Definition

1. Unified atomic a
mass,

One unified atomic mass Ithe mass of a carbon-12 atom

1
27kg
-

1.66
= 10
x

2. Mass defect (of a nucleus)

Difference between

the total mass of the

separate nucleous

and the combined mass of the nucleus

Mass defect Total of

mass
separated nucleous combined mass of nucleus
-
-

3.
Binding energy
Energy equivalentto the mass defectof a nucleus

Energy required separate

to all nucleons a
of nucleus infinity
to

2
E mC
=

In 934MeV
=

↓ I
binding mass
defect
energy
 Formula

1. Mass defectof a nucleus

Mass defect:[mass of combined nucleus

separate nucleous mass of
-

Units:1) kg
2): (1.66 10-27)
x U
=

2.
Mass-energy equivalence Binding energy
E mc2=
Units:1) I

2):(1.60 10-19)
x eV
=

3):(1.60 10-19) (180)

x MeV
=

3) Half-life

+' 2n
=

4) Probability of
decay
dN
N

5) A
Decay constant, Probability
=
of decay per
time
unit

x
dI(N)
Units:
s, year,
-

=
...

6) of
Activity radioactive source
,
A

A -

=
xN A dN
=

Units:1) Bg (Becquerels) 1Bg 1st

=

dt 2) S-1

·dN
= -

AN
dt
 Mass Defect and
Binding energy

1) One unified atomic mass

-
12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

(n 1.66 x
10- =

27kg

2) Mass defectof a nucleus

Differences between

the total mass of the separate nucleous

and the combined mass of the nucleus

Mass Total
defect: of combined of
mass
separate nucleons -
mass nucleus

V ↓
& Protons Neutrons +

Actual mass of nucleus

3)
Mass-energy equivalence
E mc2
=

c
=

3.0 x108 ms-1

3 (1.60
=
x 10-19) eV =

3
=
(1.60x10-19 x 100) MeV
=

4)
Binding energy
defectof
Energy equivalentto the mass a nucleus

Energy required separate

to all the nucleons of a nucleus infinity
to

E mc2
=

Binding
mass
↑

defect
energy

forces:bind
strong the
protons and neutrons
together in a nucleus

Binding energy:Separate all the nucleous in a nucleus

=) Smaller
Stable nuclei =>
Large binding energy, less stable nuclei
binding energy
protons and released
When neutrons are
joined together, binding energy is
5) Nuclear equations
conditions:1) Conservation of number
proton
2) Conservation of nucleon number

3) Conservation of
mass-energy

When (mass defect)

change in mass =-ve

Mass of than of
productis greater mass
reacting nuclei.
12 1

Mass excess

By conservation of
energy,
One nucleus musthave kinetic when it bombards other nucleus.
energy to

This does not occur

spontaneously.

Spontaneous Mass defect: the

so
products have
Mass-energy
reaction kinetic conserved
energy is
 Stability of nuclei

1)
Binding energy per
nucleous

Total needed
energy
to all
completely separate the nucleous in a nucleus

divided I
by,
the number of nucleous in the nucleus.

Stable nuclei:Less
likely decay
to

Less stable nuclei:more

likely disintegrate
to
 Nuclear Fusion

1) Definition

Nuclear fusion form of

occurs when two
lightnucleicombine to a nucleus

a
greater mass.

Lightnucleijoin together to produce heavier, more stable nuclei

Energy is release

9H +
YH He bn +

energy
+

heavier nucleus
lightnuclei
low binding energy Higher binding energy
More stable

conditions:Extremely Pressure (as of sun)

high temperature and centre

This is called thermonuclear reactions

Itis of
source solar
energy
 Nuclear Fission

1) Definition

of
splitting a
heavy nucleus

into two
lighter nuclei

of
approximately same mass

2. Induced nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

started the of the

by capture a neutron
by uranium nucleus

235 14 I

92 u in
+

50 Ba 9?Kr
+

3
+
jn energy
+

①
Uranium-235nucleus two
3
splits into
lighter, more stable nuclei

absorbs a neutron

I become unstable

Notes:

the attractive and force

In nucleus, nucleous
experience both
repulsive
Attractive force => force
Strong nuclear

Repulsive force =>

Electric forces between positively charged protons
1) Stable nuclei

forces forces
Attractive
Repulsive
Have
approximately same number of neutrons and protons
I
Neutron-to-proton ratio is

2) nuclei)
Unstable nuclei
(Heavy
Far neutrons than
more
protons
I
Neutron-to-proton ratio

Lower
binding energy ger nucleon

·
Increase in number of neutrons the
to nucleus leads nuclear
to fission.
 Chain Reaction
8.

· The chain reaction is

accelerating
Istnuclear fission
Ba
Results
Uranium-235nucleus in nuclear
explosions
absorb a neutron
if not controlled
=> 3 neutrons release Kr

V
These neutrons absorbed

by other uranium-235nuclei

fission and
Uranium-235undergo
release more neutrons

controlled Number
=>
of

neutrons take
part
Two neutrons absorbed by

control rods

so number of fission
per
unit time is constant
 Radioactive Decay
1) Random

Radioactive decays is a random process

Itcannot first
be
predicted which nucleus will
decay
that fixed period time
constant
probability a nucleus will decay in
any of

Evidence:Detection of fluctuations in the count rate of radioactive sources

2)
Spontaneous
Radioactive decay is a
spontaneous process
because it is not affected by any external forces (temperature pressure)
Notaffected of other
by presence nuclei

Rate of decay decrease with time

butcannot environmental factors

be
changed by changing

Unstable Radioactive decay Stable

7
nuclei nuclei
emit
particles and
=>
or

electromagnetic radiation

3) Random decay (a) Half-life of a radioactive nuclide

Time taken

for the number of undecayed nuclei

to be reduced to half its

original number

This randomness of decay

graph show
 take far
~Theory
can
only you so

Mathematics of radioactive
decay
Activity
and decay constant

I
Decay constant, A

The
probability per
time
unit

of of
the decay a nucleus

Probability of decay dN
=

X Probability
=
of decay per unittime Units: 1) S-1

dN dN 2) min-1
-

- -
-

N Ndt 3) hour

dt 4) year-

8
dN
⑧ ⑧
= -

XN
dt

Negative sign
because as time to increase, number of nuclei, N decreases.
remaining

2) Activity of
a radioactive source

Number of nuclear decays occuring

unit time
per
A xN
=

Units:1) Bg (Becquerels)
2) S-1

- xt
3) General se xo e Creceived
equations: count rate)
=

-
xt
(a) Number of N Noe
nuclei
remaining.
=

-x t
(b) Activity after 1: A Ao =

Equations represents an exponential decays

c
Decay constant and half-life

X In2
=

t'/2

+' In 2
=

t'/2