PHARMACEUTICAL

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Syl Eanna N. Suzara, R.Ph.
 Inorganic
Medicinals
Medicinal
Chemistry
Organic
Medicinals
 Deals with:
Inorganic • Inorganic substances with
Medicinal pharmaceutical importance
• Characteristics of inorganic
Chemistry pharmaceutical substances
including their tests
• It also involves qualitative tests
for different cations and anions.
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS:
• GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS
• GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS
• GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY
• GROUP IV A – CARBON FAMILY
• GROUP VA – NITROGEN FAMILY
• GROUP VIA – OXYGEN FAMILY
• GROUP VII – HALOGENS
• GROUP VIII – NOBLE GASES
TRANSITION METALS
• GROUP IB – COINAGE METALS
• GROUP IIB – VOLATILE METALS
• GROUP IIIB – SCANDIUM GROUP
• GROUP IVB – TITANIUM GROUP
• GROUP VB – VANADIUM GROUP
• GROUP VIB – CHROMIUM GROUP
• GROUP VIIB – MANGANESE GROUP
• GROUP VIIIB - TRIAD
INNER TRANSITION METALS
• LANTHANIDES
• ACTINIDES
IONIZATION ENERGY
• It defined as the energy that is required to remove an electron.
• The tendency to lose the outer electron is directly correlated to the ionization
energy
• ↓ IE the easier the removal if the electron.
 GROUP IA-
ALKALI METALS
 GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS
One valence electron

S block

It forms white solid hydrides when heated with hydrogen.

They have high affinity to oxygen.

Most reactive of all the metallic element

Lightest element

a.k.a Inflammable air

Not an alkali metal

“Hydrogene” means
water forming
USES:

It is not employed as therapeutic agent.

It is used as a reactant in various states of purity and its

peroxide are official.

It is the element that common to all official acids.

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

Protium – most abundant

Deuterium – Heavy hydrogen

Tritium – prepared by bombarding Berrylium

with deuterous
HARDNESS OF WATER

Temporary – Permanent –
soluble Ca or Mg Sulfates, Chlorides
bicarbonates ; and Hydroxides of
removed by boiling Ca and or Mg
Pharmaceutical
Importance:
• Water ( 𝑯𝟐 𝑶) - odorless,
tasteless, clear liquid in small
quantity but greenish blue in
deep layers
TYPES OF WATER:
TYPE COMPONENTS
Alkaline Water 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑜4 , 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
Saline Water “ Purgative water” 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑜4 , 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , NaCl
Carbonated water [Ca(𝐻𝐶𝑂3 ) 2], [Mg(𝐻𝐶𝑂3 ) 2] 𝐶𝑂2 in 𝐻2 𝑂
Chalybeate water Fe in solution/suspension;f erruginous state
Lithia water 𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙
Sulfur water 𝐻2 𝑆
Siliceous water 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑖𝑂3 / 𝐾2 𝑆𝑖𝑂3
OFFICIAL WATERS:
• WATER USP – official solutions, tinctures and extracts
• PURIFIED WATER USP
- Distillation or by ion exchange treatment
- Not for parenteral administration
- Water of choice for extemporaneous compounding
• WATER FOR INJECTION USP
- Purified by distillation; no added substance
- Pyrogen test
- Solvent to prepare parenteral solutions
OFFICIAL WATERS:
• STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP
- single dose container
- no antimicrobial
- Extemporaneous compounding ( IV or IM )
• BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION
- One or more suitable antimicrobials
- Not for IV administration
- small volumes of extemporaneous parenterals for IM.
OFFICIAL WATERS:
• STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
- used to moisten body tissues and in performing urologic procedure.
Hydrogen Peroxide
• a.k.a Thenard’s oxygenated acid
• Agua oxinada, oxygenated acid, oxygenated water
- 3% of 𝐻2 𝑂2 ( 10 volumes )
• Mild oxidizing antiseptic ( wound )
• Mouthwash
- treatment of Vincent’s stomatitis
- prolonged use: Hairy tongue / hypertrophied fillform papillae
- 6% ( 20 volumes ) for hair and fabric bleach
LITHIUM (Li)
• “Lithos” means earth or stone
• Lightest metal
• Most reactive metal
Lithium Carbonate USP XIX
• Prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorders and mania
Brand name: Lithase
SODIUM (Na)
• “ Natrium “
• Most abundant and major extracellular cation
• Fluid retention in tissues
Sodium Chloride ( NaCl )
• most important mineral
• Table Salt, Sea Salt, Rock Salt, Solar Salt, Asin
• Electrolyte Replenisher:
1. Sodium Chloride Injection – 0.9% NaCl
2. Ringer’s Solution – Isotonic soln of 3 chlorides
3. Lactated Ringer’s Solution – Hartmann’s Soln.
4. Darrow’s Solution
5. ORS
Sodium Acetate ( CH3COONa )
• Other name Acetate of Soda
• Urinary and systemic alkalizer.
• Diuretic
• Antacid
Sodium Bicarbonate ( NaHCO3)
• Other name Baking Soda
• Antacid
• Carbonating agent for effervescent preparations
POTASSIUM
• “ Kalium “
• Major Intracellular cation
• Compounds
- More soluble in non polar solvents
• Diuretic
• Vital in muscle contraction
- Hypokalemia
Potassium alum [ KAl (SO4) 2 ]
• Tawas
• Astringent
RUBIDIUM & CESIUM
Very similar in behavior to potassium ion

