BASIC INORGANIC PRINCIPLES BOHR MODEL OF ATOMS

- Neils Bohr (1913)

Atom- smallest unit of that retains the
properties of an element
Subatomic particles of an atom
● Protons ( + )
● Electrons ( - )
● Neutrons ( no charge )
- States that electrons can only circle
the nucleus on fixed orbits in which
the electron has a fixed angular
momentum
- Therefore, 𝑒 − can only change
between the fixed energy levels.
(quantisation of energy)

Characteristics of subatomic particles PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

● Protons and neutrons have - It is the fixed energy level
approximately the same mass introduced by the Bohr model of
● Mass of an electron is negligible. atoms.
● An atom contains equal numbers of - As the value of n increases the
protons and electrons. electron is further away from the
● Nucleus of an atom has protons and nucleus.
neutrons only - Orbital size and energy level
● Electrons occupy the region of space
around the nucleus. WAVE MECHANICS: WAVE PARTICLE
DUALITY
Atomic number- represents the number of - Louis de Brogli
protons and electrons - He argued that all moving particles,
especially electrons show a certain
Mass number- represents number protons degree of wave-like behavior which
of and neutrons in the nucleus is known as the phenomenon of the
wave particle duality.
*number of protons + number of neutrons =
mass number WAVE MECHANICS: SCHRODINGER
EQUATION
Isotopes - Published in 1926
- atoms of the same element can have - Its rationale is that 𝑒 − are described
different numbers of neutrons. as wave functions rather than
defined particles.
-number of protons and electrons are the - It delivers the information of wave
same for each isotopes function.
Solving the Shrodinger wave function gives ATOMIC ORBITALS: PRINCIPAL
us this information: QUANTUM NUMBER
- It is the fixed energy level
1. Atomic orbital ( AO ) - The region or introduced by the Bohr model of
volume of space where the electron is most atoms.
likely to be found, that is, where the - As the value of n increases the
probability of finding the electron is the electron is further away from the
highest. nucleus.
- Orbital size and energy level
2. Energy Values associated with particular - Positive integers 1,2,3…
wave functions can be obtained.
ATOMIC ORBITALS: ORBITAL QUANTUM
3. The quantisation of energy level NUMBER
- It represents the shape of the AO, it
WAVE MECHANICS: HEISENBERG’S represents the orbital angular
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE momentum of the electrons.
- Integers allowed: 0 to (n-1)
- It is not possible to determine the - Orbital levels: s, p, d, f
exact momentum and the exact
position of the electron at the same ATOMIC ORBITALS: MAGNETIC
moment in time. QUANTUM NUMBER
- To solve this, the probability of - It provides the information about the
finding the 𝑒 − in a given volume of orientation ( direction ) of the AO
space is used. and can take values of +1 and – 1

