IMPORTANT FORMULAE

Application
S.NO. Formula Symbols
between
1. R RA |R= 1.2 x
10- mn
Relation Radius of
nucleus and mass number

Density of a nucleus
2. P=Nuclear density,
m=average
mass of a nucleon.

3. Am=[Zm, + (A-Z}m,]-My Mass of nucleus To find Q-value

M
In nuclear reactor

4. B.E. Binding Energy Relation between bindingenergy

i) B.E. Am c2
=

and mass defect.

Am= mass defect
(i) B B.E. 1. a.m.u = 931.5 MeV
A
B Binding energy per nucleon To study nuclear forces
 REVISION CHART
Atomic Number Mass Number

in the nucler of an atom of the element Ihe totalnumber of protons and

neutrons present
inside the
protons number (A)
erof is called mass
he
Dumbe
mber
l e da t o m i c n u m b (Z) of the element. nucleus of an atom of the element
of the element.

T
Nucleus
called the nucleus of an atom.
positive
charge and nearly the entire mass of atom is concentrated in a very small space
entir

The

Nuclear Size Nuclear Density

therefore same for all
oft the
nucleus independent of mass number and
It is
radnus
The Ro A R = R,A3 Nuclei.

Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) Isotopes

atomic number but
as
1/12th th mass of a carbon atom. The atom of an element having same
defined
hisde
different mass numbers are called isotopes.

Isobars Isotones

of different elements having same mass number but The atoms of different element having different atomic
The atoms same number
numbers are called isobars. numbers and different mass numbers but having
iferent atomic
of neutrons, are called isotones.

Mass Defect
Nuclear Force The difference between the sum of masses of all nucleons (m)
The force acting inside the nucleus or acting between nucleons and mass of the nucleus (M) is called mass defect.
is called nuclear force.

Nuclear binding energy

Nuclear Chain Reaction
f the particle starting the nuclear fission reaction is produced
asa product and further take part in the nuclear fission reaction,
then a chain of fission reaction started, which is called nuclear
chain reaction.
The minimum energy required to separate the nucleons upto
an infinite distance from the nucleus, is called nuclear binding
energy.
Nuclear Fission
The process of the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more
lighter nuclei is called nuclear fission.

Nuclear Fusion
he process of combining of two lighter nuclei to form one
eavy nucleus, is called nuclear fusion. Nuclear Reactor
The main parts of a nuclear reactor are following:
() Fuel Fissionable materials like 9,U233,9,U258, U239 are
used as fuel.

Thermonuclear Energy (it) Moderator Heavy water, graphite and beryllium oxide
The energy
e released during nuclear fusion is know as
are used to slower down fast moving neutrons.
he car energy. Protons are needed for fusion while (it) Coolant the cold water, liquid oxygen, etc. are used to
neutrons are needed for fission orocess. remove heat generated in the fission
process.
(iv) Control rods Cadmium or Boron rods are good absorber
of neutrons and therefore used to control the fission
reaction.