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 CHAPTER 13

Nuclei
[TOPIC 1] Nucleus, Radioactivity and
Decay Law
1.1 Nucleus
In every atom, the positive charge and mass are
densely concentrated at the central core of the
atom forming its nucleus. More than 99.9% mass of
the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
(ii) Mass Number (A) Mass number of an
element is the total number of protons and
neutrons inside the atomic nucleus of the
element.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons +
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
=

The unit of mass used to express mass of an atom Number of neutrons

is called atomic mass unit. Atomic mass unit is
defined as 1/12th of the mass of carbon (C) atom. 1.e A =Z+N
i.e. 1 amu or 1 u =l.660539 x10kg
Size of Nucleus
(i) Mass of proton (m,) = 100727 u
According to the scattering experiments, nuclear
(ii) Mass of neutron (m,) =100866 u sizes of different elements are assumed to be
(ii') Mass of electron (m,) = 0.000549 u spherical, so the volume of a nucleus is directly
proportional to its mass number. If R is the radius
Relation between amu and MeV
of the nucleus having mass number A, then
1 amu =931 Mev
TRA R«« Al3
Composition of Nucleus
The composition of a nucleus can be described by R RA
using the following terms and symbols.
where, Ro=1.2 x10m is the range of nuclear
(i) Atomic Number (Z) Atomic number of an size. It is also knovwn as nuclear unit radius.
element is the number of protons present
inside the nucleus of an atom of the
element.
Nuclear Density
Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of mass of
Atomic number (2) = Number of protons =
nucleus and its volume.
Number of electrons (in a neutral atomn)
392 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSIcs

3m I curie (Ci) = 3.7 x 10" decays/second

i.e.
p4 4 TtRo = 3.7 x100Bq
TtR
(i) Rutherford The activity of a radioactive
2.38 x10"kg/m sample is said to be one Rutherford.
where, nn = average mass of one nucleon and I Rutherford (Rd) = 10° decays/second
R = 1.2 fm = 1,2x10-"m = 10° Bq

The nuclear density (p) does not depend on AA

(mass number). Decay Constant
The radioactive decay constant may be defined as
1.2 Radioactivity the reciprocal of the time interval during which
the number of atoms in a radioactive substance
It is the phenomenon of spontaneous reduces to 36.8% of their initial number.
disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable atom
of heavy clements with emission of one or more
penetraling radiations like a-particle or B-particle
2.308 1o80N
and electromagnetic radiations like y-rays.
Value of depends on the nature of radioactive
Law of Radioactivity Decay substance.
According to this law, the rate of decay of Half-life
radioactive atoms at any instant is proportional to
Time interval in which the mass of a radioactive
the number of atoms present at that instant.
substance or the number of its atom reduces to
half of its initial value., is called half-life of the
() -dNN,
dt
substance and is denoted by T1/2
i.e. if N =No/2, then (= Tu2
aN
dt
=- AN Hence, from N =N

where, a = decay constant and No/2 = NeAi/2)

N = number of undisintegrated nucleus

present in the sample at any instant . Tua log,2/) =0693/

On integrating both sides, we get
Mean Life/Average Life
Average life of a radioactive element can be
obtained by calculating the total life time of all the
atoms of the radioactive element and dividing it
log, N=-Al+C by the total number of atoms present initially in
C =constant of integration the sample of the element. It is denoted by t.
(i) N =N,e, where No = original amount of From half-life, Ty2 =
0693/
atom.
0.693 /2=144(,)
The SI unit of radioactivity is Becquerel (Bq).
I Becquerel (Bq) = I disintegration/second Time required to decay fronm N, to N
Some other units are as follows
(i) Curie The activity of a radioactive sample is 2.303
said to be one curie. logo(N/N)
1.3 Radioactive
Displacement Law PREVIOUS YEARS'
The law of radioactive displacement is also known as
Fajan's and Soddy law. This law describes which
element and
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
chemical isotope is reated during the
particular type of radioactive decay. TOPIC 1
Some radioactive decays are as follow