• Rubidium Chloride
- Cardiac imaging for px with suspected MI
• Cesium Chloride
- Used in dentistry
 GROUP IIA
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS

2 valence electrons

Strong reducing agents (except Be)

Oxides are all basic (except Be)

Do not occur in nature because of high order of chemical reactivity

Strong reducing agent

Berrylium
• Former name – Glucinum
• Least metallic
• Amphoteric
• Use in fluorescent lamp
Magnesium
• 2nd most abundant intracellular cation
• 6th most abundant element which resembles Al in behavior
Uses:
• Photography - Flash bulbs and signal light
• Research
• Magnesium salts – Antacid ; Laxative
• Natural calcium channel blocker
Natural Sources of Magnesium:
• Silicate – Talc, Asbestos
• Carbonate – Magnesite, Dolomite
• Chloride – Carnalite
• Sulfate – Kleserite
• Magnesium Containing antacids
C/I : Impaired renal function
Magnesium Sulfate
• Other name Epsom salt; Bitter salt
• IM – Anticonvulsant ( eclampsia )
Calcium
• 2nd most abundant extracellular cation
• 99% calcium in body
• Blood clotting ( factor IV )

Osteoporosis - calcium deficiency

Strontium
• Red pyrotechnics
• Similar properties to Ca
Compounds:
• Strontium Chloride
• Strontium Bromide
• Strontium Lactate
Barium
• Green pyrotechnics
• Extremely toxic
• All Ba compounds are poisonous
Toxicity:
Baritosis
Antidote: Na2SO4 or MgSO4 ( best antidote )
Compounds of Barium:
1. Barium Hydroxide
2. Barium Sulfate
Radium
• Radioactive species
• Cancer treatment or diagnosis
• The first radionuclide used in medicine
 GROUP IIIA
BORON FAMILY
 GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY
B and Al are the most important members of the group
in pharmacy.

The metals of this group are readily oxidized in air.

They readily react with halogens and sulfur.

BORON
• Metalloid
• Vulcanizing rubber
ALUMINUM
• 3rd most common element in the Earth’s crust

• Most common metal

Uses:
• Astringent ( soluble Aluminum )
• Deodorants
• Antiperspirant
Mixed with oxides and silicates:
EMERALD Ruby
Be- Al-Cr Al-Cr
Mixed with oxides and silicates:
SAPPHIRE TURQUOISE
Al - Co Al-Cu
 GROUP IVA
CARBON FAMILY
 GROUP IV A – CARBON FAMILY
4 valence electrons

Increasing atomic mass and atomic radius, the elements show increasingly more metallic characteristics.

They have low melting point and boiling poin.t

Ge and Sn are active metals,they displace H from acids and combines with most metals.

The oxides and hydroxides of Sn and Pb are amphoteric.

Si and Ge forms diamond type structure in the solid state but their electrical behavior indicates more metallic.

Si and Ge are classified as Metalloids

CARBON
• Non-metal
• Basic unit or organic compounds ( Catenation )
• C is used as a reducing agent in the preparation of many metals.
CARBON - 2 Allotropic modification:
• Amorphous
Coal, Anthracite ( hard coal ), Bituminous ( soft coal )
• Crystalline
Diamond, Graphite
Activated Charcoal
• Destructive distillation of organic
• General purpose antidote
• Adsorbent in diarrhea disorder
Carbon dioxide
• a.k.a. Carbonic Acid, Aer Fixus
• Gray container
• Respiratory stimulant
• Refrigerant – Dry ice
• Treat acne, warts corns
- CO2 laser
Carbon monoxide
• Colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas
• Byproduct of incomplete combustion
• Systemic poison
SILICON
• Metalloid
• 2nd mons abundant element in the earth’s crust
• Not in free state
• Inert, non-adsorbent aid
Official compounds of Si
• Purified Siliceous earth ( SiO2) – absorber, filtering medium and clarifying agent
• Bentonite – soap clay, mineral soap, a.k.a native colloidal hydrated aluminum
silicate
• Kaolin a.k.a native hydrated aluminum silicate – adsorptive for diarrhea, dusting
powder
• Pumice- dissolving agent for slowly soluble substances
• Talc – Soapstone, Purified talc –a.k.a hydrated Mg silicate ( softest mineral known
) - use as a dusting agent and filtering agent
SILICOSIS
• Lung disease caused by dust of silica
Germanium
• Extracted from Zinc ores