HANDLING OF CHEMICALS & STRONG OXIDIZING AGENT

LABORATORY APPARATUSES

Nitric acid Hydrogen Peroxide

FLAMMABLE REAGENTS Sulfuric acid Potassium

Permanganate

Acetone Carbon Hexane

Disulfide
CORROSIVE AGENTS
Alcohols Diethyl Petroleum
Ether Ether/
Benzene ● Sulfuric acid ● Potassium
hydroxide
Ligroin/ ● Hydrochloric
Light acid ● Sodium
Petroleum carbonate
● Phosphoric
Benzene Ethyl Toluene acid ● Ammonia
Acetate
● Nitric acid ● Bromine

● Sodium ● Carboxylic and

EXPLOSIVE REAGENTS hydroxide Sulfonic acid

Sodium Potassium Other ● Thionyl Chloride

Metal Metal Group IA
Metals
HARMFUL TOXIC REAGENT

WHITE PHOSPHORUS ● Aniline ● Methanol

- Stored in water ● Benzene ● Nitrobenzene
- Always cut under water and use ● Bromine ● Phenol
forceps in handling the chemicals ● Carbon ● Phenylhydrazine
Tetrachloride ● Sodium and
● Hydrogen Potassium
CHLOROCARBONS
Disulfide Cyanide
- CCl4 and CHCl3
● Dimethyl ● Elemental
- Liver carcinogens Sulfate Mercury

CARBON DISULFIDE - easily burns

CANCER SUSPECT AGENTS ● Do not mix strong oxidizing agents
with reducing agents unless
instructed
Dimethyl Sulfate Phenylhydrazine

Formaldehyde Carbon Tetrachloride PROPER CONTAINERS AND STORAGE

FOR CHEMICALS
Benzene Chloroform

1. For alkali solutions, use stoppers

CYANIDE
made of cork or rubber instead
- Solution of cyanides must never
2. For light sensitive solutions, use
come in contact with acids because
amber-bottle
toxic HCN will be liberated
3. Solutions of ferrous salts must be
kept acidic to prevent air oxidation
of the ions
SUBSTANCES THAT STAIN THE SKIN
4. Ferrous ferric must be freshly
prepared
Picric Acid Methyl Malachite 5. Chlorine and Bromine water
Violet Green deteriorate on standing and must be
placed on amber bottles; these
MERCURY reagents must be prepared fresh
- Elemental Mercury and Soluble 6. It is better to prepare solution in
compounds should never be small quantities when they are
disposed in sink needed

PROPER DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS

VOLATILE CHEMICALS - low flash point 1. Organic solvents and noxious
chemicals must never be disposed
to the sink
Diethyl Carbon Chloroform
Ether Disulfide 2. Neutralize residual acids using
technical grade Sodium carbonate
dilute with water
● Close the cap of the reagent tightly
3. Unreacted Na & K metal must be
● Carry large bottle with both hands
reacted with excess ethanol before
● Never use an unlabeled chemical
disposing it into the sink
● Never perform the taste in the
4. Unreacted white phosphorus must
laboratory
be first oxidized to phosphate ions
● Do not point test tube towards you
via nitric acid prior to disposal
 5. Attend to spills immediately
- In case of microbiological cultures,
the teacher should be notified
immediately to prevent the spread
of pathogens
- For spilled acids, neutralize with
sodium bisulfite
- For spilled bases, neutralize with
sodium bisulfite
- Neutralize solvents can be absorbed
with sand or paper towels, although
the use of sand is more preferred
since paper towels are not reliable
all the time
- If spilled liquid is very volatile, clear
the area, extinguish all the lighted
burners and let the liquid evaporate
Beaker
• A cup or glass with a wide mouth and
usually a lip for pouring
• Use in science laboratories for holding
and measuring liquids
Beaker tongs
• Hold and move the beakers containing
hot liquids.
Analytical Balance
• Measures mass
Crucible and Cover
• It is used to contain chemical reactions
that produce high temperatures
Crucible Tongs
• Use for lifting and holding containers
Erlenmeyer Flask
• It holds liquid samples
• It also useful for catching
Evaporating dish
• A glassware used to evaporate solutions
or liquids.
Florence flask
• aka Boiling flask
• For heating liquids or solutions
Forceps
• Sometimes called “ tweezers”
• Use to grasp small and many objects that
you cannot do with fingers
Funnel
• Use to transfer liquid
• It can be made with glass or plastic
Graduated cylinder
• A tall narrow container with a volume
scale used especially for measuring liquids
• Meniscus - curve at the surface of the
liquid
Burette/Buret Iron stand
• Used to deliver precise measurements of • Support and elevate equipment from the
volume surface.
• It is used in titrations.
Wire gauze
Pipette • Supports the ring clamp when heating
• It is used to transfer small amounts of with a beaker through a bunsen burner
liquids to another container
Spatula
Common Types of Pipette • used for transferring solids