a-Decay 1 Mark Questions

In a-decay, the mass number of the product nucleus
1. Why is it found experimentally
is four less than that of decaying nucleus while the
difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear
atomic number decreases by two.
B-decay? AllIndia2014, Delhi 2012,2011C
X + He + Q 2. Define the activity of a given
where, Q is the energy released in the process. radioactive substance Write its SI
e.g U 9 0 Th+ He+Q unit. AllIndia2013
3. What is the relationship between the
B-Decay halflife and mean life of a radioactive
InB-decay, the mass number of product nucleus nucleus? AllIndia 20120;Foreign 2011
remains same but atomic number increases or
dereases by one. In beta-minus decay (ß), an
4. How is the radius of a nucleus related
to its mass number? AllIndia 201nc
electron and an anti-neutrino are created and emitted
from the nucleus via reaction given below 5. Anucleus undergoes p-decay. How does
2X2Y +ge +v its
e.g P1s+ -fe+v 1) mass number and
In beta-plus decay (B*), a positron and a neutrino are (1i) atomic number change? Delhi 2010
created and emitted from the nucleus via the reaction
6. A nucleusU undergoes a-decay and
given below xz-Y+ fe+v transforms to thorium. What is
e.g. Na 16Na + je +v
) the mass number and
ii) atomic number of the nucleus
Y-Decay
AY- ray is emitted when a. or B-decay results in a
produced? Delhi 2011C
daughter nucleus in an excited state. Atom then
returns to ground state by a single photon transition 2 Marks Questions
or successive transitions involving more than one
7. Complete the following nuclear
photon. X > /X +0
reactions
60Co
27
()B+on> He +.
(i) Mo+j H>43 Te t.. Delhi 2015C
6ONi
28 (Excited state)
8. In both ß" and ß*-decay process, the
E=1.17 Mev
mass number of nucleus remains the
E=1.33 MeV same, whereas the atomic number Z
60
28 Ni (Ground state)
increases by one in ß -decay and
deerease by one in B"-decay. Explain
Energy-level diogrom showing the
giving reasons. Foreign 2014
emission of 7-roys by oNi nucleus
28
394
9. Derive the expression for the law of
radioactive decay ofa given sample
having initially No decaying to the
number N present at any subsequent
time t.
Plot a graph showing the variation of the
number of nuclei versus the time lapsed.
Mark a point on the plot in terms of T/2
value the number present N =No/16.
Foreign 2013
10. In a given sample, two radio isotopes A
and B are initially present in the ratio of
1:4. The half-lives of A and B are 100 yr
and 50 yr, respectively. Find the time
after which the amounts of A and B
become equal. Foreign2012
11. How the size of a nucleus is
experimentally determined? Write the
relation between the radius and mass
number of the nucleus. Show that the
density of nucleus is independent of its
mass number. Delhi2012,2011C
3 Marks Questions
12. Define the term decay constant of a
radioactive sample. The rate of
disintegrations of a given radioactive
nucleus is 10000 disintegrations/s and
5000 disintegrations/s after 20 h and 30h,
respectively from start. Calculate the half
life and initial number of nuclei at t = 0.
Delhi 2019
13. (a) Write the relation between half-life
and average life of a radioactive
nucleus.
(b) In a given sample two isotopes A and
Bare initially present in the ratio of
1:2. Delhi2019
Their half lives are 60 years and 30 years
respectively. How long will it take so that
the sample has these isotopes in the ratio
of 2 1?
14. Why is it difficult to detect the presence of
an anti-neutrino during B-decay? Define
the term decay constant of a radioactive
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS
nucleus and derive the expression for its
mean life in terms of the decay constant.
AllIndia 2019
15. (a) Explain the processes of nuclear
fission and nuclear fusion by using
the plot of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass
number A.
(b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of
10 yr. How long will it take for the
activity to reduce to 3.125%? 2018
16. () A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a
series of decays as given below:
A A A+A
The mass number and atomic
number of Az are 176 and 71,
respectively. Determine the mass
and atomic numbers of Aj and A.
(i) Write the basic nuclear processes
underlying ß" andp decays. Delhi 2017
17. () Write the basic nuclear process
involved in the emission of B* in
a symbolic form by a radioactive
nucleus.
i) In the reactions given below:
(a)CB +x +v
(b)CC+ Ne +He
Find the values of x, y and z and a, b
and c. All India2016
18. ) Deduce the expression, N = Noe
for the law of radioactive decay.
(i) Write symbolically the process
expressing the ß"-decay of Na. Also,
write the basic nuclear process
underlying this decay.
(iii) Is the nucleus formed in the decay of
the nucleus Na is isotope or isobar?
Delhi2015C 2014
19. () Complete the following nuclear
reactions:
(a)Po> Pb +....
(b)P-> S + .
CHAPTER 13: Nuclei
(i) Write the basic process involved in
nuclei responsible for (a)P" and
b) B*-decay.
(ii) Why is it found experimentally
difficult to detect neutrinos?
All India 2015C
20. ) Define the term activity of a sample
of radioactive nucleus.Write its SI
unit.
(i) The half-life of 2U undergoing
a-decay is 45x 10 yr. Determine
the activity of 10g sample of U .
Given that 1g of g2 U contains
25.3x 10 atoms. AIl India 20140c
21. i) Define the terms (a) half-life
(b) average life. Find out the
relationship with the decay
constant (A).
(ii) A radioactive nucleus has a decay
constant A =0.3465 (day). How
long would it take the nucleus of
decay to 75% of its initial amount?
Foreign 2014
22. () The number of nuclei ofa given
radioactive sample at timet= 0
and t = 1T are No and N,/n,
respectively. Obtain an expression
for the half-life (Ty of the nucleus
in terms of n and T.
(l) Write the basic nuclear process
underlying B-decay of a given
radioactive nucleus. Delhi 2013C
23.
) Define the term 'activity' of a given
sample of radionuclide. Write the
expression for the law of
radioactive decay in terms of the
activity of a given sample.
(ii) A radioactive isotope has a half-life
of T years. How long will it take
the activity to reduce to 3.125% of
its original value?
(ii) When a nucleus (X) undergoes
B-decay, the transforms to the
nucleus (Y), does the pair (X, Y)
form isotopes, isobars or isotones?
Justify your answer. Delhi 2012C
395
24. State the law of radioactive decay. Plot a
graph showing the number N of undecayed
nuclei as a function of time t for a given
radioactive sample having half-ife 1 y2
Depict in the plot, the number of undecayed
nuclei at
) t= 3Ty2 (i) t= 5T/2. Delhi201
25. ) Define activity of a radioactive
material and write its SI unit.
(i) Plot a graph showing variation of
activity of a given radioactive sample
with time.
(iii) The sequence of stepwise decay of a
radioactive nucleus is
DB-particle a- particle D2
D
If the atomic number and mass number of
D, are 71 and 176 respectively, what are
their corresponding values for D?
Delhi 2010o
26.
) Write symbolically the B-decay process
of 15P.
(i) Derive an expression for the average life
of a radionuclide. Give its relationship
with the half-life. AIl India 2010
27. What is the basic mechanism for the
emission of B" and ß*-particles in a nuclei?
Give an example by writing explicitly a
decay process for ß-emission. Is
) the energy of the
emitted B-particles
continuous or discrete?
(i) the daughter nucleus obtained through
-decay, an isotope or an isobar of the
parent nucleus? Delhi2010C
Explanations
1. Neutrinos are difficult to detect because
they are
massless, have no charge, do not interact with
nucleons and can penetrate large quantity of matter
(even the earth) without any interaction. (1
2. The activity of a sample is defined as the rate of
disintegration taking place in the sample of
radioactive substance.
SI unit of activity is Becquerel (Bq).
I Bq =l disintegration/second (1)
396 Solved Papers PHYSICS
Chopterwise CBSE

n2 9. Let N be the number of undecayed nuclei in the

3. Ti/2 = Tin2 sample at time t and AN nuclei undergoing decay

where, T2 is half-life and t is mean life. (1)

in time A
4. Radius of nucleus, R =
R, A Then, N,AN =N
where, R = radius of nucleus,

A =mass number
and Ro 1.2 fm= 1.2x107m is the range of No
nuclear size or nuclear unit radius. (1)
5. During B-decay.
(1) no change in mass number. N

(ii) atomic number increases by1. (1) (N-AN)

6. In a-decay, the mass number of parent nucdeus oL +
Time ()
decreases by 4 units and atomic number decreases
by 2 units.
where, i s disintegration constant.
238Uaa-decay 234Th + 2 He The rate of change in N in time Ar>0, can be
i ) Mass number of the nucleus produced = 234 expressed as = -dt
N
(1/2)
(ii) Atomic number of nucleus produced =90 (1/2) On integrating both sides

