomic numper goes
up Dy ih p* and atomic no. goes down by 1 in P-partice
B+
Discovered by By Henrl Becqueral in 1896

A wave havving high frequencY

and nom a s s particle
No change in and A
Nuclear Fusion Combining of two lighter nucdei to form a heavy nucleus

Splitting of heavy nucleus into 2 or more lighter nuclei Nuclear fission

 General Tormula CHan-2

1.
From unsaturated nydrocarbons
IeparduOn
From alky halides

saturated Alkanes5
Substitution Reaction Halogenation
Combustion
Chemical properties
Isomerisation

Aromatization

yclic polymerisation or etnyne

General formula CaHan
Decarboxylation of aromatic acids Preparation
From Alkymes
Reduction of Phenol

O m d i k nalides

NItration Preparation
From vidinal dihalides

|Sulphonatlon
Electrophilicsubstitution reactions Fromalcohols by acldicdehydration
Halogenation
Chemical properuees
Benzene Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alkenes Additionof dihydrogen
Frledal- Crafts alkylation
AAdditon of halogens
Addiion redcuon
Tosymmetrical alkene
Addition of hydrogen nalldes
Combustion
chemicalproperties 1 o unsymmetical ne
Unsaturated
ortho and Para directing groups
OH, -NH2 CH, CaHs Monosubstituted Benzene
Addition of water

-NO2,-CN, -CHO, -coOH Meta directing groups

Polymerisation

General formula CaHan-2

F r o m calcium carbide

epardu
From vicinal dihalides

Alkyness
Additlon of dihydrogen
Chemlcal properties Addition reaction AOdition or naiogens

Additlon of hydrogen halldes