Graduated pipette Stirring rod

• less accurate than volumetric pipettes • It is a long cylinder made of glass.
• It is are marked with a zero at the start of • It can be used to help decant the liquid
their conical ends from a container while retaining a solid in
the original flask
Volumetric pipette
• It is designed to be highly accurate for a Test tube
specific volume • Finger-like length clear glass to hold and
• They can be used to transfer that volume store liquids
of liquid for use in creating a solution or • It can be heated also
dilution
Rubber stopper
Pasteur pipette • It prevents the gas or liquid to escape
• It is used to transfer small amounts of from the container
liquids • It prevents contamination
• It tapers to a narrow opening; in various
lengths and plugged and unplugged Test tube brush
formats. • Small and slim brush to clean the test
tube
Clay triangle
• It is a triangular device made of heat Test tube holder
resistant clay • Hold the test tube when it is hot
• It is used to support a crucible while it is
heated over a bunsen burner Test tube rack
• Holds the test tube when it is filled
Mortar and pestle
• It is used to grind and crush granules and
powders
Watch glass
• Used to evaporate liquids.
Separatory funnel
• It is used to divide two immiscible liquids
Desiccator
• A round shaped closed vessel made of
heavy glass which is a common laboratory
glassware item and has multiple uses
• Prolonged storage of hygroscopic
materials
• Storage of standards under dry
environment
Thermometer
• Used to measure temperature, such as
freezing point and boiling point of a
substance or chemical reactions
Tripod
• To support or hold the flasks and beakers
during experiments
Triple Beam Balance
• It measures the weight and mass with
high accuracy
Bunsen Burner
• It consists of a metal tube on a base with
a gas inlet at the lower end of the tube,
which may have an adjusting valve;
openings in the sides of the tube can be
regulated by a collar to admit as much air
as desired.
Water bath
• It is a tool for steadily heating chemical
samples that are combustible
• It is laboratory equipment made from a
container filled with heated water
• It is used to incubate samples in water at
a constant temperature over a long period
of time.
HPLC
• High Performance Liquid
Chromatography
• It can separate molecules from each other
based on physicochemical properties like
molecular size, polarity, and electrical
charge.
Oil less piston vacuum pump
• Filtering for microbiology tests
• Solid suspension suspension
• Vacuum filtration
• Vacuum desiccator
• Small vacuum ovens
Spectrophotometer
• It is an instrument which measures the
amount of light that a sample absorbs.
• The spectrophotometer works by passing
a light beam through a sample to measure
the light intensity of a sample
Rotary Evaporator Analytical balance
• Aka rotavap • Measures mass
• These are devices employed for removing
solvents efficiently via the process of Capsule filling machine
evaporation • used to fill empty soft or hard gelatin

Soxhlet apparatus Friability tester

• Use for the extraction of lipids and other
molecules from a solid sample.
Laminar fume hood
• Enclosed workstation to prevent
substances from contamination
• Use to protect users from inhaling
harmful vapors.
Tablet making machine
• It is a machine is an electro-mechanical
device that uses compression force to
transform powder into tablets of uniform
sizes and thickness
Ampule sealing machine
• These machines are important and they
play a remarkable role in pharmaceutical
products of liquids.
• These machines are compact and hold the
capacity to fill and seal bottles in a minute.
Laboratory oven
• provides uniform temperature
Tensiometer
• It is a device for measuring soil water
tension.
• It is used to determine the tablet's
durability during the packing and shipping
operations.
Melting point apparatus
•Equipment which helps researchers to
identify the compound based on its
temperature
Polarimeter
• It measures the concentration of optically
active substances.
Pyrogen test
• It determines if there are pyrogens in your
pharmaceutical products
Hardness tester
• It is used to test the structural integrity of
a tablet
pH meter
• It determines the pH of a substance
Dissolution apparatus
• It is used to check if a drug substance
from your drug product is released
• Important apparatus in Quality Control
Pharmaceutical refrigerator
• Storage of substances