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A. Hamed Majedi
3
Moore’s Law
The # of transistors per square inch had doubled every year since the invention of ICs.
How small can they be?
Quantum
Mechanics
Computer Information
Cryptography
Science Theory
Quantum Mechanics History
• Classical Physics fail to explain:
1- Heat Radiation Spectrum
2- Photoelectric Effect
3- Stability of Atom
• Quantum Physics solve the problems
Golden age of Physics from 1900-1930 has been formed
by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Dirac,
Born, …
Classical vs Quantum
Experiments
• Classical Experiments
Experiment with bullets
Experiment with waves
• Quantum Experiments
Two slits Experiment with electrons
Stern-Gerlach Experiment
Exp. With Bullet (1)
detector
H1 P1(x)
Gun H2
wall
wall
(a)
Exp. With Bullet (2)
detector
H1
Gun H2 P2(x)
wall
wall
(a)
Exp. With Bullet (3)
H1 P1(x)
Gun H2
P2(x) P12 (x) 12 (P1 (x) P2 (x))
wall
wave
source H1
H1 I1(x)
H2
I2(x)
wall
(b)
Exp. with Waves (2)
detector
wave
source
H1 I1(x)
2
H2 I 12 (x) h1 (x) h2 (x)
I2(x)
wall
(b) (c)
Two Slit Experiment (1)
detector
Results intuitively
expected
H1 P1(x)
wall
wall
(a) (b) (c)
Two Slit Experiment (2)
detector
Results
observed
H1 P1(x)
H2 P12 (x) ?
source of P2(x)
electrons
wall
wall
(a) (b) (c)
Two Slit Exp. With Observer
light detector
source
Interference
disappeared!
H1 P1(x)
H2
source of P2(x) P12 (x) P1 (x) P2 (x)
electrons
⇨ “Decoherence”
wall (b)
(c)
Results from Experiments
• Two distinct modes of behavior (Wave-Particle
Duality):
1- Wave like 2- Particle-like
• Effect of Observations can not be ignored.
• Indeterminacy (Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle)
• Evolution and Measurement must be
distinguished
Stern-Gerlach Experiment
N
QM Physical Concepts
• Wave Function
t
1
V(t)
0
t
More Quantum Bits
Qubit (1)
• A qubit has two possible states: &
• Unlike Bits, qubits can be in superposition state
Quantum Gates
• A Quantum Gate is any transformation in Bloch
sphere allowed by laws of QM, that is a Unitary
transformation.
H
• Phase gate:
P
Universal Computation
• Classical Computing Theorem :
Any functions on bits can be computed from the
composition of NAND gates alone, known as Universal
gate.
• Quantum Computing Theorem:
Any transformation on qubits can be done from
composition of any two quantum gates.
e.g. 3 phase gates & 2 Hadamard gates, the universal
computation is achieved.
• No cloning Theorem:
Impossible to make a copy from unknown qubit.
Measurement
• A measurement can be done by a projection of each
in the basis states, namely and .
• Measurement can be done in any orthonormal and linear
combination of states & .
• Measurement changes the state of the system & can not
provide a snapshot of the entire system.
A A
B B A
Cavity QED
Atom Chip
Cooper
Pair Box
RF-SQUID
Perspective of Quantum
Computation & Information
• Quantum Parallelism
• Quantum Algorithms solve some of the complex
problems efficiently (Schor’s algorithm, Grover
search algorithm)
• QC can simulate quantum systems efficiently!
• Quantum Cryptography: A secure way of
exchanging keys such that eavesdropping can
always be detected.
• Quantum Teleportation: Transfer of
information using quantum entanglement.