7
7. (i)BnHe +Li
No (1)
10+1 = 4 + A
where, N, is in initial undecayed nuclei.
A =11-4 =7
In= -u, N= N,e"
5 +0 = 2+Z
No
Z =5 2 =3
A = 7, Z = 3 (1) Mark of N= in terms of T2 is shown in the
16
94 2, 95,
(ii)Mo+
42 H Te+
43o
figure.
94 +2 = 95 +A
Not
A = 9 6 - 9 5 =1

42 +1 43 +Z
Z = 4 3 -43 = 0
B N2
(1)
8. InB-decay, a B-particle of zero mass and-1 charge No/4
is emitted.The decay process is shown as below: N/8
x2Y+ ,B+ No/16
Since, the mass ofp"-particle is negligibly small and
2 T27 37 412

the atomic number increases by 1 due to the loss of Time () (

I negative charge. (1) 10. Let NA be the concentration of A after lime l4 anu
Similarly, for a -decay, a B-particle of negligibly N be the concentration of B after time (-
small and +1 charge is emitted. The decay process is From radioactive disintegration equation,
shown as below:
NA NoeA AA
=

2Xz-4Y + B+ v
Ng =4NeAp'p [As, Non = 4N%A
The mass number remains the same but here the
Now, half-life of Ais 100
atomic number decreases by 1 due to the loss of1 yr and B is 50 yr
(1) So, n 2 ..(1)
positive charge. 100
CHAPTER 13: Nuclei 397

Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get

and (ii)
50 10000e-M36000)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (i), we get 5000
a = n =1.92 x10
36000
Half life,
or ( In 2
Let after t1 = 36000 s or 10 h
years, Na =Np h12 92 x10
So, : N= Nl A = N
Ng 4eAB Activity,
N 0000 10000
=
4e =e-hA 1.92x10
4=eA-2p)f
5208.34 x10
In4=- (+ AA- 2A At,
In 4 2a
t x 100 200 yr 2
For 20h n= 2
In 2 100J (m
11. The size of nucleus will increase with the increase of
mass number.
4N = No
(1)
The size of the nucleus is
experimentallyy No = 4x 5208.34 x10
determined using Rutherford's a-scattering
experiment and the distance of closest approach 2083334x10
and impact parameter. 13.(a) Average life or mean life of a radioactive
The relation between radius and mass number of nucleus is given byy
nucleus is R= Ro A T- Totallifetime of all nuclei
where, Ro =1.2 fm Total number of nuclei
A =mass number and R radius of nucleus Relation between half-life and average life
(1)
=

Nuclear density, 1.44T12 ()

(b) Let NA and N be the concentration of A and B
Mass of nucleus
after t and 1 time respectively.
Volume of nucleus
Then, from radioactive disintegration
mA equation
NA = NoeA
(R
3
A3 and Ng =2Nep'a :NA N =1:2
where, n = mass of each nucleon
The decay constant of half-life of A and B are
nA
p In 2
an d Ag =n 2
RRA 60 30
m o r Ag = 2
P
4 TRO (1)
Suppose after t year, NA : Ng =
2:1|
From the above formula, it is clear that does
p not Neat
depend on the mass number.
(1) 2Nei
12. Decay Constant Refer to text on
page 392. e
= 4e-2A a
(Decay Constant). = 2]
The activity of a radioactive e =4
sample is given by Taking logarithm both sides, sve get
A = Ag e
(1) AAl= In 4 or = n 4 In 4
10000 = A, eA\ 20x3600) n 60

A
and 5000 A,e(30x3600)
.(ii) =120 years (1)
398 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

14. Rcfer to Sol. 1 (1) Y-decay, here is no change in mass and

Decay Constant Refer to text on page 392. atomic number.
Mean/average Life Refer to text on page 392. () Therefore, the mentioned radioactive decays
will proceed as below.
15. (a) From the given plot, we can conclude that,
a very heavy nucleus A = 240 has lower Ebn
compared to that ofa nucleus with So, A has mass number 180 and atomic
A =120. Thus, if a nucleus A= 240 breaks into
number 72.
two A = 120 nuclei, nucleons get more tightly
bound. Energy would be released in this
process which is known as nuclear fission.
Also. 7A A, ,
So, A4 has mass number 172 and atomic
10 number 69. [1
!16032sFe 100Mo 127 (i) B-decay
8C 184w197A 238t| p +B+ v (anti-neutrino)
4H180o (neutron) (proton)
64N decay

e.g. P 16S+e +v
Bt-decayY
n
(neutron)
+B +v (neutrino)
(proton decay)

e.g. Na Ne+et +v (1)

50 100 150 200 250
Mass number (A) 17. (i) The basic nuclear process involved in the
emission of B* during radioactivity is given by
Binding energy per nucleon as a function
2x z4Y + B* + v
of moss number (1
(ii) (a) According to question,
Also, when two light nuclei (A S 10) join to
form a heavier nucleus, Eb of fused heavier C B + x+v .(1)
nuclei is more than the E, of lighter nuclei. For B-decay
Energy would be released in this process,
which is known as nuclear fusion.
zX" z-1Y4 + B* +v .
.(ii)
(2)
(b) After n hálf lives, activity of sample is On comparing Eqs. (i) and (i), we get
y= 5,7 = 1l and x = B
=R (b) c+ c "Ne +
He .
(1)
(i)
where, R = initial activity.
Helium have 4 mass number and 2 charge
Given, T = 10 yr, R = 125% Ro, n =
number. So reaction will be
T
where t= instantaneous time C+c iNe+ He . (i)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
We have, a = 10, b = 2and c = 4

18. (i) Rutherford and Soddy made

experimental
25 Ro study of the radioactive decay of various
100 Ro- radioactive materials and found that the decay
of all radioactive nmaterials is governed by the
5= same general law.
10
According to this law, the rate of decay of
I= 50 yr (1) radioactive atoms at any instant is
16. (i) In a-decay, the atomic number is decreased by proportional to the number of atoms present
2 units and mass number decreases by 4 units. at that instant.
In B-decay, the atomic number increases by Let N be the number of atoms present in a
I unit but mass number does not change. In radioactive substance at any instant t. Let dN
CHAPTER 13: Nuclei 399

to
be the number of atoms that disintegrate in a (ii) In both processes, the conversion of neutron
inside thhe
short interval d, Then, the rate of proton and proton to neutron
nucleus, takes places as followws
disintegration -dN/dt is proportional to N, i.e.
a AN XB+.",Y +VB"-decay)
dt
where, i s a constant for the given substance A
A
and is called decay constant (or +,Y +v(ß"-decay)
disintegration constant or radioactive constant
or transformation constant). For a given (ii) Refer to Sol. 1 on page 395. (1
element, the value of is constant but for 20. (i) Refer to Sol. 2 on page 395. (1%)
different elements it is different. From the
(ii) Given,
above equation, we have Number of atoms in 1g of U is 253 x 1030

aN-ndt
N (1)
atoms.

From the radioactive decay,

On integrating both sides, we get dN/dt o NN
log N=-N+C ..i) RoN :dN/dt= R]
where, C is the integration constant. To x10
R A = 08, 2X 253x104
determine C, we apply the initial conditions.
4.5x10
Suppose, there were No atoms in the
beginning, i.e. N = N, ati = 0.
0.6931|
Then, log,No C TI2
Substituting this value of C in the above 0.6931 x 253x104
Eq.(i), we have
4.5x10 x 365x 24x 60 x 60
log, N =-At + log, No
N
log, N-log, No = -Ai or log-
No
= 1.24 x10disintegrations/second (14)
N/N =eM N = Nge* .(i)
21. (i)(a) Half-life Half-life ofa radioactive element
is defined as the time during which half
Here, No and N are numbers of atoms in a
the number of atoms present initially in
radioactive substance at time t = 0 and after
the sample of the element decay or it is the
time t, respectively. (1) time during which number of atoms left
(i) 22 decay
undecayed in the sample is half the total
1oNe2+e +V+Q number of atoms present in the sample. It
The basic nuclear process is given by is represented by
T/2
X2-1Y + e + v
From the equation, N =N,e-"
For B-decay, there is a conversion of a proton
into neutron to emit positron (positive electron). At half-life,t =Ti2 N o2 =

p n +e" + v
(1/2)
(iii) The nucleus formed in the decay is an isobar N-No »=
because they have same mass number. (1/2)

19. (i) (a) 208 20Pb+ He

84 82 (1/2) On taking log on both sides, we get
208 204 +A A 208 -204 =4 A/2 =log, 2
84 8 2 + Z; Z = 84 - 82 =2 log2log10 2x2.
1/2=-
303

(b) S+ + 0.3010x 2.303

(1/2)
32 32tA
A= 32-32= 0 A= 0 After n half-life, the number of atoms left
15=16+Z (z=-1 undecayed is given by N =

Z =15-16 =-1
400 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

T 06932 0.6931 0.693T

T2 Half-life, T/2=-
logn (1%)
(b) Average Life Average life of a radioactive (i) In B-decay process, a nucleus emits a
element can be obtained by calculating the negative charge. A neutron is converted tooa
total life time of all atoms of the element proton causing the nuclide's atomic number to
and dividing it by the total number of
increase by one but the atomic mass remains
atoms present initially in the sample of the
the same.
element.
e.g. C iN+e+ v
Average life or mean life of radioactive (1%)
element is 23. (i) Refer to Sol. 20 (i) and 18 (i) on pages 398
and 399. (1)
Total lifetime ofallatoms
Total number of atoms R3.125s_ -
100
t o
Jo 4N -N*d x From part (i).
N No
[When N = No,t = 0 and

:
when N = 0,1 = o]
dN =- A(N,e)dt]1
)- n 5half-lives

Or = 5t= 5T
(1)
atedt = (ii) As in ß-decay A remains unchanged, but Z
changes, so the pair X, Y can form isobars.
24. Law of Radioactive Decay The rate of
disintegration of radioactive sample at any instant
is directly proportional to the number of
undisintegrated nuclei present in the sample at
-0- -A that instant, i.e, o N = = - AN
Relation of half-life with decay constant, dt (1)
where, N = number of undisintegrated nuclei
present in the sample at any instant I andis rate
0.6931/T/2 dt
t=l44 T/2 (1) of disintegration. (1)
(ii) Given, A = 0.3465 (day)- The curve representing the law of radioactive decay
is shown as below:
According to the radioactive decay law, we have
R= Roe
No
RoX75 R,33465
100
=e0.3465 N = Noe

t 0.830days No 100
(1)
22. (i) According to the law of radioactive No/2
decay,
N Noe

N = " and t = T
No4
No =Ng .T No8
No16 N32
--T12 2T1/2 3T12 4T1/2 5T12
Time()
Decay curve for a rodioactive element
T
(1)
CHAPTER 13 Nuclei 401

25. (i) Refer to Sol. 2 on page 395.
(ii) Refer to Sol. 24 (graph) on page 40o.
(ii) In these ypes of questions, remember the
change in atomic number and mass number
during the emission of a, B or y.
InB-decay, the mass number remains same and
atomic number increases by 1 unit. In a-
decay,
the mass number decreases by 4 units and
atomic number decreases by 2 units.
Let mass and atomic number of D be A and
Z,
respectively.
(1) (ii) Refer to Sol. 21 (i) (b) on page 400. (1)
(1) Hence, the average life period of a
radioactive element is 1.44 timcs the half-life
period of the element, i.c. t = 1.447/2 (1)
27. During B°- decay from the nucleus, nucleus
undergoes a change in such a way that atomic
number increases by one and mass number
remains same. In B" -decay, the mass number of
present radioactive nucleus remains same,
whereas atomic number decreases by one. (1)
Example of B"-decay

Dparticle A U-particle
Z+I DI
iP 1S+e"+ [Half-life =26 days]
A-4D, or Example of B*-decay
Z+1-22or 2D
According to the question, the mass number Na Ne+ e +v
and atomic number of D, are 176 and 71, In B-decay, an electron and an
anti-neutrino are
respectively. created in the following manner.
(a) Atomic number of D = Z -1 = 71 np+e+ v
Z 72 (1/2) (i) The energy of emitted ß - particles is
(b) Mass number of D = A - 4 176 continuous. (1)
A =176 + 4 = 180 (i) As, there is no change in mass number
(1/2)
26. (i)
Ps+Bp during B-decay. So, the daughter nucleus is
isobar of the parent nucleus.
(1)
P 18s+ e+v (1)

[TOPIC 2] Mass Defect and Binding Energy

2.1 Mass Defect
where, E
is the energy and c is the
speed of light
The sumof the masses of neutrons and
protons 3x10m/s and m mass of nucleus.
=

forming nucleus is more than the actual mass of

a
the nucleus. This difference of masses is
mass defect.
known as 2.2 Binding Energy
The binding energy of a nucleus is defined as the
Am Zm,+ (A -

Z) m, -M minimum energy required to separate its nucleons

where, Z and place them at rest at infinite distance
=
atomic number, A = mass number, apart.
m, = mass of one proton, m, = mass of one Using Einstein's mass-energy relation,
AE (Am)cé, the
neutron and M =mass of nucleus.
=
binding energy of the nucleus is
AE, =[Zm, +(A -

Z)m,- M]*
Mass-Energy Relation Note It is also called
Einstein showed that mass is
another form of separation energy.
energy and one can convert mass-energy into
other forms of energy. Einstein's Average Binding Energy Per
mass-cnergy
cquivalence equatíon is given by Nucleon of a Nucleus
It is the average energy required to ex1ract a
E=mc2 nucleon from the nucleus to inlinite distance. It is
402 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: PHYSICS

given by total binding energy divided by the mass

number of the nucleus. Nuclear Energy
Binding energy per nudeon Transmutation of less stable nuclei into more
Total binding energy tightly bound nuclei provides an excellent
possibility of releasing nuclear energy.
Number of nucleons
Two distinct ways of obtaining energy Jrom nucleus are
br given below

Nuclear Fission
Binding Energy Curve The phenomenon of splitting of heavy nuclei
It is a plot of the binding energY per nucleon versus
(usually A> 230) into lighter nuclei of nearly
the massnumber A for a large number of nuclei as equal masses is known as nuclear fission,
shown below:
10
eg U+n Ba +3Kr+3 ,n+
160 32S Fe 100Mo 127
8C 194W 197An 23U
Nuclear Fusion
The phenomenon of fusing or combining of two
lighter nuclei into a single heavy nucleus is called
4
nuclear fusion, e.g.

HH >,H+e*+V+0.42 MeV

NOTE The energy released during nuclear fusion is

50 100 150
Mass number (A)
Binding energy per nucleon as a function
of mass number
It is used to explain phenomena of nuclear fission
and fusion.
Nuclear Stability
The stability of a nucleus is determined by the
value of its binding energy per nucleon. The
constancy of the binding energy in the range
30<A<170 is a consequences of the fact that the
nucdear force is short-ranged.
Nuclear Forces
Short ranged (d = 2-3 fm) strong attractive
forces which hold protons and neutrons together
in against of coulombian repulsive forces
between positively charged particle. The nuclear
force between neutron-neutron, proton-neutron
and proton-proton is approximately same. The
nuclear force does not depend on the electric
charge.
200 250
known as thermonuclear energy.
Nuclear Chain Reaction
The fact that more neutrons are produced in
fission than are consumed gives the possibility of
a chain reaction with each neutron that is
produced triggering or initiating another fission.
(i) Controlled Chain Reaction The chain
reaction can be controlled and maintained
steadily by absorbing a suitable number of
neutrons at each stage, so that on an
average one neutron remains available for
exciting further fission such a reaction is
called controlled chain reaction. e.g. Nuclear
reactor
(i) Uncontrolled Chain Reaction During
fission reaction, neutron released
again
absorbed by the fissile isotopes, the cycle
repeats to give a reaction that is self
sustaining leading to large amount of
radiation. Such a reaction is called
uncontroled chain reaction.
e.g. Atom bomb.
 mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding
energy of nucleons in Yand Zis 8.5 MeV

PREVIOUS YEARS per nucleon. Calculate the energy

released per fission in MeV. Delhi 2010
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 8. If both the numbers of protons and
neutrons are conserved in a nuclear
TOPIC 2 reaction like

1 Mark Questions C3+C2 10Ne++He

1. Four nuclei of
an element undergo tusion
to form a heavier nucleus, with release of
energy. Which of the two -the parent or
the daughter nucleus-would have higher
binding energy per nucleon? 2018
2. Calculate the energy in fusion reaction
H+H He+n, where BE of
H = 2.23 MeV and of He= 7.73 MeV.
Delhi 2016
3. Anucleus with mass number A= 240 and
BE/A= 7.6 MeV breaks into two
fragments each of A = 120 with
BE/A= 8.5 MeV. Calculate the released
energy. Delhi 2015
4. Draw a graph showing the variation of
potential energy between a pair of
nucleons function of their
as a
separation.
Indicate the function in which the nuclear
force is (i) attractive, (i) repulsive.
All India 2012
5. Write any two characteristic
properties of
nuclear force. All India 2011
6. When four hydrogen nuclei combine to
form a helium nucleus estimate the
amount of energy in MeV released in this
process of fusion (Neglect the masses of
electrons and neutrons) Foreign 2011
Given:
) Mass of }H = 1.007825 u
(i) Mass of helium nucleus
=
4.002603 u,
l u 931 MeVI¢2
7. A heavy nucleus X of mas8 number 240
and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is
splitted into two fragments Y and Z of
In what way, is the mass converted into
the energy? Explain. Delhi 2010
9. Draw a plot of the binding energy per
nucleon as a function of mass number for
a large number of nuclei 20< A< 240.
How do you explain the constancy of
binding energy per nucleon in the range
of 30< A< 170 using the property that
nuclear force is short-ranged? All India 2010
3 Marks Questions
10. (a) State two distinguishing features of
nuclear force.
(b) Draw a plot showing the variation of
potential energy of a pair of nucleons
as a function of their
separation.
Mark the regions on the graph
where the force is (i) attractive and
(i) repulsive. All India 2019
11. (a) Draw a plot showing the variation of
potential energy ofa pair of nucleons
function of their separation.
as a
Mark the regions, where the nuclear
force is () attractive and (ii)
repulsive.
(b) In the nuclear reaction,
n+U sXe+Sr+ 2n
Determine the value of a and b.
2018C
12. ) Write three characteristic properties
of nuclear force.
ii) Draw a plot of potential energy of a
pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. Write two
important conclusions that can be
drawn from the graph. Delhi2015
404 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICs

13. Distinguish between nuclear fission and
fusion. Show how in both these processes
energy is released.
Calculate the energy release in MeV in
the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.
H+H He+n
Using the data
m(H)= 2.014102 u,
mGH) = 3.016049 u,
mG He) = 4.002603 u,
m1.008665u
u= 931.5
MeV
All India 2015
14. (i) Write the relation for Binding
Energy (BE) (in MeV) of a nucleus of
mass 2 M, atomic number
(2) and
mass number (A) in terms of the
masses of its constituents
namely
neutrons and protons.
(i) Draw a plot of BE/A versus mass
numberA for 2< A<170. Use this
graph to explain the release of energy
in the process of nuclear fusion of two
light nuclei. Delhi 2014
15. In
typical nuclear reaction e.g.
a
H+H+2He + n+ 3.27 MeV, although
number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy
is released. How? Explain.
All India 2013
16. Draw a plot of potential energy between
pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation. Mark the regions where
potential energy is
i) positive and
(i) negative.
17. Answer the following.
(i) Why is the binding energy per
nucleon found to be constant for
nuclei in the range of mass number
(A) lying between 30 and 170?
(ii) When a heavy nucleus with mass
number A = 240 breaks into two
nuclei, A=120, energy is released in
the process.
Foreign 2012
18. () In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g.
H+H He
+n +3.27
although number of nucleons is
conserved yet energy is released.
How? Explain.
(ii) Show that nuclear density in a given
nucleus is independent of mass
number A. Delhi2012
19. i) What characteristic property of
nuclear force explains the constancy
of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A)
in the range of mass number A lying
30< A< 170?
i) Show that the density of nucleus over
a wide range of nuclei is constant
and independent of mass number A.
Delhi 2012
20. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their
separations. Mark the regions where the
nuclear force is (i) attractive and (il)
repulsive. Write any two characteristic
features of nuclear forces. All India 2012
21. Using the curvefor the binding energy per
nucleon as afunction of mass number A,
state clearly how the release in
energy in
the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion can be explained. All
India 2011
22. Explain giving necessary reactions, how
energy is released during
(i) fission? (ii) fusion? All India 2011C
a
5 Marks Questions
23. (i) Draw the plot of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass
Delhi 2013 number A. Write two
important
conclusions that can be drawn
regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(ii) Use this graph to explain the release
of energy in both the
processes of
nuclear fusion and fission.
iii) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron
undergoing B-decay. Why is the
detection of neutrinos found
difficult? All India 2013 very
CHAPTER 13: Nuclei 405

24. Define the Q-value of a nuclear process. 5. Two characteristics of nuclear force are given as below:
When can a nuclear process not proceed (i) These are short range forces.
spontaneously? If both the number of (ii) These are strongest force of attractive nature
protons and the number of neutrons are upto certain distance. (1)
conserved in a nuclear reaction in what way 6. Energy released = Amx 931 MeV
is mass converted into energy (or vice-versa) Am= 4m GH) - m (He)
in the nuclear reaction? AllIndia 2010C
Energy released
Q= {4.mH) - m He} x 931] Mev
Explanations = [4 x 1.007825 - 4.002603] x 931 MeV

1. 26.72 MeV (1)

According to question,
4 zXA zYA+Q 7. In these types of questions, we have to keep in mind
(Parent nuclei) (Daughter nucleus) about difference of mass involved between reactants
As the daughter nucleus is a heavier nucleus as and product. Energy will be evolved accordingly.
compared to parent nuclei, which are more stable Energy released per fission
than lighter nuclei, hence daughter nucleus has = (110+ 130) x 8.5MeV - 240x 7.6 MeV
more binding energy per nucleon than parent
nuclei. ()
240x (8.5-7.6) MeV
= 240x 0.9 =216 MeV (1)
2. According to question,
8. The sum of masses of nuclei of product element is
H+H He + less than the sum of masses of reactants and hence,
Energy of fusion = Binding energy of 2He
loss of mass takes place during the reaction. This
-
2x Binding energy of fH difference of mass of product elements and reactant
gets converted into energy and liberated in the form
=
7.73-2x2.23 =3.27 MeV (1 of heat.
3. According to question,
Here, the sum of masses of 10Ne and 2He* is less
P Q+Q
than the sum of two ,C and conversion of this
BE/A of element P =7.6 MeV (given)
BE of P = 7.6x 240 Mev
mass defect is used
produce energy.
to (1)
So, [A 240]J
9. The binding ener9y per nucleon curve is shown as below
BE/A of element Q =8.5 MeV given
So, BE of Q= 8.5x
120 Mev MeV Most stable nuclei
Now, energy released=2 ( BE of Q) -BE ofP 4He 56Fe
= 8.5 x 120 x 2 - 7.6 x 240

= (2040 1824) MeV

160 238U
14N Nuclei prone
= 216 MeVv
(1) 12C
6Li
to fission
4. Plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a
function of their separation is given in the figure.
Nuclei prone
to fusion
Not
2H
100 +

0 20 60 100 140 180 220

Mass number A
r (fm) Binding energy per nucleon as a function of
mass number A
100+
o '01 2 3 The binding energy per nucleon in the range of
J 30 <A< 170 has average binding energy per
Repulsive Attractive nucleon =8.5 MeV. The higher value of binding
(1)
406 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: PHYSICS

cnergy per nucleon is due to stability of these 13. Nuclear fission is the phenomenon of splitting of a
nucleons. Neutron-proton ratio is higher in this heavy nucleus (usually A> 230) into two or more
range of mass number which leads to stability of lighter nuclei.
the nuclei. Also, the nuclear force is strongly
U+ Ba 5 +Kr + 3n, +
attractive enough to overcome the coulombian In this case, the energy released per fission of U2
repulsive force acting between positively charged
protons. (1) is 200.4 MeV.
10. (a) Rcfer to Sol. 5 on page 405. Nuclear fusion is the phenomenon of joining two or
(1%)
more lighter nuclei to form a single heavy
nucleus.
(b) Refer to Sol. 4 on page 405. (14) The mass of the product nucleus is slightly less than
11. (a) Refer to Sol. 4 on page 405. (1%) the sum of the masses of the lighter nuclei fusing
(b) As in a nuclear process the number of together. This difference in the masses results in
electrons and protons remains the same on both the release of tremendous amount of energy. (1)
side of reaction, hence,
e.g. H+H }He+e*+ V+ 042Mev
Atomic mass, 1+ 235 =a + 94+ 20)
a =140 H+H He+ n+327MeV
and atomic number,
H+H- H°+H +403Mev
0+ 92 54+ b+ 2(0)
According to the question,
b 38 (1%)
12. (i) Characteristics properties of nuclear H+H He+ nMev
Am= (2.014102+ 3.016049)
force
- (4.002603+ 1.008665)
(a) Nuclear forces act between a pair of
0.018883u
neutrons, a pair of protons and also
between a neutron-proton pair, with the Energy released, Q = 0.018883x 931.5 MeV
same strength. This, shows that nuclear c
forces are independent of charge. =17.589 MeV (1)
14. (i) BE
(b) The nuclear forces are dependent on spin =[Zm, (A-Z)m,-2M]x c
+
(14)
or angular momentum of nuclei. where, Z = atomic number, A = mass number
(c) Nuclear forces are non-central forces. This M mass of nucleus,
m, is the
=
mass of proton
shows that the distribution of nucleons in and m, = the mass of neutron.
(1%)
a nucleus is not spherically symmetric. (1) (ii) Refer to Sol. 9 on pages 405 and 406. (14)
(ii) 15. In a nuclear
reaction, the sum of the masses of the
target nucleus ($H) and the bombarding particle
(H) may begreater than the product nucleus (2He)
and the outgoing neutron
n.
So, from the law of
conservation of mass-energy some energy
MeV) is evolved due to mass defect in the nuclear(3.27
reaction. This energy is called
reaction.
Q-value of the nuclear
-100 (3)
o1 16. Plot between the
r (fm) potential energy of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their
(Potential energy versus distance) (1) shown below separation, is
(1)
From the plot, it is concluded that
(i) The potential energy is minimum at a distance 100
Positive region
=0.8 fm) which means that the force is
allractive for distances larger than 0.8 Fm and 0.8 fm 0 fm
repulsive for the distance less than 0.8 fm
between the nucleons. r (tm)
(i) Nuclear forces are negligible, when the 100
distances between the nucleons is more than Negative
10 fm. region
()
CHAPTER 13 Nuclei
i) For distance less than 0.8 fm, negative
potential energy decreases to zero and then
becomes positive.
(ii) For distance larger than 0.8 fm, negative
potential energy goes on decreasing.
17. (i) The binding energy per nudeon for nudeus of
range, 30<A<170is dose to its maximum value.
So, the nucleus belongs to this region is highly
stable and does not show radioactivity.
(ii) Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for
heavier nuclei than the middle ones, i.e.
heavier nuclei are less stable. When a heavier
nucleus such as nucleus of mass number 240
splits into lighter nuclei (mass number 120),.
the BE/nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV
to 8.4 Mev. Greater BE of the product nuclei
result in the liberation of energy. (2)
18. (i) In a nuclear reaction, the sum of the masses of
the target nucleus (H) and the bombarding
particle (H) may be greater or less than the
sum of the masses of the product nucleus
GHe) and the oulgoing particle (m. So, from
the law of conservation of mass-energy, some
energy (327 MeV) is evolved or involved in a
nuclear reaction. This energy is called Q-value
of the nuclear reaction.
(1)
(ii) Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of mass
of the nucleus and its volume.
Density of the nuclear matter
Mass of nucleus
Volume of nucleus
If m is average mass of a nucleon and R is the
nuclear radius, then mass of nucleus =mA,
where, A is the mass number of the element.
Volume ofthenucleus=nR
But put the value in Eq. (i).
mA 3m
Thus, density of nucleus =
TR A 47TR
where, m = mass of one nucleon
A = mass
As, m and Ro are constants, therefore density
of the nuclear matter is the same for all
elements. Now, using m =1.66x10-2"kg.
3x1.66x10-27
4 TR
407
Using Ro =1.1 x10-"m
and density = 2.97x1o"kg m
(1
which shows that the density is independent
(1) of mass number A. (1)
19. (i) The saturation effect of nuclear force explains
the constancy of BE/A over wide range of mass
number, 170> A> 30. Saturation effect implies
(1) that nucleon interacts only with its
neighbouring nucleons and does not interact
with nucleons which are not in direct contact
with it. (1%)
(i) Refer to Sol. 18 (ii) on page 407. (1%)
20. For graph Refer to Sol. 4 on page 405. (1)
Net interactive force is zero when potential ener8Y
is minimum, i.e. nearly, =1 fm (in graph).
(i) The nuclear force is attractive when separation
between the nuclei is greaterthan o>1 fm. ()
(ii) Repulsive when ro<l fm. (1)
21. Refer to Sol. 9 on pages 405 and 406. (1)
Explanation of Release of Energy in Nuclear
Fission and Fusion The curve reveals that binding
energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei
than the middle level nuclei. This shows that
heavier nuclei are less stable than middle level
nuclei. In nuclear fission, binding energy per
nucleon of reactants (heavier nuclei) changes from
nearly 7.6 MeV to 8.4 MeV (for nuclei of middle
level mass).
Higher value of the binding energy of the nuclear
product results in the liberation of energy during the
phenomena of nuclear fission.
In nuclear fusion, binding energY per nucleon of
lighter nuclei into heavier one changes from low
value of binding energy per nucleon to high value
and release of energy takes place in fusion
e.g.
two H (Binding energy per nucleon
1.5 MeV/nucleon) combine to form He*
(Binding energy per nucleon 7 MeV/nucleon)
and therefore the energy is liberated during
nucdear fusion. (2)
22. (i) Nuclear Fission The phenomenon of spliting
of heavy nuclei (mass number > 120) into
smaller nuclei of nearly équal masses is
known as nuclear fission.
In nuclear fission, the sum of the masses
of the product is less than the sum of masses
of the reactants. This difference of mass gets
converted into energy E = mc and hence
408 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

sample anmount of energy is releascd in a bound. This implies that energy will be
nuclear fission. released in the process which justifles the
reaction.
c.g. 2U+ n 0 Ba 3Kr +36n+Q 121 energy released in fission (1)
Nuclear Fuslon When two light nuclei
Masses of reactant
(A<10) are combined to forma heavier
= 235.0439 amu+ 1.0087 amu nuclei, the binding energy of the fused heavier
236.0526 amu nuclei is more that the binding energy per
Masses of product nucleon of the lighter nuclei. Thus, the final
system is more tightly bound than the initial
=140.9139+91.8973+3.0261 system. Again the energy will be released in
= 235.8373 amu
fusion reaction. (1)
Mass defect = 236.0526 -235.8373
of neutron
(ii) The basic nuclear process
= 0.2153 amu
undergoing ß-decay is given as below
1amu =931 MeV n p + e+v
Energy released = 0.2153 x 931 Neutrinos interact very weakly with matter so,
= 200 MeV nearly they have a very high penetrating power.
That's why the detection of neutrinos is found
Thus, energy is liberated in nuclear fission
if 92U very difficult. 1)
(1)
24. The Q-value of a nuclear process refers the energy
(ii) Nuclear Fusion The phenomenon of release in the nuclear process which can be
conversion of two lighter nuclei into a single determined using Einstein's mass-energy relation,
heavy nucleus is called nuclear fusion. (1/2) The Q-value is equal to the differenceof
Since, the mass of the heavier product nucleus
E mc.
mass of products and reactant nuclei multiplied by
is less than the sum of masses of reactant square of velocity of light.
nuclei and therefore certain mass defect occurs
which converts into energy as per Einstein's
Q= [m,-m, - mge]c in a-decay 2)
mass- energy relation. Thus, energy is released The nuclear process does not proceed
during nuclear fusion. spontaneously when Q-value of a process is
negative or sum of masses of product is greater
e.g.
than sum of masses of reactant. 1)
H+ H' H + e" + V+ 0.42 MeV
For further part Refer to Sol. 8 on page 405. (2)
Also,
H+ H* H°+ H' + 4.03 Mev (
23. (i) For plot of binding energy per nucleon as the
function of mass number A (1) Objective Questions
Figure Refer to Sol. 9 on pages 405 and 406.
Following are the two conclusions that can be
(For Complete Chapter)
drawn regarding the nature of the nuclear
force. 1 Mark Questions
(a) The force is attractive and strong enough to
1. For the stability of any nucleus,
produce a binding energy of few MeV per
nucleon. (1/2) (a) binding energy per nucleon will be more
(b) The consistency of the binding energy in the (b) binding energy per nucleon will be less
range of 30<A<170 is a consequence of the (c) number of electrons will be more
fact that the nuclear force is short range (d) None of the above
force. (1/2)
2. A uranium nucleus 92U emits an
(ii) Nuclear Fission A very heavy nucleus (say A
240) has lower binding enersy per nucleon -particle and a B - particle in succession.
as compared to the nucleus with The atomic number and mass number of
A = 120. Thus, if the heavier nucleus breaks the final nucleus will be
into the lighter nucleus with high binding (a) 90, 233 b) 90, 238
energy per nucleon, nucleons are tightly (c) 91, 234 (d) 93, 238
 409
CHAPTER 13 Nuclei

3. In the nuclear reaction 10. 1 curie represents

(a) 3.7 x 10 dps b) 3.7 x 10 dps
N+X C+{C+}H, the Xwill be (d) 1 dps
(c) 10 dps
(a)e b) }H (H (d)n 11. The curve of binding energy per nucleon
4. The element with maximum value of as a function of atomic mass number has
binding energy per nucleon is a sharp peak for helium nucleus. This
(a) iron implies that helium
(b) aluminium (a) can easily be broken up
(c) uranium (b) is very stable
(d) hydrogen (c) can be used as fissionable material
5. Which of the following quantities for a a) is radioactive
nucleus is independent of its mass 12. 1 mg gold undergoes decay with 2.7 days
number? half-life period, amount left after 8.1 days
(a) Density (b) Volume is
(c) Mass d) Radius (a) 0.125 mg (b) 0.5 mg
6. The radius of a copper nucleus is of the ()0.25mg (d) 0.91 mg
order of
(a) 101 m (b) 10-14 m 13. The ratio of molecular masses of two
(c) 101 m (d) 10 m radioactive substances is 3/2 and the ratio
of their decay constants is 4/3. Then, the
7. Binding energy of nucleus is defined as ratio of their initial activities per mole
(a) the energy released, when the nucleus will be
has been separated into its constituent (a) 2 (b) 4/3
particle c) 8/9 (d) 9/8
(b) the energy added, to separate the
nucleus from the constituent particles
(c)the energy added to form the nucleus
from its constituent particle Explanations
(d) None of the above 1. (a) The binding energy of a nucleus is the energY
required to take its nucleus away from one
8. For the radioactive nuclei that undergo another. It is generally expressed as binding
either a or ß decay, which one of the energy per nucleon. It is a measure of the stability
following cannot occur? of the nucleus. Higher the binding energy per
(a) Isobar of original nucleus is produced nucleon, more stable is the nucleus.
b) Isotope of the original nucleus is 2. (c) Simply, we can analyse from the equation
produced
(c) Nuclei with higher atomic number than
92U238
U34 ,Y234
that of the original nucleus is produced 3. () Given reaction is fN+ X> c+ }H +}C
(d) Nuclei with lower atomic number than Clearly, Xis fH.
that of the original nucleus is produced
4. (a) We have to consider binding enerSy per
9. A radioactive element has half-life period
nucleon curve. Where, we can find that iron (Fe)
of 600 yr, what amount will remain in is having maximum binding energY per nucleon.
3000 yr?
5. (a) Nuclear density is given by p 4
=

(a) 16
d) 32 it is not related with mass no.
410 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

6. (bjCopper nucleus has a radius of the order of
10 m.
7. (b) The binding energy of nucleus is the energy
released in formation of nucleus by combining its
constituent particles i.e. nucleons. In other words,
it is that external energY which is required to
isolate the nucleons of the nucleus from each
other.
8. (b) Isotope of the original nucleus is produced.
11. (b) The elements high on the binding energy (BE)
veTSuS mass number plot are very tightly bound
and hence they are stable and the elements those
are lower on this plot, are less tightly bonds and
hence, they are unstable.
Since. helium nucleus shows a peak on this plot,
so it is very stable.
12. (a) 8.1 days are equivalent to three half days.
Hence, amount left after three half days

9. (d) We know thal, n = amg= mg)

= 0.125 mg
Given, t 3000 yr, T= 600 yr
13. (b) Activity, A =4dN
-

3000 = N
dt
600
As, the number of nuclei (N) per mole are equal
Then, for both the substances, irrespective of thcir
molecular mass, therefore A «x

10. (b) 1 Curie =

17xl0 disintegration s
i.e. 1 Curie = 37x10'° dps

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