ATOMIC ORBITALS ATOMIC ORBITALS: SPIN QUANTUM

- The region of volume of space NUMBER
which is defined by wave function. - Fourth quantum number
- Each orbital can be filled with one or
- Each AO is define by three quantum two electron
numbers ( n, l, m )
n – principal quantum number PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
l – orbital quantum number - It states that no two electrons in the
m – magnetic quantum number same atom can have the same
values for their four quantum
numbers.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION formation of chemical substances
- It is mostly used to describe the containing two or more atoms.
orbitals of an atom in its ground - The bond is a result of electrostatic
state and shows how these are attraction between opposite
distributed between different charges, such as electron, nuclei or
orbitals. dipole interaction.
- This model can also be used to
show valence electrons or ions. COVALENT BOND
- It is defined as a chemical bond that
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: VALENCE is based on the sharing of electrons.
ELECTRON
- It is defined as an electron that is - Homonuclear species – Chemical
part of an atom and can participate bond occurs between two atoms of
in the formation of a chemical bond. the same element ; the binding of
the electron pair is evenly
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE distributed.
- It is defined as an electron that is
part of an atom and can participate - Heteronuclear species – Chemical
in the formation of a chemical bond. bond occurs between two atoms of
- It describes the process of filling the different elements. ; the electrons
orbitals of an atom within the given are more attracted/polarized to one
number of electrons. partner than the other depending on
- The first orbital filled are the ones its Electronegativity.
with the lowest energy level before
going onto the next higher energy ELECTRONEGATIVITY
level. - This depends on the atomic number
and the distance of the valence
HUND’S RULE electrons from the nucleus.
- Orbitals of the same energy level - The trend of electronegativity:
are filled with one electron first Increase EN within row and
before the electrons are paired decrease within group.
within the same orbital.
IONIC BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDS - Transfer of electrons between
- It is defined as an attraction atoms and the resulting electrostatic
between atoms, which leads to the attractions between the negatively
 and positively charged bond • Strong electrostatic interactions
partners. occurring between the molecules of
- They have no defined direction in Hydrogen.
space.
• The electronegative atoms such as F, O
METALLIC BOND or N.
- Type of chemical bond where the
metal atom donates its valence • Hydrogen bonding can be seen as a
electrons to a pool of electrons that strong and specialized form of Dipole-
surrounds the network of metal dipole interaction.
atoms.
- Electrons are not anymore identified
with one particular atom but are INORGANIC REACTIONS
seen delocalized over a wide range.
● COMBINATION REACTION
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ○ 2 or more substances to
Weaker bonds form 1 substance
a. van Der waals ○ A + B → AB
b. Dipole – dipole interaction
c. Hydrogen bonding ● DECOMPOSITION REACTION
○ 2 or more substances to
VAN DER WAALS form 1 substance
• Weakest forces ○ AB → A + B
• It can be found between molecules that
do not have a permanent dipole. ● SINGLE DISPLACEMENT
○ More reactive element
DIPOLE – DIPOLE INTERACTION displaces less active element
• An electrostatic interaction of permanent ○ A + BC → AC + B
dipoles. ○ Reactivity Series (metals &
• A polarization of the bond is caused by non-metals)
the difference in electronegativity between ● DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
two atoms forming the covalent bond. ○ 2 compounds react with
each other and exchange
HYDROGEN BONDING their ions.
• Strongest intermolecular force. ○ AB + CD → AD + CB
REDUCTION- OXIDATION (REDOX)
- A reaction involving electron
transfer
REDUCTION - gain of 𝑒 − ; ↓ in the
oxidation state of an atom or molecule
OXIDATION – loss of 𝑒 − ; ↑ in the oxidation
state of an atom or molecule.
OXIDATION STATE
• It is a hypothetical charge that an atom
would have if all bonds within the molecule
are seen as 100% ionic.
• It describes how many electrons it has
lost or gain while interacting with another
atom compared to its original state
REPRESENTATIVE METALS
• GROUP IV A – CARBON FAMILY
• GROUP VA – NITROGEN FAMILY
• GROUP VIA – OXYGEN FAMILY
• GROUP VII – HALOGENS
• GROUP VIII – NOBLE GASES
TRANSITION METALS
• GROUP IB – COINAGE METALS
• GROUP IIB –VOLATILE METALS
• GROUP IIIB – SCANDIUM GROUP
• GROUP IVB –TITANIUM GROUP
• GROUP VB –VANADIUM GROUP
• GROUP VIB – CHROMIUM GROUP
• GROUP VIIB – MANGANESE GROUP
• GROUP VIIIB -TRIAD
INNER TRANSITION METALS
• LANTHANIDES
• ACTINIDES

Medicinal Chemistry IONIZATION ENERGY

- Inorganic Medicinals
- Organic Medicinals
Inorganic Medicinal Chemistry
- Inorganic substances
pharmaceutical importance
- Characteristics of
pharmaceutical
including their tests
- It also involves qualitative tests for
different cations and anions.
• It is defined as the energy that is required
to remove an electron.
• The tendency to lose the outer electron is
directly correlated to the ionization energy
with • ↓ IE the easier the removal of the electron.
inorganic
substances

REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS:
• GROUP IA –ALKALI METALS
• GROUP IIA –ALKALINE EARTH METALS
• GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY