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SCIENCE
Quarter 3 - Module 2
Atoms and Molecules
Science — Grade 8
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Quarter 3 – Module 2: Atoms and Molecules
First Edition, 2020
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Throughout our lives and in everything we do, we seek to order into the ever-changing
world we live in. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms are basic building blocks
of matter. They are useful and interesting by themselves. They become even more useful and
more interesting when they combine to form molecules. Why does the chalk cling to
blackboard when used in writing? There must be a force of attraction that exist between
the particles of chalk and the particles of a blackboard. The blacksmith shapes a piece of
glowing iron by hammering it on anvil. After shaping the iron, the blacksmith may plunge it into
a tub of cold water.
Matter can exist in three phases of matter: Solid, liquid and gas. There is different
arrangement of atom in these phases which enable us distinguish one kind from another.
In this module, you will learn about the physical change in terms of arrangement and
motion of atoms and molecules.
1. Explain physical changes in terms of the arrangement and motion of atoms and
molecules. (S8MT-IIIc-9)
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
ii
What I Know (Pre-Test)
Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Write the letter of the correct answer in
your activity notebook.
1. Which of the following does NOT prove that the molecules of a material are always
moving?
A. Aroma of boiling coffee C. The sweetness of sugar
B. Evaporation of water D. Soil particles carried by water
2. Which of the following is a mixture?
A. Table salt C. Distilled water
B. Soy sauce D. Fruit sugar
3. Why could you hardly break a stone even if much force is applied to it?
A. Loosely bound together C. Very far from one another
B. Are negligible D. Compactly arranged with one
another
4. When a drop of ink was put into a glass of water, its tendency is to spread
out. Why? Because the atoms of ink are __________________.
A. atoms are not moving C. in random motion
B. compact and rigid D. have distinct characteristics
5. What is formed if you mix water and soy sauce?
A. 1-phase system C. Heterogeneous system
B. 2-phase system D. Compound
6. Which of the following is a substance?
A. Padlock C. Copper
B. Pin D. Solder
7. How is mixture different form a substance?
A. Mixture have 2 or more C. Mixtures are found in nature
components
B. In mixture it keeps its D. Solids, liquids, and gases form
characteristics mixture
8. The only mixture that looks like only one chemical composition in physical
appearance.
A. Colloid C. Suspension
B. Solution D. Compound
9. Which of the following has one kind of atom?
A. Gold C. Water
B. Carbon Dioxide D. Iron Oxide
10. Which is a substance?
A. Padlock C. Copper
B. Key D. Solder
iii
Lesson Physical Changes in Terms of
1 the Arrangement and Motion of
Atoms
What’s In
Activity 1: Matter
Objective: At the end of the activity, learners are expected to:
1. Observe properties of materials.
Materials:
Long candle cut into three pieces (2-inch, 3-inch, and 4-inch long)
Three iron nails (1-inch, 2-inch, and 4-inch long)
Procedures:
1. Describe the hardness, color, texture and heavy or light.
2. Pound the materials with the use of hammer or piece of stone.
3. Record your observations on the table below by checking the property.
Sample Heavy or Light Hardness Color Texture
2-inch candle
3-inch candle
4-inch candle
1-inch nail
2-inch nail
Q2.: What property is the same for the three candles? For the three nails?
_____________________________________________________________
Q2. How would you classify the properties you have observe?
_____________________________________________________________
1
What I Need to Know
What’s New
Procedure:
1. First fill a glass with marbles or plastic beads until you cannot add more. Then pour
grains of sand into the same container.
2. Next, fill another glass with as much water as it can hold. Use a medicine dropper to
add to add the last few drops. Then gently drop a few grains of sand into the water.
Q1. Why can the glass container accommodate the sand when it cannot
accommodate more marbles?
___________________________________________________________________
Q3. What happens when you pour slowly the sand? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
2
Activity 3: Arrangement of Atoms
Objective: After this activity, you should be able to describe arrangement of atoms.
Materials: Diagrams of Atoms (Atoms are represented as circles)
Figure 1. Atomic Representation of Copper (A), Mercury (B), and Oxygen (C)
Figure 2. Atomic Arrangement of Solid (Copper), Liquid (Mercury), and Gas (Oxygen)
Guide Questions:
Q1. How are the atoms arranged as solid?
____________________________________________________________________
3
Q1. What do you observe? _______________________________________
Q1. What is a piece of chalk made up of? Can you break it into smaller particles?
______________________________________________________________________
Q3. Can each of the small pieces of flour still be identified as flour?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Put a pinch of sugar in a glass half filled with water. Observe after a few minutes.
Can you still see the grains of sugar in the solution?
4
What Is It
Pure Substance
Matter can be classified into pure substance and mixtures. Substance can be an
element compound. Matter undergo either physical or chemical change. Physical change
occurs when a substance changes its appearance without changing its composition. Phase
change is the process of changing from one physical state to another. While chemical change
occurs when a substance is transformed into another substance.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of the
element. Atom of the most elements have the ability to combine with other atoms. Different
elements have different properties because the combining atoms are different and the way
the atoms are joined together are different. Atom is made even smaller particles.
Liquids have a definite volume but assume the shape of the container. Their molecules
have farther spaces. Liquids, the particles are closer to one another, the attraction between
particles is stronger than those of gases. The particles move and change position.
Gas has no definite shape and volume. It spreads to fill up whatever space is available.
Gas particles are widely in gas molecules, gases move very fast and are far from each other.
5
What’s More
Materials:
2 bottles or glass
Water
Food coloring
Procedure:
1. Prepare two (2) transparent glass bottles that serves as two set ups.
2. Pour one cup of tap water in each transparent glass bottle.
3. Add one small drop of food coloring slowly along the side of the transparent bottle.
Q1. Describe what you observe after adding the food coloring.
___________________________________________________________________
4. In set up A stir the coloring solution for a minute. For set up B, just let the solution
stand for a minute.
5. After a minute, observe what happens and describe the appearance in mixing.
Q2. What happens to the coloring after you dropped it in the bottle containing
water?
___________________________________________________________________
Q3. Which of these two set- up dissolved faster? Why is that so?
___________________________________________________________________
Q4. Think about the coloring and water as made up of particles. Discuss and give
reasons for the observations you made in Q1.
___________________________________________________________________
6
What I Have Learned
Q1. When can you say that a chemical system is a substance or a mixture?
_________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
7
Lesson Physical Changes in Terms of
the Arrangement and Motion of
2 Molecules
What’s In
2. Sawing of wood
3. Boiling of water
5. Cutting of paper
6. Melting of sugar
8. Formation of clouds
8
What I Need to Know
What’s New
9
What Is It
The existence of matter in a solid, liquid, or gaseous phase enables us to infer the
structure of matter. Scientists theorized that molecules are further composed of particles, even
smaller called atoms. In 1805, John Dalton an English scientist, proposed the atomic theory
of matter. This theory states that all matter consists of very tiny particles, the atoms. In some
cases a molecule is made up of only one atom. . An example of this is a molecule of water
is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H2O.)
The molecules are constantly moving. Molecules of liquids and gases spread from
where there are more of these molecules to places where there are few molecules, this
process is known as diffusion.
Matter can be classified as mixture, which can be broken down by physical means, or
a pure substance, which cannot be broken down physically into simpler substance. There is
some mixture specially solution which are substance-like because it appears to have one
chemical composition only like seawater and vinegar.
10
What’s More
Procedure:
1. Simultaneously, place two drops each of the four liquids separately on a clean sheet
of paper. Observe if the liquids evaporate at room temperature. If they do, take
note of the relative length of time it takes two drops of each to evaporate. Record
the length of time (in minutes)
2. Put a few drops of water at the back of your left hand and the same number of drops
of acetone at the back of your right hand. Observe how your hands feel. Record the
length of time.
3. List down the liquids according to the speed of evaporation, that is, from fastest to
slowest.
1st
2nd
3rd
Q3 What is evaporation?
_________________________________________________________________________
11
Activity 4- Ice turns into liquid – liquid turn to ice
Objectives: After performing the activity, you should be able to:
1. Explain the processes taking place using the figure of particle model of matter.
Procedure:
1. Put one piece of ice cube on a small saucer.
2. Observe what happens to the ice cube after 2 minutes.
3. Refer the figure below.
ice
liquid
Figure1. Melting
Source: The Author
Q1. Explain what happens to the particles of water in ice as it turns to liquid?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Explain what will happen to the liquid on the saucer if is transferred inside the freezer
after overnight? What process takes place?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q3. What process takes place when a gas will be changed into a liquid?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q4. What process takes place when a liquid will be changed to gas?
_________________________________________________________________________
12
What I Have Learned
Activity 5. Answer Me
Objectives: To identify which is substance and which is mixture.
Instructions:
What I Can Do
13
Summary
In this module we have learned that:
1. Matter has mass and it occupies space.
2. Matter can be classified into solids, liquids, and gases.
3. Solids are substance with a definite volume, but the assume the shape of their
container. Gases are substances with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
4. Matter is composed of tin particles called molecules.
5. Molecules. in solids are arranged farther apart.
6. The molecules in liquids are arranged farther apart than in solids.
7. The molecules in gasses are arranged still farther apart than in liquids
8. Molecules are composed of smaller parts called atoms.
9. Spaces exist between molecules.
10. Molecules are in constant motion.
11. Molecules in gases move fast.
12. In liquids they move slower, and in solids, it move slowest.
13. Evaporation is the process by which liquid change to gas.
14. Condensation is the process in which a gas is change to liquid.
15. Melting the process in which a solid will change to liquid.
16. Freezing is the process in which a liquid will change to solid.
17. Mixture has no definite properties
18. Substance is a homogeneous material consisting of one particular kind of matter.
19. Homogeneous mixture when it has uniform composition.
20. Heterogeneous mixture when its components and properties are not distributed evenly
21. Chemical Change when substance change its appearance, occurs when it transforms
into another substance having different set of properties.
22. Physical change when substance change its appearance.
14
Assessment (Post-Test)
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter only.
1. When you were able to observe the sweet smell of ripe fruit from the dining table, you
became aware that a process had occurred. What was this natural process?
A. Digestion C. Diffusion
B. Absorption D. Assimilation
2. Molecules constant move from one place to place. In which of the following is the
movement of the molecules fastest? The molecules of________________
A. a solid in a liquid C. a gas in another gas
B. a liquid in another liquid D. a solid in another solid
3. Mixture that has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout?
A. Heterogeneous C. Colloidal
B. Homogeneous D. Tonic
4. At the right is a picture of a molecule of water as seen under a very crude
electron microscope. What makes up a molecule of water?
A. An atom of hydrogen and three atoms oxygen.
B. An atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen.
C. Three atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of
oxygen.
D. An atom of hydrogen and three atoms oxygen Molecule of water
5. Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
A. Halo-halo C. Vinegar
B. Seawater D. Metal Alloy
6. Which of the following shows physical change?
A. Digesting of food C. Boiling an egg
B. Burning of wood D. Boiling of water
7. Mixing 20 mL sugar and 50 mL water results a volume of less than 70 mL
What explains this result?
A. There is an error measuring the amount of sugar and water.
B. Sugar dissolves water.
C. Water has tiny particles with spaces between them, sugar particles to fit in.
D. None of these
8. Of the phases of matter, which has the strongest attractive forces?
A. Liquid C. Solid
B. Gas D. Freezing
9. When a gas turn into solid, which of the following physical change occurs?
A. Sublimation C. Deposition
B. Condensation D. Freezing
10. Which of the following is NOT a mixture?
A. Shampoo C. Mayonnaise
B. Soft drink D. Tawas
15
16
Pre-Test Post-Test
1. D 1. C
2. B 2. C
3. D 3. B
4. C 4. B
5. B 5. A
6. C 6. D
7. A 7. C
8. B 8. C
9. A 9. A
10. D 10. D
LESSON 1
Activity 1
The candle is smooth, not so hard, white in color.
The nail is hard, metallic, and gray in color.
Q1. materials have color, hardness and texture
Q2, same color
Q3. mass and volume-extensive properties
Activity 2
Q1. Shaking the glass made the sand fall at the bottom.
Q2. The sand occupies the empty space at the bottom.
Q3. The volume of the sand and marbles was not doubled because some of the sand filled up spaces
between them.
Activity 3
1. Solid-Particles are closed each other. They have strong force. /compact.
2. Liquid –particles are farther from each other.
3. Gas- particles are very far from each other
Activity 4
Q1. Made of tiny particles.
Yes; it can break into smaller pieces. These particles are molecules made up of atoms.
Q2 tiny. particles.
Q3Yes, it shows the properties of flour.
Q4. Yes/No – Composed of molecules/atoms (C, H, O) water and sugar
Q5. It taste sweet
- Matter made up of tiny particles.
- Molecules are made up of atoms.
Activity 5
Q1. Tiny Particles
Yes
Q2. Tiny Particles
Q3. Yes- flower can still be identified
Q4. Water and Sugar
Q5. Taste Street
Key to Answers
17
Activity 6
Q1.The coloring started to spread in the glass of water.
Q2.The solid food coloring stayed at the bottom of the glass, after seconds, water started to change in
color.
Q3.The particles of food coloring collide with the water particles .
Q4. It melts/spread slowly
Q5.Diffusion of solid in liquid particles.
Activity 7
1. Substance 6. Substance
2. Substance 7. Substance
3. Substance 8. Substance
4. Substance 9. Mixture
5. Mixture 10. Substance
Activity 8
1. Because water is a liquid. There are a lot of inter molecular spaces between individual water
molecules.
LESSON 2
Activity 1
1. Chemical Change 6. Physical Change
2. Physical Change 7. Physical Change
3. Physical Change 8. Physical Change
4. Physical Change 9. Physical Change
5. Physical Change 10. Chemical Change
Activity 2
Q1.transparent Mixture
Q2. Alcohol and water contains tiny particles
Q3.volume equal the sum of the volume
(Answers may vary)
Activity 3
1. Yes
2. Alcohol – first to evaporate
3. Acetone – second
4. Water – last to evaporate.
5. Evaporation is the process by which the molecules on the surface of a liquid break away and
change into gas.
Activity 4
Q1.ice turns to liquid
Process is melting
Q2.Liquid turn into ice.
Process is solidification
/Freezing
Activity 5
1. Substance 6. Substance
2. Mixture 7. Substance
3. 3.Substance 8. Mixture
4. Substance 9. Mixture
5. Substance 10. Substance
References
Science: Science and Technology for the Future. (DIWA Scholastic Press Inc.)
Fely L. Araneta ,Leticia V. Catris, L.. Exploring the Natural World Series, The Word of
Chemistry III –Science for the New millennium, 38-40
Gil Nonato C. Santos, Worktext in Chemistry for Third Year High School, I Chemistry
(Investigatory Chemistry) Rex Bookstore Inc.856, Nicanor Reyes St.,170-173
Elena C. Echija, Frontiers in Science & Technology III chemistry Textbook, DIWA Learning
Systems INC. Philippine copyright 2002
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